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Krakow Case Study E3S W eb of C onferences 86, 00023 ( 2019) https://doi.o rg/10.1051/e3sconf/20198600023 Ecological and Environmental Engineering 2018 Unit TSP Abatement Costs of Building Modernization as a Tool of Air Quality Management: Krakow Case Study Tomasz Stypka1, and Agnieszka Flaga-Maryańczyk1,* 1Cracow University of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland Abstract. The problem of air quality is an urgent, and widely discussed political issue nowadays. Reducing air emissions is an expensive element of air quality management which can be reached by set of different independent means. One of the areas where solutions for improving air quality in cities can be found is the largest energy-consuming building sector, and related heating needs. The aim of the paper is to estimate the unit Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) abatement costs of building envelope modernization and replacement of heating systems with cleaner ones for buildings in the city of Krakow (Poland). Three, typical for Krakow, types of buildings are analyzed: a single-family house, a pre-war tenement house, and a block of flats. In all the options the base scenario is a coal heated building. The analyzed building’s upgrade includes different combinations of changes of heat source and insulation improvements. For each of the scenarios, the costs as well as the expected effects of unit TSP emission reduction were estimated for the whole city. This approach can support the decision making, planning and financial balancing of the most beneficial activities or estimation of the expected environmental effects. to introduce on-road pollution exposure (health cost) as 1 Introduction an externality of traffic [7], studying the abatement costs of GHG emissions for ethanol and electricity derived Densely populated areas such as big cities, apart from from wood [8] or analyzing cost-efficient strategy for social and economic benefits of urbanization, are facing reducing PM 2.5 levels in the Tokyo metropolitan area also serious environmental problems [1]. One of the [9]. To our knowledge, none of the analyzed papers greatest concerns is the state of air quality. As is often touched upon the abatement cost of TSP emissions in emphasized, the main causes of air pollution in the cities context of different strategies for buildings envelope are processes associated with burning of fossil fuels modernization and replacement of heating systems. This (production and energy consumption for: heating of study is the starting point in the thorough analysis which buildings, industrial or local transport needs). City should precede rational decision making in this matter. authorities take various measures to ensure sustainable The aim of the paper is to estimate the unit Total development and support a resource-efficient and more Suspended Particulates (TSP) abatement costs of environmentally friendly economy. building envelope modernization and replacement of The building sector (with related heating needs) is heating systems with cleaner ones, for buildings in the the largest energy-consuming sector in Europe [2] and city of Krakow (Poland), in order to create a tool for space heating has the biggest share in the total energy decision-makers. Three, typical for Krakow, types of consumption in European homes. In terms of increasing buildings are analyzed: a single-family house, a pre-war energy efficiency and reducing related emissions of tenement house, and a block of flats. The base option for building sector, measures are most often taken in the each calculation is that the building is using coal as a area of building insulation and replacement of a heat heat source and the building’s walls and windows need source. Rational decision making in this matter requires improvements. The analyzed building’s upgrade includes sound scientific support in estimating the costs and different combinations of changes of heat source and benefits of each considered solutions. insulation improvements. For each of the scenarios, the Several studies analyzed the issue of proportions costs as well as the expected effects of unit TSP between the various alternative ways of solving a given emission reduction were estimated for the whole city. environmental problem (e.g. determining the optimal This approach can support the decision making, planning levels of international emission reduction [3], studying and financial balancing of the most beneficial activities the abatement cost of carbon emissions in China [4], or estimation of the expected environmental effects. analyzing the reduction of the water footprint of the process of growing irrigated crops [5], assessing alternative solid waste management strategies [6], trying * Corresponding author: [email protected] © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). E3S W eb of C onferences 86, 00023 ( 2019) https://doi.o rg/10.1051/e3sconf/20198600023 Ecological and Environmental Engineering 2018 2 Current air quality in Krakow 7,8% (PM10), respectively. The largest emissions of PM10 and PM2.5 come from surface sources (mainly Krakow is the second largest city in Poland. It is located individual combustion from the municipal and housing on the Vistula River in the northern part of the sector). From outside the city limits Krakow reaches Małopolska voivodship. Krakow agglomeration covers (without background) respectively 14,5% of PM2.5 and the whole area within the administrative boundaries of 10,5% of PM10 emissions. the city of Krakow. Krakow has an area of 327 km2 and is surrounded by the Krakow and Wieliczka poviats. The population of the city is at the level of 761 069 people and the density of population is 2 327 people/km2. The city acts as an administrative, cultural, educational, scientific, economic, service and tourist center. In the eastern part of the city lies the Nowa Huta Economic Area, where are located industrial plants operating in the sector related to metallurgy (Huta Arcelor Mittal), cement industry, building and ceramics. Krakow is the second largest, after Warsaw (the capital of Poland), market for modern office space, as well as the key road and railway hub in Poland. The city is located in the Vistula valley, at the interface of four geographical regions. From the north it borders the Krakow-Czestochowa Upland, to the south with the Wieliczka Foothills, to the west with the Oswiecim Basin, and to the east with the Sandomierz Basin. This unique geographical location of Krakow and the associated city climate with the predominance of weak western winds and frequent temperature inversions, cause poor ventilation of the city, which worsens the condition of the natural environment suffering from transport pollution, low emissions and emissions related to the industry. The air quality in Krakow is widely recognized as extremely bad. On the one hand, it is confirmed by continuous measurements showing exceeding the acceptable standards, and on the other hand, the bad Fig. 1. The average monthly PM10 and PM2.5 concentration in opinion about Krakow's air in comparison to other places 2014-17 in Krakow and the permissible level of annual average in Małopolska region is due to the fact that there are not concentration (data from three different measuring points: Al. too many measurements of air quality outside the city. Krasińskiego, Kraków Kurdwanów, Nowa Huta). Figure 1 shows the average monthly PM10 and PM2.5 The local sources (without background) are concentration in 2014-17 from three different measuring responsible for 28,5 μg/m3 of PM2.5 and 49,7 μg/m3 of points (based on data from Air quality monitoring system PM10. With the annual average limit value of 25 μg/m3 [10]) and the permissible level of annual average for PM2.5 and 40 μg/m3 for PM10 (according to Polish concentration, according to Polish air quality standards. air quality standards), it gives 114% of the limit value in Figure 1 clearly shows that the situation in the city, case of PM 2.5 and respectively 124% in case of PM10. measured by the particulate matter (PM) concentration is Since the main sources of particulate matter very bad (especially in winter) and the problem concerns pollutants are local sources, this problem firstly must be the area of entire city. The problem is similar for both solved by eliminating local sources of air pollution. types of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5). Sources However, to meet the legal level of pollution, all three of pollution are in the city as well as outside the city or types of local pollution sources should be reduced. The even outside the region. The Marshal Office of the necessity of simultaneous reduction of all sources of Małopolskie Voivodeship models the spread of pollution pollution is particularly visible with the assumption of and estimates the sources [4,5]. The results are complete liquidation of local surface sources, because at summarized in Table 1. the current level of air quality flowing into the city it As can be seen from Table 1, both PM2.5 and PM10 barely allows current standards to be met and does not emissions come mainly from the local sources. In case of guarantee compliance with the PM2.5 average annual 3 PM2.5, the share of local sources is 76% and in the case limit value per year 2020 (20 μg/m ). of PM10 81%. The share of sources outside the city limits, but inside the voivodship, is 12,7% (PM2.5)
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