QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 81 Ivory Coast, Liberia, Philippines, Togo, Upper May 1967, in particular those related to: Volta: draft resolution. "(a) Methods of financing future peace-keeping A/SPC/L.150 and Add.l. India, Mali, Singapore, operations in accordance with the Charter of the United Arab Republic, Yugoslavia, Zambia: draft United Nations, resolution. "(b) Facilities, services and personnel which Mem- A/SPC/L.150/Rev.l. India, Singapore, United Arab ber States might voluntarily provide, in accordance Republic, Yugoslavia, Zambia: revised draft resolu- with the Charter, for United Nations peace-keeping tion, adopted by Special Political Committee on 8 operations, December 1967, by 75 votes to 1, with 8 abstentions. "Mindful of the importance which Member States A/SPC/L.151. Denmark, Finland, Sweden: draft attach to the comprehensive review of the whole ques- resolution. tion of peace-keeping operations in all their aspects, A/SPC/L.152. Pakistan: amendment to draft resolu- "Having received and examined the report of the tion A/SPC/L.150. Special Committee, A/SPC/L.153. Brazil, Costa Rica, Malta, United "1. Reaffirms its resolution 2249(S-V) ; States: draft resolution. "2. Requests the Special Committee on Peace- A/SPC/L.154. Argentina, Austria, Burma, Iran, Mex- keeping Operations to continue the work assigned to ico, Netherlands, Sierra Leone: amendments to draft it by the General Assembly in paragraph 2 of reso- resolution A/SPC/L.150. lution 2249 (S-V) ; A/6959. Report of Special Political Committee. "3. Considers that the preparation of a study on matters related to facilities, services and personnel RESOLUTION 2308(xxii), as proposed by Special Politi- which Member States might provide, in accordance cal Committee, A/6959, adopted by Assembly on with the Charter of the United Nations, for United 13 December 1967, meeting 1629, by 96 votes to 1, Nations peace-keeping operations would be appropriate ; with 5 abstentions. "4. Further requests the Special Committee on Peace-keeping Operations to prepare by 1 July 1968, "The General Assembly, for the twenty-third session of the General Assembly, "Recalling its resolutions 2006 (XIX) of 18 Febru- its report on the progress made, including the study ary 1965 and 2053 A (XX) of 15 December 1965, referred to in paragraph 3 above; "Recalling further its resolution 2249(S-V) of 23 "5. Transmits to the Special Committee on Peace- May 1967, which, inter alia, requested the Special keeping Operations the records of the debates at the Committee on Peace-keeping Operations to continue present session on the item entitled 'Comprehensive the review of the whole question of peace-keeping review of the whole question of peace-keeping opera- operations in all their aspects and to study the various tions in all their aspects', with the request that the suggestions made by different delegations during the suggestions and proposals contained therein be taken Special Committee's session held between February and into account."

CHAPTER VI QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA

MATTERS CONCERNING SOUTH AFRICA'S APARTHEID POLICIES During 1967, the South African Government's The Assembly's Special Committee on Apart- apartheid policies were examined by the Gen- heid, reporting in 1967 to the General Assem- eral Assembly's Special Committee on the Poli- bly's twenty-second session and to the Security cies of Apartheid of the Government of the Council, emphasized the gravity of the current Republic of South Africa and by the General situation in South Africa and the potential Assembly itself. An International Seminar on threats arising therefrom to peace all over south- Apartheid, Racial Discrimination and Colonial- ern Africa. The Special Committee considered ism in Southern Africa was held at Kitwe, it imperative that the Security Council resume Republic of Zambia, from 25 July to 4 August examination of the question without further 1967 and its report came before the General delay. It also reaffirmed its conviction that uni- Assembly during the discussions on apartheid versally applied economic sanctions under Chap- at the Assembly's twenty-second session, which ter VII of the United Nations Charter1 were opened on 19 September 1967. (For further 1 For text of Chapter VII of the Charter, see details, see pp. 83-84 and pp. 119-23.) APPENDIX II. 82 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS the only effective means by which the interna- more effective measures that would end the tional community could solve the problem of policies of apartheid of the South African Gov- apartheid. (For further details, see below.) ernment. The General Assembly considered these re- The Assembly condemned the actions of those ports together with reports by the Secretary- States—particularly the main trading partners General on the United Nations Trust Fund for of South Africa—and the activities of foreign South Africa and on his consultations with the financial and other interests all of which, through International Bank for Reconstruction and De- their political, economic and military collabora- velopment concerning loans by the Bank to tion with South Africa, were encouraging it to South Africa. persist in its racial policies. On 13 December 1967, the General Assembly The Assembly also asked all States—particu- adopted a resolution whereby, among other larly South Africa's main trading partners—to things, it again condemned apartheid as a crime comply fully with Security Council resolutions against humanity and reaffirmed its recognition on this question and appealed to all States to of the legitimacy of the struggle of the people take urgent steps towards disengagement from of South Africa for human rights and funda- South Africa. It also invited all States to en- mental freedoms for all the people of South courage the establishment of national organiza- Africa irrespective of race, colour or creed. The tions for enlightening public opinion on the Assembly restated its conviction that the situa- evils of apartheid, and requested them to ob- tion in South Africa continued to pose a threat serve 21 March 1968—the International Day to international peace and security, that action for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination— under Chapter VII of the United Nations with appropriate solemnity, in solidarity with Charter was essential in order to solve the prob- the oppressed peoples of Africa. (For further lem of apartheid and that universally applied details, see pp. 91-92.) mandatory economic sanctions were the only Concern was also expressed by the United means of achieving a peaceful solution. The Nations Commission on Human Rights, by the Assembly once again drew the attention of the Economic and Social Council and by the Gen- Security Council to the grave situation in South eral Assembly over the apartheid policies of the Africa and in southern Africa as a whole and South African Government in various resolu- requested the Council to resume consideration tions dealing with different aspects of human of the question so as to ensure full compliance rights questions. (For further information, see with past Council resolutions as well as to adopt pp. 84-85 and p. 93.)

Political and Related Developments REPORT OF ASSEMBLY'S SPECIAL need for urgent action by the United Nations COMMITTEE ON APARTHEID Security Council in view of the greatly increased The General Assembly's Special Committee prospect of violent conflict in South Africa and on the Policies of Apartheid of the Government neighbouring territories. It urged the Security of the Republic of South Africa submitted its Council to reaffirm its previous resolutions on report to the Security Council and the General the question and to call upon the Government Assembly on 18 October 1967. The Committee of the Republic of South Africa to comply fully reviewed its work during 1966-67 as well as new with them. The Special Committee further rec- developments in South Africa, and it also pre- ommended to the Security Council that it adopt sented conclusions and recommendations thereon. firm measures to ensure the full effectiveness of Reaffirming its full endorsement of previous the arms embargo against South Africa. proposals for an international campaign against The Special Committee reiterated its con- apartheid under the auspices of the United viction that it was only through the imposition Nations, the Special Committee submitted a of mandatory and universally applied economic number of recommendations. It emphasized the sanctions that the problem of apartheid in South QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 83 Africa could be peacefully resolved; it expressed eral Assembly resolution of 16 December 1966.3 the hope that the main trading partners of South (For details, see pp. 121-22.) Africa would support such action. In a declaration and 23 conclusions and rec- Further, the Committee recommended that ommendations approved at the seminar (subject the General Assembly should reiterate its recog- to reservations by participants from some coun- nition of the legitimacy of the struggle of the tries (for details, see p. 120)), the participants, people of South Africa for rights recognized in inter alia, condemned the policies of apartheid the United Nations Charter and in the Univer- pursued by the Government of the Republic sal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted on of South Africa and, asserting that apartheid 10 December 1948 2 ) and that it should urge constituted a threat to international peace and all States and organizations to provide moral, security, urged the Security Council to give the political and material assistance to the legitimate problem the early consideration it deserved. struggle of the oppressed people of South Africa Stressing that the United Nations and its Mem- for these rights. Other recommendations by the ber States had a vital interest in combating Special Committee were that the General Assem- apartheid, they stated that the authority of the bly should warn the South African Government United Nations would be greatly impaired if that any action taken against other States for their it failed to meet this challenge. support of the legitimate struggle against apart- The participants considered that it was essen- heid would not be tolerated by the international tial for the United Nations Security Council community and that the General Assembly to take enforcement action against South Africa should request all States to deny assistance and under Chapter VII of the United Nations co-operation to the South African Government Charter4 since all appeals and efforts at persua- in its efforts to suppress that legitimate struggle. sion had failed to make it abandon its policies. The Special Committee also recommended In condemning the activities of those foreign that the situation in South Africa should be economic, financial and other interests support- considered in the context of the explosive situ- ing the regimes in the southern African terri- ation in the whole of southern Africa, and it tories under racist and colonial domination, the expressed hope that the General Assembly would participants recommended that Governments give serious consideration to the recommenda- take measures to end such activities and also tions adopted at the International Seminar on that the Secretary-General set up an expert Apartheid, Racial Discrimination and Colonial- group to study the interlocking military and ism in Southern Africa, held at Kitwe, Zambia, economic patterns in South Africa. from 25 July to 4 August 1967, including a By other recommendations, the Seminar called recommendation for an international conference for the launching of an international campaign on southern Africa to review the totality of in- of information on the real situation in South ternational efforts against apartheid with a view Africa and on the purposes of the United Na- to better co-ordination and more effective action. tions and urged the convening of a working (See below for further details about the Sem- party to consider the best ways of promoting a inar. ) world-wide information campaign to these ends. It was also recommended that special promi- INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON nence be given in the plans and programmes APARTHEID, RACIAL for the International Human Rights Year, DISCRIMINATION AND COLONIALISM 1968, to apartheid problems and to the plight IN SOUTHERN AFRICA of political prisoners and other victims of apart- A number of recommendations on methods to meet problems of apartheid were approved at 2 S e e Y.U.N, 1948, pp. 535-37, for text of Declara- the International Seminar on Apartheid, Racial tion. Discrimination and Colonialism in Southern 3 See Y.U.N., 1966, p. 90, text of resolution 2202 A (XXI), operative paragraph 6 (a). Africa, which was held in Kitwe, Zambia, from 4 For text of Chapter VII of the Charter, see 25 July to 4 August in accordance with a Gen- APPENDIX II. 84 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS heid and racial discrimination, and to the appli- as it might deem appropriate; (c) recommend cation of United Nations decisions and resolu- action to be taken in concrete cases; and (d) tions relating to such problems. The Seminar report to the Commission on Human Rights recommended that the United Nations should at the earliest possible time. The Commission intensify the campaign for the release of politi- called upon the Government of South Africa cal prisoners in South Africa, South West Africa, to co-operate with the Ad Hoc Working Group Southern Rhodesia, Angola and Mozambique of Experts, providing it with the necessary facili- and that the investigations into the condition ties for the discharge of its task within South of political prisoners, in South Africa, be ex- Africa. It also recommended that the Secretary- tended to cover the above territories as well. General, in consultation with Member States, Also approved were recommendations encour- arrange to provide facilities whereby registers aging (a) the International Defence and Aid for the receipt of contributions from all sources, Fund, (b) the World Campaign for the Re- private and public, for the victims of the poli- lease of South African Political Prisoners and cies of apartheid and racism in South Africa (c) the United Nations Trust Fund for South might be opened in each country. Africa to extend their activities to other areas On 6 June 1967, the Economic and Social in southern Africa where there were victims of Council adopted a resolution (1236 (XLII)) apartheid, racial discrimination and colonialism. whereby it welcomed the Commission's deci- sions and condemned the Government of South DECISIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS Africa for refusing to co-operate with the United COMMISSION AND ECONOMIC Nations in expediting the work of the Ad Hoc AND SOCIAL COUNCIL Working Group of Experts established under Various decisions taken by the Commission the resolution. (For additional details and text on Human Rights and by the Economic and of resolution 1236(XLII), see pp. 510-11, 513.) Social Council in 1967 contained clauses refer- ring to the policies of apartheid of the Govern- ACTION TO COMBAT Apartheid ment of South Africa and the situation resulting AND RACIAL DISCRIMINATION therefrom. On 16 March 1967, the Commission on Hu- man Rights adopted a resolution dealing with INVESTIGATION OF TREATMENT OF PRISONERS action effectively to combat racial discrimina- IN SOUTH AFRICA tion and the policies of apartheid and segrega- At its twenty-third session (20 February-23 tion. It decided thereby to appoint a special March 1967), the United Nations Commission rapporteur who was charged with the following on Human Rights considered a communication tasks: (a) to survey past United Nations actions of 3 February 1967, from the Acting Chairman to eliminate the policies and practices of apart- of the General Assembly's Special Committee heid in all its forms and manifestations; and on the Policies of Apartheid of the Government (b) to study the legislation and practices in of the Republic of South Africa, drawing its South Africa, South West Africa and Southern urgent attention to the continuing ill-treatment Rhodesia, instituted to establish and maintain of prisoners, detainees and persons in police apartheid and racial discrimination in all their custody in South Africa. On 6 March 1967, the forms and manifestations in South Africa, in Commission adopted a resolution whereby, Southern Rhodesia and in South West Africa among other things, it decided to establish an (which, as the General Assembly resolved on ad hoc working group of experts to be com- 27 October 1966,5 had international status until posed of eminent jurists and prison officials it achieved independence and was under the appointed by the Chairman of the Commission. direct responsibility of the United Nations, This group was to: (a) investigate the charges South Africa not having any right to admin- of torture and ill-treatment of prisoners, de- ister it). tainees or persons in police custody in South Africa; (b) receive communications and hear 5 See Y.U.N., 1966, pp. 605-606, text of resolution witnesses and use such modalities of procedure 2145(XXI), operative paragraphs 2,3,4 and 5. QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 85 The legislation and practices to be studied and fundamental freedoms, as exemplified by included those dealing with such matters as the policy of apartheid as practised in South forced labour, inequality of opportunity in the Africa and in the territory of South West Africa economic, social and educational fields, arrest, under the direct responsibility of the United detention and treatment of prisoners, and the Nations and now illegally occupied by the right to counsel and a fair trial. The Special Government of South Africa, and relevant to Rapporteur, in addition, was to report and make racial discrimination as practised notably in recommendations to the Commission in 1968 on Southern Rhodesia. the appropriate measures which might be taken The Economic and Social Council also de- by the General Assembly effectively to combat cided that the Commission on Human Rights racial discrimination and the policies of apart- might, in appropriate cases, make a thorough heid and segregation. The Commission also de- study of situations which revealed a consistent cided to give the highest priority at its 1968 pattern of violations of human rights, as exem- session to the report of the Special Rapporteur, plified by the policy of apartheid as practised so that resulting recommendations might be in South Africa and in the territory of South taken up at the International Conference on West Africa under the direct responsibility of Human Rights, scheduled for June 1968 in the United Nations and now illegally occupied Teheran, Iran. (For further details, see p. by the Government of South Africa, and of 509.) racial discrimination as practised notably in Southern Rhodesia, and make recommenda- DECISION OF COMMISSION ON tions thereon to the Economic and Social ANNUAL CONSIDERATION OF Council. Apartheid AND RACIAL DISCRIMINATION (For text of resolution 1235(XLII). see page By another resolution adopted on 16 March 512.) 1967, the Human Rights Commission decided to give annual consideration to the question of violations of human rights and fundamental PROPOSALS REGARDING SLAVERY-LIKE freedoms, including policies of racial discrimi- PRACTICE OF Apartheid nation and segregation and of apartheid, in all By another decision, taken on 21 March countries, with particular reference to colonial 1967, the Human Rights Commission con- and other dependent countries and territories. demned slavery and the slave trade in all their It also requested the Economic and Social Coun- practices and manifestations, including the cil to authorize the Commission and its Sub- slavery-like practices and aspects of apartheid Commission on the Prevention of Discrimina- and colonialism, and asked the Sub-Commission tion and Protection of Minorities to examine on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection information relevant to gross violations of hu- of Minorities to undertake regular consideration man rights and fundamental freedoms, such as of the question. apartheid in all its forms and manifestations, On 6 June 1967, the Economic and Social contained in the communications concerning Council, affirming that the racist policies of human rights received by the Secretary-General apartheid and colonialism constituted slavery- and submitted to the Economic and Social like practices and should be eradicated com- Council. pletely and immediately, inter alia, called upon Subsequently, on 6 June 1967, the Economic the Government of South Africa to put an end and Social Council adopted a resolution (1235 immediately to the slavery-like practice of (XLII) ) authorizing the Commission on Hu- apartheid in South Africa and also in the terri- man Rights and the Sub-Commission on Pre- tory of South West Africa under the direct vention of Discrimination and Protection of responsibility of the United Nations and now Minorities to examine information—contained illegally occupied by the Government of South in the communications concerning human rights Africa. The Council's decisions were embodied submitted by the Secretary-General to the Coun- in resolution 1232(XLII). For text of resolu- cil—relevant to gross violations of human rights tion, see page 540.) 86 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS REPORT OF SECRETARY-GENERAL conduct of Portugal and South Africa. The ON CONSULTATIONS international institutions created after the Sec- WITH THE INTERNATIONAL BANK ond World War, the Secretariat noted, had As directed by the General Assembly on 16 been intended to work in harmony in the main- December 1966,6 the Secretary-General held tenance of international peace and security and consultations in 1967 with the International not in conflict. Bank for Reconstruction and Development for In another annex to the report, embodying the purpose of obtaining the Bank's compliance a memorandum written in reply to that of the with those provisions of General Assembly reso- United Nations Secretariat, the Legal Depart- lutions calling for the withholding of assistance ment of the International Bank stated that, of any kind to the Government of South Africa while the views expressed in the United Nations until it had renounced its policies of apartheid. Secretariat memorandum on the nature and A report on these consultations was submitted timing of the consultation which must precede to the General Assembly on 15 September 1967 formal recommendations addressed by one or- by the Secretary-General, stating that a written ganization to the other could not be accepted exchange of views had taken place. without a number of reservations, the issue did In a memorandum attached to the report of not appear to have practical importance. The the Secretary-General, the Secretariat of the Secretary-General of the United Nations and United Nations noted that from communica- the President of the Bank having agreed to tions received from the General Counsel of enter into consultation on the substance of the the Bank as well as from his statements to the resolutions, the Bank's memorandum would Assembly's Fourth Committee in 1966, there deal only with the second principal issue dis- appeared to be two principal reasons advanced cussed in the Secretariat memorandum, which by the Bank for its failure to give effect to rele- related to the interpretation of Article IV, Sec- vant recommendations of the General Assembly. tion 10, of the Bank's Articles of Agreement The first of the reasons related to the require- by the terms of which political activities by the ment of "prior consultation" before either or- Bank and its officers are prohibited. ganization made formal recommendations to the Recalling that the United Nations Secretariat other, under article IV of the Agreement bring- had argued that the real intent and meaning ing the Bank into relationship with the United of the term "political," as it was used in the Nations, which was concluded pursuant to Arti- context of Section 10, was "to prohibit inter- cles 57 and 63 of the Charter of the United ference in the internal political affairs of a Nations,7 and which came into force on 15 member State and discrimination against any November 1947. The second reason was based member country because of the political char- upon the Bank's interpretation of its own Arti- acter of its government," the memorandum from cles of Agreement, which came into force on the Bank's Legal Department pointed out there: 27 December 1945, in particular section 10 was no justification for imparting to the term of article IV thereof, by the terms of which "political" as the Secretariat did, the qualifica- political activities by the Bank and its officers tion "internal." The prohibition against inter- are prohibited. ference "in the political affairs of any member" The United Nations Secretariat indicated how was not limited to interference in a member's its interpretation of the relevant articles of the internal political affairs but extended as well relationship Agreement between the United to the relations of a member with other States, Nations and the Bank differed from that offered i.e., its external political affairs. Just as the by the General Counsel of the Bank and ex- Bank was precluded, in making decisions on pressed the view that it seemed hardly likely loans or guarantees, from interfering in the that the Bank would wish to ignore entirely the domestic political activities of a member Gov- virtually unanimous condemnation by the in- 6 See Y.U.N., 1966, pp. 89-91, text of resolution ternational community, expressed through the 2202 A (XXI). United Nations as the organ having primary 7 For text of Articles 57 and 63 of the Charter, see responsibility in this field, of the international APPENDIX II. QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 87 eminent, so it was precluded from interfering cial organization which had been specifically or attempting to interfere with the foreign enjoined by its member Governments from policy of that Government. The adjective "po- playing any political role. It should be noted, litical" as used in Section 10, referred not only it added, that the Agreement between the to those matters which related to "politics" in United Nations and the Bank had been intended the narrow meaning of the word, but to all to describe the legal rights and obligations of matters which pertained to the constitution of the two organizations arising from the relation- an organized society and the manner in which ship between them and therefore tended to it managed its affairs. In this sense, the relevant emphasize the outside limits of their co-operation resolutions of the General Assembly indeed rather than the actual contents thereof. In fact, dealt with the political affairs of the Govern- this co-operation had been intensive, had cov- ments of Portugal and South Africa, and the ered a wide range of matters of common concern conduct of the Portuguese and South African and, in the Bank's opinion at least, had been Governments condemned in those resolutions highly beneficial for the countries which were had been, in fact, their political conduct. The members of the two organizations. In practice, policies and the conduct which had been con- cases in which the Bank could not respond demned by the General Assembly constituted affirmatively to a request or appeal of a United an essential element of the "political character" Nations organ were rare; the case of the reso- of those States. The Bank, the Legal Depart- lutions of the General Assembly under consider- ment of the Bank added, might and did take ation was one of them, for the General Assem- into consideration—and was influenced in lend- bly's request was concerned with matters which ing decisions by—the economic effects stemming had been deliberately kept outside the scope of from the political character of a member and the Bank's function and responsibilities by the from the censures and condemnations of that signatories of its Articles of Agreement. member by the United Nations. However, by The Secretary-General also attached to his virtue of Article IV, Section 10, of its Articles report a letter dated 18 August 1967, addressed of Agreement, the Bank, in exercising its judg- to the Secretary-General by the President of ment, must consider such economic factors in the International Bank, in which the latter gave the light of the purposes of the organization. the assurance that the Bank was keenly aware What it was precluded from considering was and proud of being part of the United Nations the political character of a member as an in- family and that its earnest desire was to co- dependent criterion for decision. operate with the United Nations by all legitimate The Bank's Legal Department also recalled means and, to the extent consistent with its that article I, paragraph 2 of the relationship Articles of Agreement, to avoid any action that Agreement provided, inter alia, that by reason of might run counter to the fulfilment of the great the nature of its international responsibilities purposes of the United Nations. The President and the terms of its Articles of Agreement, the of the Bank concluded his letter by stating that Bank was required to function as an independent the assurance was given in the hope that it might international organization and that Article IV, help dissipate any misunderstanding of the paragraph 3, provided that the United Nations Bank's attitude. recognized that the action to be taken by the In his reply, dated 23 August 1967, also Bank on any loan was a matter to be determined attached to the report, the Secretary-General, by the independent exercise of the Bank's own inter alia, welcomed the Bank's desire to clarify judgment in accordance with the Bank's Arti- its attitude, adding that the United Nations cles of Agreement. relied on the co-operation and support of all The Bank's Legal Department concluded its organizations which were members of the United memorandum by stating that, in entering into Nations family. a relationship agreement with the United Na- Concluding his report to the General Assem- tions within the terms of its Articles of Agree- bly, the Secretary-General said that he felt that ment, the Bank had not and could not have the discussion with the Bank had clarified the modified its character as a technical and finan- respective legal positions of the United Nations 88 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS and the Bank, and that he hoped the exchange partners, but also the emergence of newer of letters between the President of the Bank trading partners on the scene. and himself would contribute to closer mutual The Special Committee on Apartheid, the understanding and co-operation. Rapporteur continued, adhered firmly to its conviction that economic sanctions and the CONSIDERATION BY related measures it had recommended were GENERAL ASSEMBLY the only effective means for bringing about a The item entitled "The policies of apartheid peaceful change in South Africa, and that the of the Government of the Republic of South United Nations as a whole must continue to Africa" was included in the agenda of the exert maximum efforts to ensure that sanctions twenty-second session of the General Assembly were fully implemented. on the recommendation of the Assembly's Gen- The representative of Nepal, addressing the eral Committee. During the discussion in the Assembly's Special Political Committee as the General Committee, a request by the repre- Acting Chairman of the Special Committee sentative of the Republic of South Africa to on Apartheid, stated that unless the member- be heard on the question of placing the item ship of the Special Committee on Apartheid on the agenda was challenged by several mem- was expanded to include some of the major bers of the General Committee under rule 43 trading partners of South Africa, as well as of the rules of procedure of the General Assem- some of the more influential states of Asia and bly.8 The South African representative subse- Latin America, that Committee would not be: quently withdrew his request. in a position to deal with the problem of apart- At a plenary meeting of the General Assembly, heid as thoroughly as it was expected to do. held on 23 September 1967, the representative The majority of United Nations Member of South Africa stated that the inclusion of the States, he added, realized that the Western item in the agenda and its subsequent considera- powers had so far refused to co-operate with tion would constitute a violation of Article 2, the majority because of their internal mercan- paragraph 7 of the United Nations Charter tile interests and policies of external economic (which states, inter alia, that nothing in the expansion. Apartheid in South Africa, colonial- Charter "shall authorize the United Nations ism in South West Africa, the minority régimes to intervene in matters which are essentially in Southern Rhodesia and the extension of the within the domestic jurisdiction of any State"). concept of metropolitan Portugal over Angola Presenting the report of the Special Com- and Mozambique were part of a plot to main- mittee on the Policies of Apartheid to the Gen- tain the supremacy of white minority settlers eral Assembly's Special Political Committee, the in southern Africa and to ensure control, by Rapporteur of the Special Committee said that mercantile interests of the western world, over no progress had been made towards eradicating the rich gold and diamond mines of those terri- apartheid. He referred to the progressive erosion tories. of human rights by the endless repressive legisla- The Acting Chairman of the Special Com- tion enacted by the South African Government, mittee on Apartheid also observed that the particularly the Terrorism Act of 1967, the pro- question of apartheid was essentially linked with visions of which were made retroactive to 1962. the basic principles of human rights; he urged By this Act, he told the Special Committee, 37 nationalists of South West Africa were being 8 Rule 43 of the General Assembly's rules of proce- subjected to a summary trial, in defiance of dure states: the international status of the territory. He "A Member of the General Assembly which has no added that the arms embargo against South representative on the General Committee and which Africa called for by the Security Council had has requested the inclusion of an item in the agenda been repeatedly broken. Not only had there shall be entitled to attend any meeting of the General Committee at which its request is discussed, and may been a significant increase in the volume of participate, without vote, in the discussion of that South Africa's trade with its traditional trading item." QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 89 that a special programme on apartheid be ar- merged with, monopolies in the United States, ranged at the international level during the the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of International Year for Human Rights in 1968. Germany and other countries, and that the During the ensuing debate in the Assembly's Western powers and the South African Govern- Special Political Committee, there was general ment were working together to convert southern condemnation of the policies of apartheid of Africa into a bastion of colonialism from which the South African Government as a violation pressure could be brought to bear on the inde- of the principles of the Charter of the United pendent African countries. He added that there Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human had been a sharp increase in the flow of capital Rights and the Declaration on the Elimination to South Africa, particularly from the United of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (adopted Kingdom and the United States. In 1965, total by the Assembly on 20 November 19639). foreign investments in South Africa had been The conclusions and recommendations of 11 per cent higher than in 1964. The United the International Seminar on Apartheid, Racial States investment in South Africa in 1966, he Discrimination and Colonialism in Southern added, was higher than in the previous year Africa, held in Kitwe, Zambia, earlier in 1967 while the investment from the Federal Republic (see p. 83) and of the Special Committee on of Germany had doubled. Apartheid were commended and endorsed by Italy commented that international trade, a majority of Members. They felt that an inter- rather than being an isolated or one-way rela- national campaign against apartheid, under tionship, was part of a complex network em- United Nations auspices, should be embarked bracing all areas of the world. Any curtailment upon as a matter of urgency ; the United Nations of trade with one area of the world would have was directly concerned in the struggle against serious repercussions on other areas. For this apartheid, they believed, and continued neglect reason, Italy had doubts about the effectiveness of the problem could compromise the authority, of the imposition of economic sanctions against and even jeopardize the very existence, of the South Africa. United Nations. Many speakers—among them the representa- A number of Members—among them Afghan- tives of Algeria, Burundi, Congo (Brazzaville), istan, Algeria, Bulgaria, Ethiopia, Hungary, Hungary, Malaysia, Uganda and the USSR— India, Jamaica, Libya, the Philippines, Poland, emphasized that the policies of apartheid con- Syria and Zambia—maintained that the United stituted a threat to international peace and Nations had been unable to take effective meas- security; they believed that action by the Se- ures against South Africa's policies of apartheid curity Council was essential under the provisions because of the apathy shown by South Africa's of Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter major and emerging trading partners. They (which deals with action with respect to threats stated that, in spite of repeated resolutions of to the peace, breaches of the peace and acts the General Assembly, trade between those of aggression). Several representatives, includ- Member States and South Africa had continued ing those of Canada, the United Kingdom and to expand—which had enabled the South the United States did not believe, however, African Government to persist in its defiance that the situation in South Africa was such of the United Nations. as to justify invoking the provisions of Chapter The USSR spokesman, for instance, said that VII of the Charter. South Africa continued to defy the United The United States said that it had scrupu- Nations because certain Western countries, par- lously implemented the Security Council reso- ticularly the United States, the United King- lutions and would maintain a strict embargo dom and the Federal Republic of Germany, on the sale of arms to South Africa. Contrary sympathized with its racial policies and gave it direct support. He maintained that South 9 For text of Declaration on Elimination of All African monopolies operated in close collabora- Forms of Racial Discrimination, see Y.U.N., 1963, tion with, and in some cases had actually pp. 344-46. 90 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS to allegations by some delegations, it stated, ened to use force against the United Republic; the North Atlantic Treaty Organization of Tanzania and against Zambia, Guinea noted. (NATO), as an organization, was not supply- Some of the Members who spoke against the ing arms or military equipment to South Africa, attempts to impose apartheid policies illegally although weapons supplied by some of its in South West Africa and against South Africa's members on their own account were being used support to other areas in southern Africa be- in southern Africa. The United States, which lieved that the problems of southern Africa was engaged in a continuing struggle for social were inextricably interwoven and that the ques- justice in its own territory, was ready to co- tion of apartheid was crucial and central to operate in collective efforts against apartheid, those problems. They maintained that the situ- provided that such efforts would be consistent ation in the whole of southern Africa would with the provisions of the Charter, practical remain explosive and might engulf the whole and within the capability of the international world in a racial conflict, unless apartheid in community to achieve. The United States Gov- South Africa was eliminated. ernment considered that the current situation Believing it essential to promote international in South Africa did not constitute a threat to awareness of the problem, in order to facilitate international peace and security as defined by more effective action against apartheid, these the Charter, and it doubted the appropriate- Members called upon the United Nations to ness and effectiveness of imposing economic launch an international information campaign sanctions in the present circumstances. on the evils and dangers of apartheid. The representative of Japan maintained that Also stressed was the need for the United only the Security Council had the power, under Nations to recognize the legitimacy of the strug- the Charter, to take binding decisions relating gle of the people of South Africa and encourage to the application of economic sanctions. Once assistance to it. such decisions were adopted, they must be The President of the International Defence fully and universally applied if they were to be and Aid Fund (London), the Rev. Canon L. truly effective. He added that, if the Security John Collins, who was granted a hearing by Council decided on sanctions against South the Assembly's Special Political Committee on Africa, Japan would comply fully. 19 October 1967, stated that the liberation A number of representatives from Member movement of South Africa, frustrated in its States in Africa and Asia, and from Scandina- efforts to create a free and just society inside vian and Eastern European Member States South Africa, was not only committed to the maintained that the South African Government policy of meeting violence with violence but was continuing to pursue the policies of apart- was already working in the early stages of an heid and to impose them illegally in the territory armed conflict with the Government of South of South West Africa, despite the terms of a Africa. He added that there now existed not General Assembly resolution of 27 October only the threat of a violent upheaval inside 10 1966 terminating the mandate. Further, the South Africa, but the beginning of a racial war South African Government was conducting an in the whole of southern Africa that could illegal trial of 37 South West Africans in Pre- easily lead to a world-wide racial war. He sug- toria, South Africa, under the Terrorism Act. gested that the United Nations should, in addi- Guinea, for instance, regarded the trial as part tion to passing resolutions condemning apart- of the South African Government's campaign heid, concentrate attention upon influencing in of terror against all those who dared to fight a realistic way the public opinion in those coun- for their inalienable right to liberty and dignity. tries whose Governments flouted international The South African Government, it was also opinion on apartheid. stated in the discussions, had sent troops to assist the racist régime of Southern Rhodesia and was helping the colonial regimes in Angola 10 See Y.U.N., 1966, pp. 605-606, text of resolution and Mozambique; South Africa had also threat- 2145(XXI). QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 91 Portugal had reservations about the legal of South Africa, and the activities of foreign basis of the debate inasmuch as it involved financial and other interests, which, through interference in the internal affairs of a United their political, economic and military collabora- Nations Member State. tion with the South African Government and Presented to the Assembly's Special Political contrary to relevant General Assembly and Committee was a draft resolution which was Security Council resolutions, were encouraging eventually sponsored by the following 51 Mem- that Government to persist in its racial policies; bers: Afghanistan, Algeria, Burundi, Cameroon, (6) request all States, particularly the main Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Braz- trading partners of South Africa, to comply fully zaville), the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with the resolutions of the Security Council on Cyprus, Dahomey, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, this question, to take urgent steps towards dis- Guyana, Haiti, Hungary, India, Indonesia, appropriate measures to facilitate more effective Iraq, the Ivory Coast, Kenya, Kuwait, Liberia, appropriate measures to facilitate more effective Libya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Mauri- action, under the auspices of the United Na- tania, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Niger, Ni- tions, to secure the elimination of apartheid; geria, Pakistan, the Philippines, Rwanda, Saudi (7) reiterate its request to the International Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, So- Bank for Reconstruction and Development to malia, Sudan, Syria, Togo, Trinidad and To- deny financial, economic and technical assistance bago, Tunisia, Uganda, the United Arab Re- to the Government of South Africa, and, in this public, the United Republic of Tanzania, Upper connexion, express the hope that the Bank Volta and Zambia. would stand by its assurance to avoid any action By the operative part of this draft resolution, that might run counter to the fulfilment of the as revised in the discussion, the General As- great purposes of the United Nations; (8) ap- sembly would: peal to all States and organizations to provide (1) reiterate its condemnation of the policies appropriate moral, political and material assist- of apartheid practised by the Government of ance to the people of South Africa in their South Africa as a crime against humanity; (2) legitimate struggle for the rights recognized in reaffirm its recognition of the legitimacy of the the United Nations Charter; (9) invite all struggle of the people of South Africa for States to encourage the establishment of national human rights and fundamental freedoms for organizations for the purpose of enlightening all the people of South Africa irrespective of public opinion further on the evils of apartheid, race, colour or creed; (3) strongly reiterate its and to report annually to the Secretary-General conviction that the situation in South Africa on the progress and activities of such organiza- constituted a threat to international peace and tions; (10) request all States to commemorate, security, that action under Chapter VII of the during the International Year for Human Charter of the United Nations was essential Rights, 21 March 1968 (the International Day in order to solve the problem of apartheid and for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination) that universally applied mandatory economic with appropriate solemnity, in solidarity with the sanctions were the only means of achieving a oppressed people of South Africa; (11) com- peaceful solution; (4) draw the attention of the mend to the attention of all United Nations Security Council once again to the grave situa- organs the report of the Seminar on Apartheid tion in South Africa and in southern Africa (held at Brasilia, Brazil, from 23 August to 4 as a whole and request the Security Council to 11 September 1966 ) and that of the International resume consideration of the question of apart- Seminar on Apartheid, Racial Discrimination heid with a view to ensuring the full imple- and Colonialism in Southern Africa (held at mentation of its resolutions and the adoption Kitwe, Zambia, from 25 July to 4 August 1967 of more effective measures to secure an end (see pp. 83-84) ) ; (12) request the Special Com- to the South African Government's policies of apartheid; (5) condemn the actions of those States, particularly the main trading partners 11 See Y.U.N., 1966, pp. 81-82. 92 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS mittee on Apartheid to intensify its co-operation CREDENTIALS Of SOUTH with other special organs concerned with the AFRICA'S REPRESENTATIVES problems of racial discrimination and colonialism At meetings of the Credentials Committee for in southern Africa, taking into account the rele- the fifth special session and the filth emergency vant resolutions of the General Assembly, in so special session of the General Assembly, held on far as they fell within the mandate of the Special 22 May 1967 and 3 July 1967, respectively, the Committee on Apartheid under terms of the validity of the credentials of the representatives General Assembly resolution of 6 November of South Africa was challenged by the repre- 1962 establishing the Committee;12 (1.3) re- sentative of Guinea because, he said, the quest the Special Committee on Apartheid to South African delegation represented a regime continue discharging its mandate and to inten- whose activities were contrary to the interests sify its efforts in promoting an international of the South African people and whose policies campaign against apartheid and to this end of apartheid were a flagrant violation of the authorize it, within the budgetary provision principles of the United Nations Charter. The made for this purpose, (a) to hold a special reservations of the representative of Guinea session away from United Nations Headquarters, regarding the credentials of the South African New York, during the International Year for representatives were supported by the repre- Human Rights; (b) in consultation with the sentatives of the Ivory Coast and the USSR at Secretary-General, to arrange for the advisory both meetings. The representatives of El Salva- services of experts or special studies on specific dor, Japan, Nicaragua and the United States, aspects of the campaign; and (c) to consult while reiterating their Governments' abhorence with the Secretary-General and the specialized of the policies of apartheid, were of the opinion agencies, regional organizations and non-govern- that the credentials of the South African dele- mental organizations concerned, and to submit gation should be accepted because they fulfilled to the Assembly's twenty-third session (due to the requirements of rule 27 of the Assembly's open in September 1968) a report on measures rules of procedure. (Rule 27 states that creden- which might appropriately be taken for the tials shall be submitted to the Secretary-General, widest dissemination of information on the evils if possible not less than one week before the date of apartheid and the efforts of the international fixed for the opening of the session, and that community to secure its elimination; (14) re- they shall be issued either by the Head of State quest the Secretary-General to intensify dissemi- or Government or by the Minister for Foreign nation of information on the evils of apartheid Affairs.) and to publish periodically information on eco- On 22 May 1967, after the Chairman of the nomic and financial relations between South Credentials Committee had stated that all reser- Africa and other States; and (15) invite States, vations expressed in the Committee concerning specialized agencies, regional organizations and the representatives of South Africa would be non-governmental organizations to co-operate included in the report, the Committee adopted, with the Secretary-General and the Special by a vote of 8 to 0, with 1 abstention, a draft Committee on Apartheid in the accomplishment resolution, proposed by its Chairman, whereby of their tasks under this resolution. it accepted the credentials of all representatives After voting separately on various paragraphs, to the fifth special session and recommended to the Assembly's Special Political Committee on the General Assembly that it approve the report 22 November 1967 adopted the draft resolution of the Credentials Committee. At a plenary as a whole by 89 votes to 1, with 13 abstentions. meeting on 23 May 1967, the General Assembly, On 13 December, the text was approved at in adopting resolution 2251(S-V), by a vote of a plenary meeting of the Assembly by 89 votes 89 to 0, with 17 abstentions, approved the report to 2, with 12 abstentions, as resolution 2307 of the Credentials Committee. (XXII). (For text, see DOCUMENTARY REFER- 12 See Y.U.N., 1962, pp. 99-100, text of resolution ENCES below.) 1761(XVII). QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 93 At the meeting of 3 July 1967, following the At a plenary meeting on 16 December 1967, Chairman's statement that all reservations ex- the General Assembly adopted the report of the pressed in the Credentials Committee concerning Credentials Committee by a vote of 67 to 0, with the representatives of South Africa would be 20 abstentions, in approving resolution 2322 included in the report, the Credentials Com- (XXII). mittee adopted, by a vote of 7 to 0, with 2 (For texts of these resolutions, see DOCUMEN- abstentions, a draft resolution proposed by its TARY REFERENCES below) Chairman, whereby it accepted the credentials of all representatives to the fifth emergency special session of the General Assembly and OTHER GENERAL recommended to the Assembly that it approve ASSEMBLY DECISIONS the report of the Credentials Committee. At a At its twenty-second session in 1967 the Gen- plenary meeting on 17 June 1967, the Assembly, eral Assembly also took various other decisions in adopting resolution 2255 (ES-V), by a vote which referred to the South African Govern- of 76 to 0, with 23 abstentions, approved the ment's apartheid policies and situations result- report of the Credentials Committee. ing therefrom. When the Credentials Committee for the Thus, on 14 December 1967, acting on the twenty-second session of the General Assembly recommendation of its Fourth Committee, and met on 13 December 1967, the representative of in adopting a resolution (2311 (XXII)) on the Mali said that since the credentials of the repre- implementation of the Declaration on the Grant- sentatives of South Africa emanated from a ing of Independence to Colonial Countries and racist and fascist régime which defied the Peoples by the specialized agencies and the inter- United Nations Charter, and not from the peo- national institutions associated with the United ple of South Africa, these credentials should be Nations, the General Assembly recommended. rejected. The representatives of Madagascar inter alia, that the specialized agencies and the and the USSR associated themselves with these international institutions should not grant any views. assistance to South Africa and Portugal until The representatives of Paraguay and the the latter had renounced their policy of racial United States, while pointing out that their discrimination and colonial domination. (For Governments detested the policies of racial details, see pp. 646-47.) discrimination and apartheid practised by the On 18 December 1967, acting on a recom- Government of South Africa, did not consider mendation of its Third (Social, Humanitarian that these policies affected the validity of the and Cultural) Committee and in adopting a credentials of the South African delegation, resolution (2332(XXII)) on measures for the which fulfilled the requirements of rule 27 of speedy implementation of international instru- the Assembly's rules of procedure. ments against racial discrimination, the General The Chairman of the Credentials Committee Assembly stated, inter alia, that it was pro- announced that all reservations expressed during foundly concerned by the evidence of continued the meeting concerning the credentials of the gross violation of human rights and the prin- representatives of South Africa would be in- ciples of the United Nations Charter through cluded in the Credentials Committee report to the policies of apartheid, segregation and other the Assembly. The Credentials Committee then forms of racial discrimination, particularly in adopted, by a vote of 7 to 0, with 2 abstentions, South Africa, Southern Rhodesia, and South a draft resolution proposed by its Chairman West Africa. It also condemned the Govern- whereby it accepted the credentials of all repre- ments of South Africa and Southern Rhodesia sentatives to the twenty-second session of the for their persistence in this regard and specifi- General Assembly and recommended to the cally requested the Government of South Africa Assembly that it approve the report of the to put an end to such nefarious policies. (For Credentials Committee. text of resolution 2332 (XXII), see pp. 487-88.) 94 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES REPORT OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE Policies of Apartheid of Government of Republic ON APARTHEID of South Africa. A/6864 and Add.l. Report of Special Committee on A/7043. Letter of 19 January 1968 from United Policies of Apartheid of Government of Republic States. of South Africa. A/SPC/L.146. Telegram of 9 October 1967 from President of International Defence and Aid Fund. INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON A/SPC/L.147 and Add.l. Afghanistan, Algeria, Bu- APARTHEID IN SOUTHERN AFRICA rundi, Cameroon, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Dem- A/6667 and Add.1-4. Note by Secretary-General. ocratic Republic of Congo, Cyprus, Dahomey, A/6818 and Corr.1. Note by Secretary-General trans- Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, India, Indonesia, Iraq, mitting report of International Seminar on Apart- Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, heid, Racial Discrimination and Colonialism in Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Mongolia, Morocco, Southern Africa, Kitwe, Zambia, 15 July-4 August Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan. Philippines, 1967. Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Togo, Tunisia, DECISIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS Uganda, United Arab Republic, United Republic of COMMISSION AND ECONOMIC Tanzania, Upper Volta, Zambia: draft resolution. AND SOCIAL COUNCIL A/SPC/L.147/Rev.l and Add.1,2. Afghanistan, Al- geria, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Repub- INVESTIGATION OF TREATMENT OF lic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Democratic Re- PRISONERS IN SOUTH AFRICA public of Congo, Cyprus, Dahomey, Ethiopia, (For details, see DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES, p. Ghana, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Hungary, India, 513.) Indonesia, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Kuwait, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Mauri- ACTION TO COMBAT Apartheid tania, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, AND RACIAL DISCRIMINATION Pakistan, Philippines, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Sene- (For details, see DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES, p. gal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Sudan. 499.) Syria, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, United Arab Republic, United Republic STUDY OF VIOLATIONS of Tanzania, Upper Volta, Zambia: revised draft OF HUMAN RIGHTS resolution, adopted by Special Political Committee (For details, see DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES, p. on 22 November 1967, meeting 569, by 89 votes 512.) to 1, with 13 abstentions. A/SPC/L.149. Administrative and financial implica- PROPOSALS REGARDING SLAVERY-LIKE tions of 51-power revised draft resolution, A/SPC/ PRACTICE OF Apartheid L.147/Rev.l. Statement by Secretary-General. (For details, see DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES, pp. A/C.5/1141, A/6932, A/6957. Statement by Secretary- 540-41.) General and reports of Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions and Fifth CONSIDERATION BY Committee on administrative and financial impli- GENERAL ASSEMBLY cations of draft resolution adopted by Special Political Committee, A/6914. GENERAL ASSEMBLY——22ND SESSION A/6914. Report of Special Political Committee. Special Political Committee, meetings 552-569. Fifth Committee, meeting 1217. Plenary meetings 1564, 1629. RESOLUTION 2307(xxii), as proposed by Special Politi- cal Committee, A/6914, adopted by Assembly on A/6667 and Add. 1-4. Note by Secretary-General. 13 December 1967, meeting 1629, by 89 votes to A/6688 and Add.2. Letters of 4 August 1967 and 15 2, with 12 abstentions. January 1968 from South Africa. A/6688/Add.l. Note verbale of 15 November 1967 "The General Assembly, from Ukrainian SSR. "Recalling its resolutions on this question and re- A/6818 and Corr.1. Note by Secretary-General trans- affirming, in particular, resolution 2202(XXI) of 16 mitting report of International Seminar on Apart- December 1966, heid, Racial Discrimination and Colonialism in "Recalling Security Council resolutions 181(1963) Southern Africa, held at Kitwe, Zambia, 25 July- of 7 August 1963, 182(1963) of 4 December 1963, 4 August 1967. 190(1964) of 9 June 1964 and 191(1964) of 18 June A/6825. Consultation with International Bank for 1964, Reconstruction and Development. Report of Secre- "Having considered the report of the Special Com- tary-General. mittee on the Policies of Apartheid of the Government A/6864 and Add.l. Report of Special Committee on of the Republic of South Africa, QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 95 "Taking note with satisfaction of the report of the "8. Appeals to all States and organizations to pro- International Seminar on Apartheid, Racial Discrimi- vide appropriate moral, political and material assist- nation and Colonialism in Southern Africa, held at ance to the people of South Africa in their legitimate Kitwe, Zambia, struggle for the rights recognized in the Charter; "Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General "9. Invites all States to encourage the establish- on his consultations with the International Bank for ment of national organizations for the purpose of Reconstruction and Development, further enlightening public opinion on the evils of "Noting with grave concern that the racial policies apartheid and to report annually to the Secretary- of the Government of South Africa have led to violent General on the progress and activities of such conflict and an explosive situation, organizations; "Convinced that the situation in the Republic of "10. Requests all States to commemorate, during South Africa and the resulting explosive situation in the International Year for Human Rights, 21 March southern Africa continue to pose a grave threat to 1968—the International Day for the Elimination of international peace and security, Racial Discrimination—with appropriate solemnity, in "Considering it essential to promote a greater and solidarity with the oppressed people of South Africa; closer co-ordination of international efforts to eliminate "11. Commends to the attention of all United apartheid, racial discrimination and colonialism in Nations organs the report of the Seminar on Apartheid southern Africa, held at Brasilia and the report of the International "1. Reiterates its condemnation of the policies of Seminar on Apartheid, Racial Discrimination and apartheid practised by the Government of South Africa Colonialism in Southern Africa held at Kitwe, Zambia; as a crime against humanity; "12. Requests the Special Committee on the Poli- "2. Reaffirms its recognition of the legitimacy of cies of Apartheid of the Government of the Republic the struggle of the people of South Africa for human of South Africa to intensify its co-operation with rights and fundamental freedoms for all the people of other special organs concerned with the problems of South Africa irrespective of race, colour or creed; racial discrimination and colonialism in southern "3. Strongly reiterates its conviction that the situ- Africa, taking into account the relevant General ation in South Africa constitutes a threat to inter- Assembly resolutions and the conclusions and recom- national peace and security, that action under Chapter mendations of the International Seminar held at VII of the Charter of the United Nations is essential Kitwe, in so far as they fall within the mandate of in order to solve the problem of apartheid and that the Special Committee under General Assembly reso- universally applied mandatory economic sanctions are lution 1761(XVII) of 6 November 1962; the only means of achieving a peaceful solution; "13. Requests the Special Committee on the Poli- "4. Once again draws the attention of the Security cies of Apartheid of the Government of the Republic Council to the grave situation in South Africa, and in of South Africa to continue to discharge its mandate southern Africa as a whole, and requests the Council and to intensify its efforts to promote an international to resume consideration of the question of apartheid campaign against apartheid and, to this end, authorizes with a view to ensuring the full implementation of its it, within the budgetary provisions made for this resolutions and the adoption of more effective measures purpose : to secure an end to the policies of apartheid of the "(a) To hold during the International Year for Government of South Africa; Human Rights a special session away from Head- "5. Condemns the actions of those States, particu- quarters ; larly the main trading partners of South Africa, and "(b) In consultation with the Secretary-General, to the activities of those foreign financial and other arrange for the advisory services of experts or special interests, all of which through their political, economic studies on specific aspects of the campaign; and military collaboration with the Government of "(c) To consult with the Secretary-General and South Africa and contrary to relevant General As- the specialized agencies, regional organizations and sembly and Security Council resolutions are encour- non-governmental organizations concerned and to sub- aging that Government to persist in its racial policies; mit to the General Assembly at is twenty-third session "6. Requests all States, particularly the main a report on measures which might appropriately be trading partners of South Africa, to comply fully with taken to ensure the widest dissemination of informa- the resolutions of the Security Council on this question, tion on the evils of apartheid and the efforts of the to take urgent steps towards disengagement from international community to secure its elimination; South Africa and to take all appropriate measures to "14. Requests the Secretary-General to intensify facilitate more effective action, under the auspices of the dissemination of information on the evils of the United Nations, to secure the elimination of apartheid and to publish periodically information on apartheid; economic and financial relations between South Africa "7. Reiterates its request to the International Bank and other States; for Reconstruction and Development to deny financial, "15. Invites States, specialized agencies, regional economic and technical assistance to the Government organizations and non-governmental organizations to of South Africa and, in this connexion, expresses the co-operate with the Secretary-General and the Special hope that the Bank will stand by its assurance that it Committee on the Policies of Apartheid of the Gov- will avoid any action that might run counter to the ernment of the Republic of South Africa in the accom- fulfilment of the great purposes of the United Nations; plishment of their tasks under the present resolution." 96 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS CREDENTIALS QUESTIONS December 1967, meeting 1635, by 67 votes to 0, GENERAL ASSEMBLY——FIFTH SPECIAL SESSION with 20 abstentions. Credentials Committee, meeting of 22 May 1967. Plenary Meetings 1502, 1522. "The General Assembly "Approves the report of the Credentials Committee." A/6655/Rev.l. Report of Credentials Committee, con- taining draft resolution, proposed by Chairman, and adopted by Committee on 22 May 1967 by 8 votes OTHER DOCUMENTS AND PUBLICATIONS to 0, with 1 abstention. S/7826. Note by Secretary-General transmitting a resolution adopted by Commission on Human Rights RESOLUTION 2251(s-v), as proposed by Credentials (resolution 2(XXIII)), as adopted by Commission Committee, A/6655/Rev.l, adopted by Assembly on on 6 March 1967). 23 May 1967, meeting 1522, by 89 votes to 0, with S/8024. Letter dated 20 June 1967 from Chairman 17 abstentions. of Special Committee on Situation with regard to Implementation of Declaration on Granting of Inde- The General Assembly pendence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, ad- Approves the report of the Credentials Committee. dressed to President of Security Council. S/8172. Question of violation of human rights and GENERAL ASSEMBLY——FIFTH EMERGENCY SPECIAL fundamental freedoms, including policies of racial SESSION discrimination and segregation and of apartheid, in Credentials Committee, meeting of 3 July 1967. all countries, with particular reference to colonial Plenary meetings 1525, 1556. and other dependent countries and territories. Note by Secretary-General. Annex I: List of resolutions A/6742 and Corr.1. Report of Credentials Committee, of General Assembly regarding racial policies of containing draft resolution, proposed by Chairman, Government of South Africa. and adopted by Committee on 3 July 1967 by 7 S/8196 and Add.1 (A/6864 and Add.l). Report or votes to 0, with 2 abstentions. Special Committee on Policies of Apartheid of Republic of South Africa. RESOLUTION 2255 (ES-V), as proposed by Credentials S/8304. Letter of 19 December 1967 from Secretary- Committee, A/6742, adopted by Assembly on 17 General addressed to President of Security Council July 1967, meeting 1556, by 76 votes to 0, with transmitting text of resolution 2307(XXII) adopted 23 abstentions. by General Assembly on 13 December 1967, meeting 1629. "The General Assembly Foreign Investment in Republic of South Africa "Approves the report of the Credentials Committee." (ST/PSCA/SER.A/1; A/C.115/L.56/Rev.3.) U.N.P. Sales No.: 67.II.K.9. GENERAL ASSEMBLY——22ND SESSION Review of United Nations Consideration of Apartheid Credentials Committee, meeting of 13 December 1967. (ST/PSCA/SER.A/2). U.N.P. Sales No.: 67.III.K. Plenary meetings 1560, 1635. 12. Military and Police Forces in Republic of South A/6990. Report of Credentials Committee, containing Africa (ST/PSCA/SER.A/3; A/C.115/L.203-204). draft resolution, as suggested by Chairman, adopted U.N.P. Sales No.: E.67.II.K.25. by Committee on 13 December 1967, by 7 votes "Transit Camps" in South Africa (Reports submitted to 0, with 2 abstentions. by International Defence and Aid Fund, London, to Special Committee on Policies of Apartheid of RESOLUTION 2322 (xxii), as proposed by Credentials Government of Republic of South Africa) (ST/ Committee, A/6990, adopted by Assembly on 16 PSCA/SER.A/4).

United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa REPORT OF SECRETARY-GENERAL of persons persecuted by the Government of AND COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES the Republic of South Africa for acts arising The United Nations Trust Fund for South from opposition to the policy of apartheid; edu- Africa was established by the General Assembly cation of prisoners, their children and other on 15 December 1965,13 to make grants to vol- dependants; and relief for refugees from South untary organizations, Governments of host coun- Africa. tries of refugees from South Africa, and other In a report of 23 October 1967 to the twenty- appropriate bodies for: legal assistance to per- sons charged under discriminatory and repressive 13 See Y.U.N., 1965, pp. 115-16, text of resolution legislation in South Africa; relief for dependants 2054 B (XX). QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 97 second session of the General Assembly on the to ensure that the funds were being used as operation of the United Nations Trust Fund effectively as possible and exclusively to fight for South Africa, the Secretary-General and the apartheid and assist its victims. Committee of Trustees of the Fund stated that Addressing the Special Political Committee, the Fund had, by then, received contributions the Chairman of the Committee of Trustees totalling $430,068 and pledges of $56,500 from expressed appreciation to Governments for their 10 Governments. Thirteen grants, totalling generous contributions to the Fund and said $308,400 had been made from the Fund, and the Committee hoped new, substantial contri- $116,000 had been earmarked for further grants, butions would be forthcoming. By abiding subject to the conclusion of necessary formalities. strictly by the stipulations for making grants The Committee of Trustees had also been in- embodied in its mandate, he said, the Com- formed by several Governments of contributions mittee of Trustees had done everything it could which they had made directly to non-governmen- to ensure that the grants made were used for tal organizations engaged in relief and assistance. the stipulated purposes. He added that the work of the Committee had been made difficult by CONSIDERATION BY the attitude of the South African Government GENERAL ASSEMBLY which had subjected organizations engaged in The Secretary-General's report was referred assisting the victims of apartheid to pressure by the Assembly to its Special Political Com- and administrative measures. He suggested that mittee. During that Committee's general debate the humanitarian activities of voluntary organi- on the question of South Africa's apartheid zations should be supported with regard to policies, the representatives of the USSR and publicity and in other respects, in such a way the Ukrainian SSR noted that the Committee that the work of the Committee of Trustees was of Trustees of the United Nations Trust Fund not rendered more difficult. for South Africa had not announced the names The Special Political Committee decided to of organizations which had received grants from note with appreciation in its report to the Gen- the Trust Fund. They suggested that the Com- eral Assembly the contents of reports on the mittee of Trustees should screen organizations Trust Fund, and it renewed the appeal made very carefully before disbursing grants, in order previously for continued support of the Fund.

DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES

GENERAL ASSEMBLY——22ND SESSION Special Political Committee, meetings 560, 563, 569.

A/6873 and Corr.1. Report of Secretary-General on United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa. A/6914. Report of Special Political Committee, paras. 8, 12.

Programme for Education and Training for South Africans Abroad The programme for education and training resulted in a large number of deserving appli- abroad of South Africans, established in 1965, cants being refused. From the inception of the pursuant to a Security Council resolution of programme in 1965 to October 1967, more than 18 June 1964,14 has been financed entirely from 700 applications for assistance had been received voluntary contributions. and registered; 268 awards had been made and In a report of 17 November 1967, presented there were currently 201 scholarship holders. to the twenty-second session of the General With regard to the United Nations policy of Assembly, the Secretary-General advised that the response from Member States to financial ap- 14 See Y.U.N., 1964, pp. 119-20, text of resolution peals had not been very encouraging and had 191(1964), especially paragraph 11. 98 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS placing students in African educational and fund made up of voluntary contributions to be training institutions, so as to prepare them to used, at least initially, entirely for the operational make a maxium contribution to that area's costs of the programme. The Secretary-General future development, the situation was far from was authorized to appeal to United Nations satisfactory, the Secretary-General's report Member States for funds to achieve a target of added. Many students were obliged to attend $3 million for the three-year period from 1968 institutions outside Africa because of difficulties to 1970. in obtaining placements in African institutions (For details, see pp. 649-50.) and difficulties concerning travel documents. The Secretary-General indicated that it was his CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVED intention to endeavour to orient the programme AS AT 30 SEPTEMBER 1967 more to the African continent. He was confident Amount (in the situation would be remedied with the co- U.S. Dollar operation of the Governments of African States. Country Equivalents) Cambodia $ 1,000 On 19 December 1967, the General Assembly, Canada 23,148 in adopting resolution 2349(XXII), decided, Denmark 196,252 inter alia, to integrate the special educational Greece 6,000 and training programmes for South West Africa, Italy 12,507 the special training programme for territories Japan 40,000 Kenya 2,000 under Portuguese administration and the edu- Liberia 5,000 cational and training programme for South Malawi 140 Africans. The Assembly also requested the Norway 81,933 Secretary-General to continue to study the means Pakistan 2,500 Sweden 110,000 to promote the further development and expan- United Kingdom 170,000 sion of the integrated programme, and it asked United Republic of Tanzania 1,000 him to include in the programme granting of United States 75,000 subventions to educational and training institu- 726,480 tions in Africa to make it possible for persons coming under the programme to be trained in In addition, offers of assistance in the form Africa. of scholarships for study in their respective coun- The Assembly decided, in addition, that the tries were received from Czechoslovakia, India programme should be financed from a trust and the United Arab Republic.

DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES

GENERAL ASSEMBLY——22ND SESSION Leone, Sweden, Tunisia, United Republic of Tan- Fourth Committee, meetings 1706, 1754, 1755. zania: draft resolution, as orally revised, adopted by Fifth Committee, meeting 1229. Fourth Committee on 16 December 1967, meeting Plenary Meeting 1641. 1755, by 83 votes to 2, with 1 abstention. A/C.4/L.900, A/C.5/1166, A/7026. Statements by A/6890 and Corr.1-3. Report of Secretary-General on Secretary-General and report of Fifth Committee on questions of consolidation and integration of special financial implications of draft resolution contained educational and training programmes for South in report by Fourth Committee, A/7010. West Africa, special training programme for terri- A/7010. Report of Fourth Committee. tories under Portuguese administration and educa- tional and training programme for South Africans. A/C.4/L.891 and Add.l. Algeria. Democratic Repub- RESOLUTION 2349(xxii), as proposed by Fourth Com- lic of Congo, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, Ghana, mittee, adopted by Assembly on 19 December 1967, Guinea, Iran, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Libéra, Mali, meeting 1641, by 113 votes to 2, with 1 abstention. Mauritania, Morocco, Norway, Pakistan, Sierra (For text of resolution, see pp. 649-50.) QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 99 THE SITUATION IN SOUTHERN RHODESIA During 1967, both the General Assembly and while, according to available statistics, there had its 24-member Special Committee on the Situ- been a significant decline in trade between ation with regard to the Implementation of the Southern Rhodesia and many of her trading Declaration on the Granting of Independence partners in most commodities, there had been to Colonial Countries and Peoples gave further continuing traffic in certain important commodi- consideration to the question of Southern Rho- ties. Most States which had replied had reported desia. These bodies were concerned in the first that they had taken measures which they con- instance with bringing to an end the illegal sidered necessary in order to comply with the minority régime which had unilaterally declared resolution. The report, which appeared in five independence from the United Kingdom on 11 parts throughout the year, also contained the 15 November 1965, and equally with the attain- text of replies received and statistical data. ment by the people of Zimbabwe of their inalien- able rights to freedom and independence. COMMUNICATIONS AND REPORTS The action by both the General Assembly and TO THE SECURITY COUNCIL the Special Committee was taken in the light On 21 February 1967, the Secretary-General of a Security Council resolution of 16 December submitted a report to the Security Council on 16 1966 (by which the Council, inter alia, deter- the implementation of its resolution of 16 mined that the situation in Southern Rhodesia December 196618 by which, among other things, constituted a threat to international peace and the Council decided all United Nations Member security and also decided on selected mandatory States should prevent the importation into their economic sanctions to be imposed by all United territories of specified commodities from South- Nations Member States), and in the light, as ern Rhodesia and should prevent any activities well, of developments in Southern Rhodesia by their nationals which promoted the sale to subsequent to the adoption of the Council that country of specified military equipment, resolution. aircraft and motor vehicles, and materials for On 16 December 1967, the General Assembly their manufacture. adopted a resolution (2262 (XXII)) whereby, A great majority of these States, the Secretary- inter alia, it noted that the economic sanctions General said, reported that they had taken applied so far had failed to bring down the measures which they considered necessary in illegal racist minority régime in Southern Rho- order to comply with the provisions of the desia and affirmed its conviction that to achieve Security Council resolution. Several States had their objective sanctions would have to be com- reported no trade or other relations with prehensive, mandatory and backed by force. The Southern Rhodesia; most of the others had re- Assembly called again upon the United Kingdom ported the measures taken and indicated that to take immediately all necessary measures, necessary legislative action was being initiated to including the use of force, to put an end to the ensure full compliance with the resolution. illegal régime and it also drew the attention The Secretary-General pointed out that a of the Security Council to the need for applying substantial number of States had not yet the necessary measures envisaged under Chapter reported, including certain States which had VII of the United Nations17 1 7 17 Charter. significant trade with Southern Rhodesia. He Also, during the year, the Secretary-General added that full information on the effect of reported to the Security Council on the progress made in the implementation by United Nations 1 5 See Y.U.N., 1965, p. 124. for details. 16 Member States of economic sanctions against See Y.U.N.. 1966, pp. 116-17, text of resolution 232(1966). the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia. The 17 For text of Chapter VII of the Charter, see Secretary-General noted that replies had not APPENDIX II. been received from all Member States and that 18 See footnote 16 . 100 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS implementation of the Security Council reso- lutions of 9 April and of 16 December 1966,20 lution might not be available for some time in the economy of "the Portuguese province of the absence of needed trade statistics. Mozambique" was suffering severe financial and Switzerland reported that while it could not, economic losses. He had added that "in terms for reasons of principle as a neutral State, sub- of, and for the purposes of, Article 50 of the mit to the mandatory sanctions of the United Charter," the Portuguese Government wished Nations, it had decided to strengthen the restric- that consultations should be initiated between tions on imports from Southern Rhodesia, and the Security Council and the Portuguese Govern- to continue certain other measures it had already ment in order that the modalities for paying taken, so that Southern Rhodesian trade was compensation to "the province of Mozambique" given no opportunity to avoid the United Na- might be agreed upon. Portugal requested that tion sanctions policy through Swiss territory. the matter be placed before the Security Council Serious difficulties had arisen for Zambia, the for its consideration. Secretary-General noted, as a result of its com- On 9 March 1967, the Secretary-General pliance with the Council's resolution, particularly informed the Council that he had received 20 in transportation, communications, storage of additional initial and 8 supplementary reports fuel and alternative supplies for some commodi- on compliance with the Security Council reso- ties. In response to its request, therefore, a lution of 16 December 1966. group of technical consultants had been sent to He drew the particular attention of the Coun- Zambia by the United Nations Development cil to a report from Botswana expressing the Programme (UNDP). view that harmful economic consequences to The Secretary-General drew the particular Botswana would follow if it complied with the attention of the Council to the report from Council's resolution of 16 December 1966 to a Malawi stating that, by reason of certain special greater extent than it had been doing, and if economic problems with which Malawi was the illegal régime in Southern Rhodesia retali- confronted in view of its geographical situation, ated by banning all exports from Southern certain very limited quantities of sugar, meat Rhodesia to Botswana, prohibiting the export and meat products might have to continue to of commodities from Botswana to or through be obtained for a limited period of time from Southern Rhodesia and preventing the supply of Southern Rhodesia. It was anticipated that im- petrol, oil and lubricants to Botswana from ports of sugar would cease by April 1967 : import Lourenço Marques, Mozambique, through licences in respect of meat and meat products, Southern Rhodesia. Further, if the illegal régime especially of certain grades of beef, would be in Southern Rhodesia took action which seriously restricted to the absolute minimum necessary. curtailed the operation of the railway within In this connexion, Malawi was ready to enter Botswana, then Botswana would be faced with into consultations under the terms of Article 50 an economic threat of the utmost gravity. In of the United Nations Charter if that was those circumstances, Botswana felt that the considered appropriate.19 application by it of any additional sanctions Portugal, the Secretary-General said, had not against Southern Rhodesia would pose special reported any measures taken or contemplated economic problems in the terms of Article 50 in compliance with the resolution. The Govern- of the Charter. ment's reply, its Minister of Foreign Affairs wrote, as regards such measures would have to 19 Article 50 of the Charter states: be considered in the light of answers to certain "If preventive or enforcement measures against any state are taken by thé Security Council, any other questions or "points of doubt" which he set state, whether a Member of the United Nations or not, forth in his communication. which finds itself confronted with special economic In a further communication on 3 February problems arising from the carrying out of those meas- 1967, the Secretary-General reported, the Portu- ures shall have the right to consult the Security Council with regard to a solution of those problems." guese Minister of Foreign Affairs had stated that 20 See Y.U.N., 1966, p. 112 and pp. 116-17, for as a result of the carrying out of a number of texts of resolutions 221(1966) and 232(1966), re- measures envisaged in the Security Council reso- spectively. QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 101 The Secretary-General also drew the attention Democratic Republic, on the other hand, con- of the Security Council to a letter of 27 February sistently pursued a policy directed towards 1967 from the Permanent Representative of Bul- securing peace in Europe and throughout the garia transmitting a statement of the Govern- world and towards the development of political, ment of the German Democratic Republic on economic and cultural ties with many States. It the implementtion of the Security Council's had strictly complied with the principles of the resolution of 16 December 1966 concerning the United Nations Charter, the USSR added. The situation in Southern Rhodesia. This statement steady growth of the authority of the German reaffirmed the German Democratic Republic's Democratic Republic on the international scene determination to fulfil, without reservation, the showed that, despite gross pressure on the part demands set forth in the resolution of the Se- of certain Western powers, more and more curity Council and declared that all commercial sovereign States were basing their policy on the relations with Southern Rhodesia had been fact that there were two German States, and broken off. they rejected the absurd claims of the Federal In communications to the Secretary-General Republic of Germany to speak for the whole dated 15 March and 16 May 1967, the USSR of Germany. The short-sighted policy of "non- stated that the United Nations Secretariat took recognition" of the German Democratic Repub- a different attitude to the issuance as official lic, which, in essence, served only the interests United Nations documents of notes and state- of the West German revanchists, was in irre- ments of, on the one hand, the Government of concilable conflict with reality and constituted the German Democratic Republic, and, on the a serious source of international tension. other, the Government of the Federal Republic In a communication of 2 May to the Perma- of Germany. Thus, while the Secretariat circu- nent Representative of the USSR, the Secretary- lated various documents of the Federal Republic General wrote that in interpreting the Security of Germany without the slightest difficulty, it Council's resolution of 16 December 1966 with ignored statements of the German Democratic respect to the information he was to collect and Republic addressed to the United Nations, until to include in his report on implementation, he a request for issuance was received from a had had full regard to that operative paragraph Member of the United Nations, the USSR said, of the resolution whereby the Security Council citing the example of a statement by the German called upon States Members of the United Na- Democratic Republic on the implementation of tions or of the specialized agencies to report the Security Council resolution of 16 December measures of implementation to the Secretary- 1966 on the Southern Rhodesia question. The General. Thus, the information he had included Secretariat had arbitrarily ignored the existence in his report was from those States from which of a statement by the Government of the German the Council required such information. Never- Democratic Republic on a matter connected theless, it should be noted that, in addition, at with the fight against the racist régime in South- the request of Bulgaria, he had circulated a ern Rhodesia but had, in a Secretariat report on statement of the Government of the German measures taken by States to implement the Democratic Republic on the implementation of Security Council's resolution of 16 December the resolution. Attention had been drawn to 1966, included the letter from the Federal Re- this statement in an addendum to his report of public of Germany which, as everyone knew, 9 March 1967. So far as the question of circu- was co-operating with the colonialists and racists lation of communications was concerned, the in Africa. The Secretariat, said the USSR, had Secretary-General considered that it was beyond acted to please that group in the United Nations his competence, in the absence of explicit direc- which persisted in supporting the claims of the tives from the deliberative organ concerned, to ruling circles of the Federal Republic of Ger- determine the highly political and controversial many—revanchist claims dangerous to the cause question whether or not certain areas, the status of peace—and which, preferring to ignore of which was in dispute among Members of the reality, pursued a discriminatory policy towards United Nations, were States within the meaning the German Democratic Republic. The German of the "all States" or "States not Members of 102 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS the United Nations" formulae, which on occa- ing traffic in certain important commodities. sion appeared in United Nations resolutions. He On 22 September 1967 the Minister for For- recalled his statement of 18 November 1963 to eign Affairs of Portugal sent the President of the General Assembly when he had said, among the Security Council a statement about the losses other things, that if the "any State" formula suffered by the economy of the Province of were to be adopted, he would be able to imple- Mozambique by reason of the continued appli- ment it only if the General Assembly provided cation of a number of measures provided for in him with the complete list of the States coming the Security Council's resolutions of 9 April and within that formula, other than those which 16 December 1966. He reiterated the desire of were Members of the United Nations or of the his Government for consultations with the specialized agencies, or parties to the Statute of Security Council under Article 50 of the Charter the International Court of Justice. As he be- to agree upon modalities of the payment of the lieved it outside his competence to interpret indemnification to which the Province of Mo- formulae of the nature referred to, the Secretary- zambique had a right. General said he had no alternative but to con- A fourth report by the Secretary-General on tinue the existing practice until the Security compliance with the Security Council resolution Council or the General Assembly directed to the of 16 December 1966 was submitted to the contrary. Council on 30 November 1967. This contained Replying to the Secretary-General on 16 May information on one additional initial and two 1967, the Permanent Representative of the supplementary responses from Governments. USSR said that in regard to the Secretary- In addition, the Secretary-General submitted General's references to the alleged necessity of an analysis of the statistical data furnished by special decisions of the Security Council or the 39 States under that Council resolution. Im- General Assembly for the issuance as official ports from Southern Rhodesia into the reporting United Nations documents of the statements and countries had amounted to $25 million in the notes emanating from the German Democratic first half of 1967, compared with $227 million Republic, it should be noted that the United in the year 1965. The reporting countries had Nations Secretariat adopted this discriminatory been, in 1965, the recipients of 53 per cent of approach towards the German Democratic Re- Southern Rhodesia's exports, the remainder of public without any decisions of the United which had gone almost entirely to Zambia, Nations organs on the matter, that is to say, Malawi and South Africa. In the absence of arbitrarily, solely because of an illegal practice statistical reports from these three countries for established in the United Nations Secretariat in the period under review—the first half of 1967 the past. The Secretariat, in still following this —it was not possible at that time to evaluate practice, took a one-sided position on the ques- that part of the total trade. Exports of the re- tion which coincided with the positions of the porting countries to Southern Rhodesia had Western powers. amounted to $30 million in the first half of On 27 July 1967, the Secretary-General sub- 1967, compared with $185 million in the year mitted a third report on compliance with the 1965. The reporting countries had, in 1965, been Security Council resolution of 16 December suppliers of 64 per cent of the imports of 1966, describing 22 initial and 16 supplementary Southern Rhodesia, the remainder of which had Government responses. come principally from South Africa, Zambia. The Secretary-General said that it was still Malawi and Mozambique, for which statistical not possible to make any definitive conclusions data were not then available for review. The on the progress of the implementation of the analysis set forth data on the 11 commodity Council's resolution. It could only be said that groups specified in the Council's resolution of while there had been a significant decline in the 16 December 1966, the value of which had trade between Southern Rhodesia and many of amounted to $20 million in the first half of its trading partners in most of the commodities 1967, compared with $207 million in the year listed in the resolution, there had been continu- 1965. The analysis also noted that the various QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 103 figures contained in it dealt with trade which countries because the traditional suppliers had had taken place before the adoption of the been countries in the Middle East region, none Council's resolution on 16 December 1966, but of which had as yet reported its data to the which appeared only in the statistics for the year Secretary-General. Iran, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia 1967. The most important of the commodities and the Netherlands Antilles had been normal, specified in the resolution was tobacco, Southern major suppliers of petroleum products, not only Rhodesian exports of which had amounted in to Southern Rhodesia but also to South Africa, value to $132 million in 1965. The available Mozambique and Angola. Since South Africa data indicated that, in the first half of 1967, in recent periods had not disclosed countries of Rhodesian tobacco had virtually disappeared origin for its petroleum imports or countries from the world market. The recorded imports of destination for its petroleum exports, even of the reporting countries had been explained approximate evaluation of the Southern Rho- as having been, in most cases, bonded stores of desia petroleum situation, in combination with earlier date. Analysis revealed that the former that of South Africa, was not possible without consumers of the Southern Rhodesian tobacco direct statistical information from their prin- crop had, in 1967, met their requirements mainly cipal suppliers. by an expansion of imports from the United On 14 December 1967, the United Kingdom States. expressed to the Secretary-General its hope that Southern Rhodesian exports of the next most the Governments which had not yet supplied important commodity, asbestos, had amounted trade statistics, including those which had no in value to $30 million in 1965. The recorded trade with Southern Rhodesia, would soon do imports of the reporting countries in the first so. The reporting countries so far represented half of 1967 had amounted in value to $1.7 less than one third of the membership of the million, which compared with $22 million in Organization and did not include many coun- 1965. The analysis noted that imports of the tries which must have a considerable trade in reporting countries from South Africa, an im- some of the commodities in question. The portant producer of asbestos, had been increas- United Kingdom suggested that the Secretary- ing, amounting in value to $26 million in the General might wish to consider reminding Gov- first half of 1967, compared with $39 million ernments which had not yet reported of the in the year 1965. importance of doing so, if a complete picture Most of the reporting countries appeared to of how the sanctions were operating was to be have ceased to import copper from Southern prepared. Rhodesia. It appeared from published statistics that imports of copper into the Federal Repub- CONSIDERATION BY SPECIAL lic of Germany, although somewhat lower than COMMITTEE OF TWENTY-FOUR in 1965, had continued in the first half of The General Assembly's 24-member Special 1967. Committee on the Situation with regard to the The analysis also provided various figures Implementation of the Declaration on the on imports from Southern Rhodesia of chromite, Granting of Independence to Colonial Coun- meat and meat products, sugar, hides, skins tries and Peoples considered the question of and leather, iron ore and pig iron. Southern Rhodesia at meetings held in Africa Exports of the reporting countries to Southern between 5 and 15 June 1967. In the course of Rhodesia of the four commodity groups speci- these meetings, the Committee examined a num- fied in the Security Council's resolution of 16 ber of written petitions and heard the follow- December 1966 had amounted in value to ing four petitioners: T. G. Silundika, of the approximately $1 million in the first half of Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) ; 1967, as compared with $35 million in 1965. W. H. Chitepo and P. L. Chihota, of the Zim- As to petroleum supplies to Southern Rho- babwe African National Union (ZANU) ; and desia, the Secretary-General reported that no the Rev. Bernard H. Zulu. meaningful evaluation of the status was pos- The petitioners representing ZANU and sible from the data furnished by the reporting ZAPU told the Committee that since its pre- 104 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS vious hearings in 1966,21 the illegal régime in and rail connexions through which those coun- Southern Rhodesia had adopted a more defiant tries traded with Southern Rhodesia; or the attitude and had introduced far more oppres- placing of United Nations observer forces on sive measures against the African majority. the South Africa and Mozambique borders. Among other things, the illegal régime had es- The petitioners believed that the mission of tablished a commission to prepare a constitu- liberating Southern Rhodesia was the ultimate tion for the permanent entrenchment of racist responsibility of the people of Zimbabwe alone, minority rule; had introduced a Preventive although the United Nations could assist them Detention Amendment Bill which, if passed, to liberate themselves. The war of liberation would permit any number of people to be de- presently being urged by African nationalists tained for any length of time on any charge, would continue and would be intensified until the without a state of emergency being declared objective of African majority rule was realized. or a report being made to Parliament; and had The petitioners representing ZANU and also begun to introduce a system of open apart- ZAPU called upon the United Nations to guar- held along the lines of that practice in South antee that it would not recognize a return to Africa. Also, the illegal régime had prescribed legality by the Smith régime, on the basis of a separate facilities for various tribal and ethnic constitution which would perpetuate minority groups, housing and education were to be rule in Southern Rhodesia. They emphasized reorganized along tribal lines, and the powers that the only valid constitution would be one of the chiefs had been extended. In addition, drafted or approved by the duly elected and the illegal régime had continued to expand its acknowledged leaders of the African people of armed forces; in 1966 the military appropria- Zimbabwe, and which would embody the prin- tion in the Southern Rhodesian budget was ciple of "one man, one vote." more than twice what it had been in 1965. The Reverend Zulu described to the mem- The petitioners held the United Kingdom bers of the Committee how the illegal régime Government largely responsible for the situation discriminated against Africans with respect to in Southern Rhodesia owing to its decision not voting rights, representation in Parliament, land to use force to overthrow the illegal régime. occupancy and education. This oppression had They said that the United Kingdom had de- inevitably led to dissatisfaction and unrest, to cided not to use force because the Southern which the government had responded with the Rhodesian rebels were its "kith and kin" and Law and Order (Maintenance) Act under which because of its economic interests in Southern anyone could be deprived of liberty without Rhodesia and South Africa. Instead, the United trial for periods up to five years, renewable Kingdom had resorted to a deception by re- indefinitely, and in certain cases could even be questing the United Nations to impose economic sentenced to death. At present, he said, over sanctions against the illegal régime—sanctions 100 Africans were sentenced to death and there which had not produced the intended results. were probably more than 10,000 Africans in The illegal régime had found many United Na- restriction and detention. The detainees lived tions Member States, including the United in inhuman conditions in remote camps while Kingdom itself, willing to deal with it through their families were breaking up because of the middlemen, and had made the Africans, who long absence of husbands and fathers. were being dismissed from employment en In the general discussion following the hear- masse, the main victims of sanctions. In order ing of petitioners, the representatives of African to salvage the reputation of the United Nations, and Asian States shared the view that the the petitioners urged the adoption of measures United Kingdom Government bore direct re- to enforce sanctions, without considering the sponsibility for Southern Rhodesia and that it willingness of the United Kingdom. These was incumbent upon it to take stronger meas- measures might include sanctions against both South Africa and Mozambique, which were sup- plying Southern Rhodesia with most of her needs, including oil; the bombing of the road 21 See Y.U.N., 1966, pp. 100-01. QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 105 ures, including the use of military force, to bring to topple the illegal régime. He proposed a cam- down the illegal régime. paign of passive resistance as a possible weapon. The representative of Chile said that his The representatives of Poland, the USSR country traditionally opposed the use of force and Yugoslavia agreed that the petitioners' in international relations; however, since South- statements had proved that the Western powers, ern Rhodesia was not a State but a territory in South Africa and Portugal were working to- rebellion he considered it proper for the admin- gether to maintain the illegal racist régime in istering power to take whatever measures were Southern Rhodesia so that they could continue needed to bring down the illegal régime. to exploit the material and human resources of Iraq and the United Republic of Tanzania the territory. The representative of Poland said maintained that the United Kingdom Govern- the petitioners' evidence showed that Southern ment and other Western countries opposed to Rhodesian minerals and crops were sold to ma- the use of force were not genuinely interested jor international concerns in Japan, the United in overthrowing the illegal régime which was States, the Federal Republic of Germany and protecting their economic interests in the terri- other Western countries. The representative of tory, and were supporting it by their trade. Yugoslavia added that it had been naïve to ex- Madagascar expressed appreciation of the pect sanctions to succeed without the full co- United Kingdom's efforts to find a peaceful operation of Portugal and South Africa. Since solution to the problem through sanctions. How- sanctions had failed, the only recourse was to ever, since sanctions were not being applied by call upon the United Kingdom to overthrow all States, in particular South Africa and Portu- the illegal régime by military force. The repre- gal, he agreed that there was no alternative but sentative of the USSR condemned the activi- to resort to force. ties of the foreign interests which put profit The representative of Sierra Leone believed before human rights. that the flagrant violation of sanctions by South Australia, Finland, Italy and the United Africa and Portugal was one of the main reasons States deplored the progressive application of for the survival of the illegal régime and that oppressive apartheid measures in Southern Rho- the United Kingdom should secure their com- desia and expressed their opposition to the ille- pliance in the future. gal régime. The representatives of Australia The representative of India called upon the and Italy commented that their countries had freedom fighters of Zimbabwe to unite with been among the first to impose economic sanc- those of South Africa and the territories under tions on Southern Rhodesia and that they con- Portuguese domination in their struggle to over- tinued to support their application. The repre- throw the oppressive régimes, which had them- sentative of Finland, calling for comprehensive selves formed an alliance for defence of their sanctions, said his delegation considered that no position. peaceful effort should be spared to rectify the The representatives of the Ivory Coast and situation and enable the people of Zimbabwe Ethiopia expressed concern that the United to choose their own future in their own country. Kingdom was trying to shift responsibility for The United States representative told the the problem of Southern Rhodesia to the Special Committee that his country was fully United Nations and urged that this should not implementing its sanctions programme and that be allowed to happen. there were no loop-holes in it. His Government The representative of Zambia, who was at- was taking these steps willingly because it wished tending the meetings in the capacity of observer, to play an active part in finding a peaceful said that the situation in Southern Rhodesia solution to the problem of Southern Rhodesia. presented a grave security problem for Zambia. The representative of Venezuela expressed His country was being made to pay both eco- unreserved support for the people of Zimbabwe nomically and in terms of security risks for its in their fight for liberation. support of the African people of Zimbabwe. On 6 June 1967, on the basis of a proposal The representative of Iran appealed to the by the representative of Chile, the Special Com- Africans of Zimbabwe to redouble their efforts mittee adopted a consensus on the question of 106 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS Southern Rhodesia. By this consensus, the Spe- firmed the obligation of the United Kingdom cial Committee: (1) decided to transmit to to transfer power without delay to the people the President of the Security Council the rec- of Zimbabwe on the basis of elections conducted ords of its debates on the question of Southern according to the principle of "one man, one Rhodesia, including the testimony submitted by vote"; (5) expressed its conviction that to be the petitioners; (2) urged the Government of effective sanctions must be comprehensive and the United Kingdom to prevent the passage mandatory' and backed by force on the part of of the bill presently before the so-called parlia- the United Kingdom; (6) further reaffirmed ment of the illegal régime, which would have that the use of force by the United Kingdom the effect of entrenching apartheid policies in was the only effective and speedy way of bring- Southern Rhodesia; and (3) appealed to the ing down the rebellion in the territory; (7) Government of the United Kingdom to en- called once again upon the United Kingdom sure the release of all political prisoners and Government to take all necessary measures, in- detainees held by the illegal régime, particularly cluding the use of force, to put an end to the Joshua Nkomo and Ndabaninge Sithole. illegal régime and ensure the immediate appli- The United States representative, whose views cation of the General Assembly's resolution of were shared by the Australian representative, 14 December 1960 on the ending of colonial- said that his delegation could agree to the trans- ism22 and other relevant resolutions; (8) con- mission of the records to the Security Council, sidered that any future consultations undertaken but for practical reasons would have to reserve by the United Kingdom with respect to the its position on the second and third paragraphs future of Southern Rhodesia must be carried of the consensus. The United Kingdom Gov- out with representatives of the African political ernment was not in control in Southern Rho- parties and not with the illegal régime; (9) desia and therefore did not have the power to condemned the activities of foreign financial secure the release of Mr. Nkomo and Mr. Sit- and other interests which, by supporting the hole, he explained. illegal régime and exploiting the material ami The text of the consensus, together with the human resources of the territory, were prevent- records of the debates, was transmitted to the ing the people of Zimbabwe from attaining free- President of the Security Council, it being un- dom and independence and called upon Gov- derstood that the reservations expressed by ernments concerned to take the necessary some of the members with respect to the con- measures to end such activities; (10) condemned sensus would be reflected in the records of the in the strongest terms the policies of the Gov- meetings. ernments of South Africa and Portugal of On 9 June 1967, the Special Committee, continued support for the illegal racist minority by a roll-call vote of 17 to 1, with 3 abstentions, régime; (11) urged all States to render assist- adopted a resolution on the question of South- ance to the national liberation movements of ern Rhodesia, sponsored by Ethiopia, India, Zimbabwe through the Organization of Afri- Iran, Iraq, the Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Mali, can Unity (OAU); (12) recommended to the Sierra Leone, Syria, Tunisia, the United Re- Security Council that it take the necessary public of Tanzania and Yugoslavia, as amended measures under Chapter VII of the United by Bulgaria and Poland. Nations Charter;23 (13) appealed to the spe- By this resolution, the Special Committee, cialized agencies concerned and other interna- among other things: (1) reaffirmed the legiti- tional assistance organizations to aid refugees macy of the struggle of the people of Zimbabwe from Zimbabwe and those suffering from op- for freedom and independence; (2) condemned pression by the illegal régime, in consultation the policies of racial discrimination and segre- with OAU and, through it, with the national gation practised in Southern Rhodesia as a crime against humanity; (3) deplored the fail- 22 See Y.U.N., 1960, pp. 49-50, text of resolution ure and the unwillingness of the United King- 1514(XV). dom to take effective measures to bring down 23 For text of Chapter VII of the Charter, see the illegal racist minority regime; (4) reaf- APPENDIX II. QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 107 liberation movements in Southern Rhodesia; pared by a sub-committee in connexion with (14) asked the Secretary-General to publicize a General Assembly agenda item entitled "The continuously the work of the United Nations activities of foreign economic and other inter- concerning this question in order to inform ests which are impeding the implementation of public opinion; (15) called on the administer- the Declaration on the granting of independ- ing power to report on implementation of this ence in Southern Rhodesia, South West Africa, resolution; and (16) decided to keep the ques- the territories under Portuguese administration tion on its agenda. and other colonial territories." On 18 October, The additions to the resolution proposed by the Special Committee, by a roll-call vote of Bulgaria had the Special Committee: condemn 19 to 3, with 2 abstentions, adopted the report the policies of racial discrimination and segre- of the sub-committee and endorsed its conclu- gation practised in Southern Rhodesia as "a sions and recommendations. (For further de- crime against humanity" ; request the Secretary- tails, see pp. 634-37.) General to publicize the work of the United Nations on this question in order to inform SEMINAR ON APARTHEID, public opinion; and instruct the specialized RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AND agencies to consult with OAU and the national COLONIALISM IN SOUTHERN AFRICA liberation movements in providing aid and An International Seminar on Apartheid, Ra- assistance to refugees. Poland's oral revision to cial Discrimination and Colonialism in South- the resolution added the phrase "without fur- ern Africa was held at Kitwe, Zambia, from ther delay" to the operative paragraph num- 25 July to 4 August 1967. The Seminar was bered (4) above. organized by the Secretary-General in con- Prior to the Committee's vote, the represen- sultation with the United Nations Special Com- tatives of Finland and the United States said mittee on the Policies of Apartheid of the Gov- that, although they fully shared the aims of ernment of the Republic of South Africa and the sponsors of the resolution, their Govern- the Special Committee on the Situation with ments believed that continued attempts must regard to the Implementation of the Declara- be made to find a peaceful solution to the tion on the Granting of Independence to Colo- problem of Southern Rhodesia and they would nial Countries and Peoples. The conclusions abstain in the vote on the draft resolution in and recommendations of the Seminar, which its existing form. were submitted to the Assembly at its twenty- The Australian representative, while agree- second session in 1967, dealt, among other ing with many points in the resolution, said things, with the question of Southern Rhodesia he would vote against it. His Government be- as well as with the political, economic and lieved sincerely that the possibilities of a peace- military situation in southern Africa as a whole. ful solution had not yet been exhausted and (For further details, see pp. 120-23.) felt that the use of force would create more With respect to Southern Rhodesia, the Semi- problems for the future of Southern Rhodesia nar, inter alia, considered that, in order to be than it would solve. effective, sanctions against the illegal racist Italy's spokesman believed that any decision minority régime must be total, comprehensive, regarding future action should be left to the universal and mandatory, and that the United Security Council which was in the best position Kingdom must be called upon to use force to to appraise the situation on the basis of the crush the illegal régime. It strongly condemned information supplied by the Special Commit- the support given to the illegal régime by South tee. He would therefore abstain in the vote Africa and Portugal and considered that the on the resolution. Security Council should urgently take effective The text of the resolution was transmitted steps to stop such support by instituting manda- to the President of the Security Council on tory sanctions against those States. It called 13 June 1967. upon the United Nations to make unequivo- From 6 to 18 October 1967, the Special Com- cally clear that there could be no recognition mittee of Twenty-Four considered a report pre- of the independence of Southern Rhodesia 108 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS without majority rule and it called for an inter- treatment of political prisoners in South West national action of positive solidarity with Zam- Africa, Southern Rhodesia, Angola, Mozam- bia to assist that country to overcome the seri- bique and other colonies in Africa, and it en- ous difficulties and economic strain resulting couraged the International Defence and Aid from the application of sanctions against the Fund and the World Campaign for the Release illegal régime in Southern Rhodesia. of South African Political Prisoners to extend Among its general conclusions, the Seminar their activities more widely to cover the defence considered that the continued existence of and aid of prisoners in Southern Rhodesia, apartheid, racial discrimination and colonialism Angola and Mozambique and other colonies in in southern Africa constituted a crime against Africa. humanity and posed a grave threat to peace and security. The Seminar congratulated and DECISIONS OF ECONOMIC encouraged the peoples of South Africa, South AND SOCIAL COUNCIL West Africa, Southern Rhodesia and the terri- During 1967, the Economic and Social Coun- tories under Portuguese domination in their cil dealt with aspects of the situation in South- struggle against apartheid, discrimination and ern Rhodesia in connexion with its considera- colonialism, and recommended to the General tion of two items relating to human rights. Assembly that it adopt a declaration recogniz- By the terms of a resolution (1235(XLII)) ing the legitimacy of this struggle. Noting that adopted on 6 June 1967 on the recommendation appeals and persuasion had failed to induce of the Commission on Human Rights, the Eco- the racist and colonial régimes to abandon nomic and Social Council authorized the Com- their criminal policies and to conform to their mission and the Sub-Commission on Prevention obligations under the United Nations Charter, of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities the Seminar considered it essential that the to examine information relevant to, among Security Council should resort to enforcement other things, racial discrimination as practised action under Chapter VII of the Charter, and notably in Southern Rhodesia. The Council it held that the imposition of effective, manda- further decided that the Commission might, in tory sanctions against South Africa, Portugal appropriate cases, and after careful considera- and the illegal racist minority régime in South- tion of the information available to it, make ern Rhodesia was imperative in order to pro- a thorough study of situations which revealed mote a peaceful solution. a consistent pattern of racial discrimination, as In other recommendations relevant to South- practised notably in Southern Rhodesia, and ern Rhodesia, the Seminar, among other things : report with recommendations thereon to the condemned the activities of foreign economic, Council. (For further details, see page 512.) financial and other interests which were pre- Also on 6 June 1967, and acting on a pro- venting the African people from attaining free- posal by the Commission on Human Rights, dom and independence; proposed an interna- the Council adopted a resolution (1244(XLII)) tional propaganda campaign to make clear the whereby it recommended to the General As- real situation in southern Africa and expose sembly for its adoption the text of a draft reso- the entente between South Africa, Portugal lution on measures for the speedy implementa- and the illegal racist minority régime in South- tion of international instruments against racial ern Rhodesia; and strongly supported the ap- discrimination. By this draft resolution, the peal by the General Assembly to all States to General Assembly, among other things, would: provide moral, political and material assistance ( 1 ) condemn both the Republic of South Africa to the national liberation movements in south- and the illegal régime in Southern Rhodesia ern Africa recognized by the Organization of for their open and nefarious practices of racial African Unity (OAU). discrimination and intolerance against the Afri- The Seminar also recommended that the can people and other non-white peoples; and investigation into the condition of political (2) request the International Conference on prisoners in southern Africa be pursued and Human Rights, which was scheduled to meet extended to cover the deplorable and inhuman in Teheran. Iran, in April-May 1968. to con- QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 109 sider the question of giving effect to the pro- traditional trading partners. There was a continu- visions of the Declaration and the Convention ing supply of certain banned commodities, how- on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Dis- ever, from countries other than the United King- crimination, as well as to the implementation dom. The United Kingdom Government was of the conventions directed against discrimina- seeking ways of remedying this situation, but it tion in employment and occupation and against was to be emphasized that the primary responsi- discrimination in education, in so far as they bility for controlling these violations rested with related to racial discrimination, especially in the Governments of the countries concerned, the Republic of South Africa and Southern many of which had not yet reported to the Rhodesia. Secretary-General pursuant to the Security Later in 1967, on 18 December, this draft Council resolution of 16 December 1966.24 In text was adopted by the General Assembly by the light of what was already known, the United a vote of 106 in favour, with 2 against and 2 Kingdom Government did not accept the view abstentions, as resolution 2332(XXII). (For that selected mandatory sanctions had failed further details, see pp. 487-88.) and maintained that the most important and immediate task before the United Nations was CONSIDERATION BY strengthening the sanctions already imposed. GENERAL ASSEMBLY A number of possible steps that could be taken At its twenty-second session, the General As- to intensify sanctions further and prevent eva- sembly referred the question of Southern Rho- sion of those already imposed were presently desia to its Fourth Committee, which considered under consideration by the Commonwealth the matter at meetings held between 4 and Sanctions Committee which had met in London 25 October. the previous week. The United Kingdom The Fourth Committee had before it the spokesman reiterated his Government's opposi- report of the Special Committee of Twenty- tion to the use of force against the illegal régime Four containing information on recent develop- on the ground that it could result in immeas- ments in the territory, the statements of peti- urable misery, especially to those whom it was tioners, and also its resolution of 9 June 1967 meant to benefit. (see above), whereby it had expressed its con- The representatives of Canada, Denmark viction that sanctions, in order to bring about and Finland held that all peaceful methods the downfall of the illegal régime, must be com- prescribed by the United Nations Charter should prehensive and mandatory and backed by force be exhausted before the use of force was con- on the part of the administering power. sidered by the General Assembly. The Danish In the course of the general debate, the representative pointed out that the very fact necessity of bringing a speedy end to the illegal that sanctions were not comprehensive and racist minority régime and restoring to the not fully complied with by all Member States African people of Zimbabwe their inalienable proved that further peaceful steps could be right to self-determination and independence taken under the Charter to bring the illegal was generally emphasized. Divergent views régime to an end. were expressed, however, with regard to the Japan felt that it would be premature to effectiveness of measures already being taken conclude that sanctions had failed just because to achieve these goals and what further action, the illegal régime was still in power 10 months if any, was required. after sanctions had been imposed. No conclu- The representative of the United Kingdom, sion on the effects of the measures taken could speaking first in the general debate, said that be reached unless all countries, especially the his Government believed, according to the limi- traditional trading partners of Southern Rho- ted evidence received, that the sanctions already desia, provided complete information. called for by the Security Council were having The United States said it was more than a severe effect in Southern Rhodesia and that ever resolved to persevere in helping to seek there had been a significant decline in trade between Southern Rhodesia and many of her 24 See footnote 16. 110 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS a peaceful solution based on political justice tinued to maintain economic and other relations and equal opportunity for all Southern Rho- with the illegal regime and to demand that desians, regardless of race. It fully supported they implement those resolutions uncondition- the efforts of the United Kingdom and the ally. United Nations to put an end to the rebellion The representative of Poland agreed that and to ensure a transition to majority rule by political and economic interests on an interna- peaceful means, and it would not support solu- tional level were supporting the illegal régime tions based on the use of force. through continued trade, and that appropriate The representative of the United Republic measures should be taken with regard to those of Tanzania believed that the failure of sanc- Member States which were not implementing tions had already been proved. He thought the United Nations decisions. South Africa, he that the United Kingdom and its Western allies said, was giving direct military aid to the illegal were deliberately misleading world opinion into régime as well as economic support. believing that sanctions could work when they The representative of Guatemala stated that, continued to trade with the illegal régime and although his delegation was not abandoning allowed Portugal and South Africa openly to its principle that force and threat of force defy the Security Council. should be prohibited in international relations, There seemed to him to be no alternative it believed that in this case the administering to the belief that the United Kingdom was in- power had a moral obligation to use all means sincere in its declared intention to quell the available to bring down the illegal régime, and rebellion and that, in fact, it desired the sur- that since Southern Rhodesia was a United vival of a white minority government to protect Kingdom colony the use of force would be no its economic interests in the territory. His dele- more than police action designed to end the gation continued to hold the United Kingdom rebellion. fully responsible for the situation in the territory Uganda suggested that, as a compromise al- and advocated the use of force by the United ternative to the immediate use of force, the Nations under Chapter VII of the Charter as General Assembly might recommend to the the most effective means of toppling the re- Security Council that it institute comprehen- bellion. sive, mandatory sanctions against Southern The USSR representative, supported, among Rhodesia as of 1 January 1968. If, after a spe- others, by Czechoslovakia, maintained that the cified period, the United Kingdom still found situation in Southern Rhodesia had been sup- itself unable to solve the problem, the United ported and encouraged by Western countries— Nations should then ask that Government 1:0 the United States and the United Kingdom use force to dislodge the rebel régime. in particular—to protect the interests of inter- Ghana's representative said that recourse 1:0 national monopolies engaged in exploiting the total mandatory sanctions was not the complete natural resources of the territory. Those eco- answer since the primary cause of the ineffec- nomic interests were preventing the effective tiveness of limited mandatory sanctions was application of economic sanctions while the the ability of South Africa and Portugal to United Kingdom was opposing stronger action bypass them. His delegation believed that those in order to gain time to allow the racists to two countries should be condemned by the consolidate their position. The USSR delega- United Nations and that sanctions should be tion supported the proposals of the African applied against them. It also believed that any countries that, in accordance with the United new programme of mandatory sanctions should Nations Charter, effective measures should be include a provision for collective action by the taken to put an end to the racist régime in United Nations against any countries which Southern Rhodesia and to transfer power to circumvented them. the lawful representatives of the Zimbabwe Libya agreed that the only way of making people. It also urged the General Assembly to sanctions effective was to extend them to South condemn those Western powers which sup- Africa and Portugal—the main accomplices of ported United Nations resolutions but con- the illegal régime—if they persisted in ignoring QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 111 Security Council resolutions, and further to Kingdom because of its failure to use force take effective measures against the activities against the illegal régime, the Philippines called of foreign economic interests which supported upon the permanent members of the Security the régime. Council to take the necessary enforcement meas- The representative of Algeria said that, since ures and to ensure that sanctions and other the United Kingdom as well as other States measures were complied with by all States, had already expressed strong opposition to any in particular South Africa and Portugal. condemnation of South Africa, his delegation In the opinion of Sierra Leone, if the United was convinced that only the use of force would Kingdom could not take suitable action, it was bring down the illegal régime. His delegation the duty of the Fourth Committee to recommend also advocated recognition by the United Na- that the Security Council take further measures tions of the lawfulness of the national liberation under Chapter VII of the Charter. Ethiopia movement in Southern Rhodesia and the need hoped that the Committee would not allow for moral and material assistance to the libera- the United Kingdom to evade its responsibili- tion movements by Member States. ties to the people of Southern Rhodesia and to Deep concern at the great burden which transfer the initiative to the United Nations. sanctions were placing on Zambia, Malawi and The representative of India agreed that, to Botswana, which bordered on Southern Rho- be effective, sanctions must be comprehensive, desia, was expressed by Ceylon. The General mandatory and backed by the force of the ad- Assembly and the Security Council, it thought, ministering power. India was particularly con- should urgently consider what international cerned, however, that the question of sanctions measures could be taken to mitigate the impact should not be seen as an end in itself. The main of sanctions on the economies of countries object of United Nations action was to prevent applying them, and to ensure an equitable dis- the United Kingdom from granting indepen- tribution of the total burden, in conformity dence to Southern Rhodesia before majority with the principles of the Charter. rule. The representative of Pakistan pointed out Nigeria believed that the United Kingdom that the situation in Southern Rhodesia was Government's continuing talks with the illegal closely linked with the other grave issues which régime seemed to indicate that it was now the United Nations was facing in southern ready to grant independence to Southern Rho- Africa. The situation must be resolved without desia under Ian Smith on the basis of assurances delay because it posed a serious threat to inter- of future progress towards majority rule. In national peace and security, in addition to con- view of the illegal regime's successful defiance stituting a denial of the Zimbabwe people's of the world community, no guarantee of trans- right to self-determination. ferring power to a majority government could Barbados feared that the conflict in Southern be easily enforced if the illegal régime later Rhodesia, if not brought to an end, might ex- chose to ignore it. Nigeria strongly condemned pand into a full-scale war, between those giving any attempt to grant independence to Southern material assistance to the people of Zimbabwe Rhodesia under the present illegal régime. and other parties who might become involved The representative of Sierra Leone con- for selfish reasons. sidered that the United Kingdom should begin The Philippines considered that unless the talks with the African nationalist leaders to United Nations, particularly the Security Coun- provide a constitution which would lead the cil, acted quickly and effectively to bring down people of Zimbabwe to independence in accord- the illegal régime, the world community would ance with the principle of "one man, one vote." have "another South Africa" on its hands. Be- The Ivory Coast also expressed disapproval of cause of the ineffectiveness of sanctions, the any arrangement short of majority rule, and illegal régime was rapidly consolidating its po- the representative of the United Republic of sition and was moving towards apartheid. Tanzania urged the General Assembly to call Although recognizing that the primary respon- upon the administering power to stop dealing sibility for the situation rested with the United secretly with the illegal régime. 112 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS Zambia drew the Fourth Committee's notice By this resolution the General Assembly, to the arrival of South African troops in South- among other things: (1) reaffirmed once again ern Rhodesia, a development which gave the the legitimacy of the struggle of the people crisis greater dimensions. The Zambian Gov- of Zimbabwe for freedom and independence; ernment had called the United Kingdom's (2) condemned the policies of oppression, ra- attention to the situation and solemnly requested cial discrimination and segregation practised it to take appropriate steps to repulse the in- in Southern Rhodesia; (3) reaffirmed the vaders. No action, however, had been taken. obligation of the administering power to trans- While the United Kingdom Government tacitly fer power without further delay to the people supported what amounted to naked aggression of Zimbabwe on the basis of elections conducted by South Africa in Southern Rhodesia by not according to the principle of "one man, using force to remove South African troops, one vote"; (4) condemned the failure and it clearly demonstrated its racial feelings by refusal of the Government of the United labelling Zimbabwe "freedom fighters" being Kingdom, in its capacity as the administering sheltered in Zambia as "terrorists" and "infil- power, to take effective measures to bring down trators." Zambia was shocked at what seemed the illegal racist régime; (5) affirmed its con- to be an attitude of sympathy for the illegal viction that the sanctions so far adopted would régime on the part of the United Kingdom. not put an end to the illegal racist minority Yugoslavia said that the participation of régime and that sanctions, in order to achieve South African armed forces in the struggle in their objective, would have to be comprehensive Southern Rhodesia constituted an invasion of and mandatory and backed by force; (6) fur- a United Kingdom territory and that the Gen- ther reaffirmed that the only effective and speedy eral Assembly should adopt a separate resolu- way for the administering power to bring down tion condemning South Africa for the invasion the rebellion in the territory was through the and asking the United Kingdom Government use of force; (7) called once again upon the to take all necessary steps to ensure the protec- Government of the United Kingdom to take tion of the territory. immediately all necessary measures, including The representative of South Africa, replying the use of force, to put an end to the illegal racist to various representatives who had spoken of minority régime of Southern Rhodesia and to the presence of South African armed forces in ensure the immediate application of the General Southern Rhodesia, stated that these forces Assembly's resolution (1514(XV)) of 14 De- consisted of police, whose only mission was to cember 1960 on the granting of independence deal with terrorists of South African origin who to colonial countries and peoples and other rele- were trying to make their way into South vant resolutions; (8) considered that any future Africa. The presence of these South African consultations undertaken by the administering police in Southern Rhodesia was not in any power to determine the future of Southern Rho- way connected with the political situation in desia must be with the representatives of all Southern Rhodesia. political parties and not with the illegal régime On 25 October 1967, the representative of and called upon the administering power to enter Zambia introduced a draft resolution on the immediately into consultation with the repre- question of Southern Rhodesia which was even- sentatives of the political parties favouring tually sponsored by 49 Member States. majority rule; (9) condemned the activities of On 27 October, the Fourth Committee ap- all States which were still trading with the proved the draft resolution by a roll-call vote illegal régime and called upon such States to of 90 to 2, with 18 abstentions, and recom- sever immediately all economic and other rela- mended it to the General Assembly. On 3 tions with that régime; (10) condemned the November, the Assembly, without debate, activities of those foreign financial and other adopted the text as its resolution 2262 (XXII) interests which, by supporting and assisting the by a roll-call vote of 92 to 2, with 18 absten- illegal régime, were undermining the effective tions. (For voting details, see DOCUMENTARY implementation of sanctions and were preventing REFERENCES below.) the African people of Zimbabwe from attaining QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 113 freedom and independence, and called upon the administering power to report to the Special Governments of the States concerned to take Committee of Twenty-Four on the implemen- measures to end such activities; (11) con- tation of this resolution; and (22) decided to demned in the strongest terms the policies of keep the question of Southern Rhodesia on its the Governments of South Africa and Portugal agenda. (For full text of resolution, see DOCU- of continued support for the illegal régime in MENTARY REFERENCES below.) blatant defiance of General Assembly and Se- The resolution to this effect was sponsored curity Council resolutions; (12) condemned in the Fourth Committee by the following 49 further the presence of South African armed Members: Afghanistan, Algeria, Burundi, Ca- forces in Southern Rhodesia and the arms aid meroon, Central African Republic, Ceylon, extended by the authorities of South Africa; Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Democratic Repub- (13) expressed grave concern at the serious lic of the Congo, Cyprus, Dahomey, Ethiopia, threat posed by the presence of South African Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, India, Indonesia, Iraq, forces in Southern Rhodesia to the territorial the Ivory Coast, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Leba- integrity and sovereignty of independent African non, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Mali, Mauri- States in the area; (14) called upon the admin- tania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, the istering power to ensure the immediate expul- Philippines, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, sion of all South African armed forces from the Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Togo, colony of Southern Rhodesia and to prevent all Tunisia, Uganda, the United Arab Republic, armed assistance to the rebel régime; (15) the United Republic of Tanzania, Upper Volta, strongly condemned the detention and imprison- Yemen, Yugoslavia and Zambia. ment of African nationalists in Southern Rho- In the Fourth Committee's debate preceding desia and invited the administering power to the approval of the resolution, the representa- secure their immediate and unconditional re- tives of Canada, Japan, the Netherlands and lease; (16) urged all States, as a matter of Sweden voiced opposition to the paragraphs urgency, to render material and moral assistance calling for the use of force, saying that, although to the national liberation movements of Zim- they agreed with the objectives of the draft reso- babwe either directly or through the Organi- lution and with many of its provisions, they zation of African Unity (OAU) ; (17) drew the would have no choice but to abstain in the vote attention of the Security Council to the need if these paragraphs remained. for applying the necessary measures envisaged Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Greece, Hon- under Chapter VII of the Charter, in view of duras, Uruguay and Venezuela also expressed the deterioration of the grave situation in reservations about the paragraphs calling for the Southern Rhodesia; (18) appealed to the spe- use of force, but stated that since they shared cialized agencies concerned and other interna- the same goals as the sponsors they would vote tional assistance organizations to aid refugees in favour of the draft resolution as a whole. from Zimbabwe and those suffering from op- The representatives of Argentina, Brazil, Colom- pression by the illegal régime, in consultation bia, Honduras and Uruguay also voiced reser- with OAU and, through it, with the national vations to operative paragraphs 4 of the draft liberation movements in the territory of Southern resolution which condemned the Government of Rhodesia; (19) requested the Secretary-General the United Kingdom for its failure to bring to promote continuous and large-scale publiciz- down the illegal régime and transfer power to ing of United Nations work on this question in the people of Zimbabwe. From the point of order that world public opinion might be suffi- view of the representative of Barbados, the ciently aware of the grave situation in Southern United Kingdom was not refusing to bring down Rhodesia; (20) requested its Special Committee the illegal régime but had merely rejected the of Twenty-Four to continue its work on this use of force as an effective measure. He also subject and asked the Secretary-General to felt, with respect to operative paragraph 6 (on report to that Committee on implementation reaffirming the Assembly's view that force was by Member States of United Nations resolutions the only effective way to put down the rebellion relevant to the territory; (21) called on the in the territory), that whether or not the use 114 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS of force was legitimate under the circumstances, that, regardless of race, there was no oppression it was not the only way to put down the of majority by minority or of minority by rebellion. majority."] The representative of Brazil had a further The representative of Portugal objected to the reservation regarding the operative paragraph express mention of his country in the resolution condemning the Government of South Africa and to the attempt to blame Portugal for the and Portugal. He felt that the resolution should situation in Southern Rhodesia. His Government not single out any particular Government, but was strictly neutral in the matter and was main- should condemn all actions tending to support taining normal relations with both the United the illegal régime. Kingdom and Southern Rhodesia, based on Speaking in the Fourth Committee, the repre- mutual respect, non-intervention and the right sentative of the United Kingdom said that his of land-locked countries to have access to the delegation would abstain from voting because sea. Portugal's own trade with Southern Rho- of references in certain operative paragraphs to desia had always been negligible and had not the use of force. With respect to the extension increased at the present time, especially with of sanctions called for by the resolution, he regard to petrol. The transit trade, which passed wished to point out that since the United King- through Mozambique under agreements origi- dom Government was already applying virtu- nally concluded with the administering power, ally total sanctions, it would have nothing to and which could only exist if there were buyers lose by such a change and indeed would gain in and sellers outside Mozambique, had in fact that other countries would be placed in the same decreased considerably as a result of sanctions situation. His Government considered, however, and would probably disappear altogether if that any extension of sanctions should be of a sanctions were successful. In any case, he said, kind that could be effectively enforced and that there was no logic in blaming Portugal for the measures adopted must be strictly observed by situation, which had not arisen as a result of private firms and by Governments. In reply to any act or omission on Portugal's part. those representatives who had expressed doubts In 1967, the General Assembly also adopted about the intentions and firmness of purpose of several additional resolutions which dealt, in his Government on the question, he reiterated part, with aspects of the situation in Southern his Government's intention to stand by the six Rhodesia. principles enunciated by Prime Minister Wilson On 7 December 1967, on the recommendation in a statement to Parliament on 25 January of its Fourth Committee, the Assembly adopted 1966, including its decision not to grant inde- a resolution (2288(XXII)) on the activities of pendence before majority rule without a sub- foreign economic and other interests impeding stantial change in the situation. [The six prin- the implementation of the Declaration on the ciples as described in the report of the Special Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries Committee of Twenty-Four to the General and Peoples in Southern Rhodesia, South West Assembly were as follows: "(1) The principle Africa, territories under Portuguese domination, and intention of unimpeded progress to majority and in all other territories under colonial domi- rule, already enshrined in the 1961 Constitution, nation and efforts to eliminate colonialism, would have to be maintained and guaranteed. apartheid and racial discrimination in southern (2) There would also have to be guarantees Africa. against retrogressive amendment of the Consti- By this resolution the General Assembly, inter tution. (3) There would have to be immediate alia: strongly condemned the exploitation of the improvement in the political status of the Afri- colonial territories and peoples and the methods can population. (4) There would have to be practiced in the territories under colonial domi- progress towards ending racial discrimination. nation by the foreign financial, economic and (5) The British Government would need to be other interests, which were designed to perpetu- satisfied that any basis proposed for indepen- ate the colonial régime; deplored those policies dence was acceptable to the people of Rhodesia of colonial powers which permitted the exploi- as a whole. (6) It would be necessary to ensure tation of the natural resources of the territories QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 115 under their administration and which promoted pursued by certain administering powers of or tolerated unjust and discriminatory work imposing non-representative régimes and con- systems and other practices] called upon all stitutions, strengthening the position of foreign States concerned to ensure that the concessions economic and other interests, misleading world granted, the investments authorized and the public opinion, and encouraging the systematic enterprises permitted to their nationals did not influx of foreign immigrants while displacing, run counter to the present or future interests of deporting and transferring the indigenous inhab- the indigenous inhabitants of those territories; itants to other areas, and it called upon these and requested the colonial powers to stop imme- powers to desist from such manœuvres. It further diately the practice of alienation of lands from requested its Special Committee of Twenty-Four the indigenous inhabitants and to take immedi- to examine the compliance of Member States ate action to return to them all such alienated with the Declaration on the Granting of Inde- lands. (For further details, see pp. 648-49.) pendence to Colonial Countries and Peoples and On 16 December, the General Assembly, other relevant resolutions on the question of without reference to a committee, adopted a decolonization, particularly those relating to the resolution (2326(XXII)) on the implementa- territories under Portuguese domination, South- tion of the Declaration on the Granting of Inde- ern Rhodesia and South West Africa. (For pendence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, by further details, see pp. 643-45.) This resolution which it reiterated its declaration that the was approved by the General Assembly by a continuation of colonial rule threatened inter- roll-call vote of 86 to 6, with 17 abstentions. national peace and security and that the practice By yet another resolution (2349(XXII) ), of apartheid and all forms of racial discrimi- adopted on 19 December, the General Assembly nation constituted a crime against humanity. It decided to include assistance to persons from also reaffirmed its recognition of the legitimacy Southern Rhodesia in the United Nations Train- of the struggle of colonial peoples to exercise ing and Education Programme, provided that self-determination and independence, and noted this did not interfere with existing United Na- with satisfaction the progress made in the tions educational assistance for such persons and colonial territories by the national liberation that it was done with regard to the Security movements, both through their struggle and Council resolutions relating to non-recognition through reconstruction programmes. The Gen- of the illegal régime in Southern Rhodesia. (For eral Assembly once again condemned the policies further details, see pp. 649-50.)

DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES

COMMUNICATIONS AND REPORTS S/7703. Letter of 13 December 1966 from Ivory TO SECURITY COUNCIL Coast (received 27 January 1967). REPORTS OF SECRETARY-GENERAL ON S/7706. Note verbale of 27 January 1967 from Bul- IMPLEMENTATION OF SECURITY COUNCIL garia. RESOLUTION OF 16 DECEMBER 1966 S/7709. Note verbale of 24 January 1967 from India. S/7781 and Corr.1, and Add.1-4, Add.4/Corr.l. Re- S/7710. Note verbale of 31 January 1967 from Australia. port by Secretary-General in pursuance of resolution 232(1966) adopted by Security Council at its S/7711. Letter of 30 January 1967 from Denmark. 1340th meeting on 16 December 1966. S/7712. Letter of 31 January 1967 from Greece. S/7714. Letter of 31 January 1967 from Guinea. S/7715. Letter of 1 February 1967 from Poland. OTHER COMMUNICATIONS S/7716. Note verbale of 30 January 1967 from S/7672. Letter of 5 January 1967 from USSR. Hungary. S/7676. Letter of 10 January 1967 from Brazil. S/7717. Letter of 2 February 1967 from Mongolia. S/7679. Note verbale of 13 January 1967 from Israel. S/7719. Note verbale of 27 December 1966 from S/7693. Letter of 17 January 1967 from Algeria. Ethiopia. S/7700. Letter of 23 January 1967 from Gabon. S/7720. Note by Secretary-General dated 6 February S/7701. Note verbale of 13 January 1967 from United 1967. States. S/7723. Note verbale of 6 February 1967 from S/7702. Note verbale of 20 January 1967 from Niger. Pakistan. 116 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS S/7730. Letter of 3 February 1967 from Guyana. Acting Permanent Observer of Federal Republic S/7731. Letter of 8 February 1967 from Yemen. of Germany). S/7732. Letter of 9 February 1967 from Cameroon. S/7778 and Corr.1. Note verbale of 21 February S/7735/Rev.l. Letter of 10 February 1967 from 1967 from China. Portugal. S/7779. Note verbale of 20 February 1967 from S/7737. Letter of 9 February 1967 from Ukrainian Malaysia. SSR. S/7780. Letter of 21 February 1967 from Canada. S/7740. Note verbale of 26 January 1967 from S/7783. Letter of 23 February 1967 from Zambia. Dahomey. S/7785. Note verbale of 21 February 1967 from S/7741. Note verbale of 14 February 1967 from Iraq. Italy. S/7786. Note verbale of 17 February 1967 from S/7742. Letter of 13 February 1967 from Libya. Mali. S/7743. Note verbale of 8 February 1967 from United S/7788. Letter of 20 February 1967 from Colombia. Republic of Tanzania. S/7790. Note verbale of 24 February 1967 from S/7744. Note verbale of 13 February 1967 from Byelorussian SSR. Romania. S/7794. Letter of 27 February 1967 from Bulgaria S/7745. Letter of 14 February 1967 from Japan. (transmitting statement of Government of German S/7746. Note verbale of 14 February 1967 from Democratic Republic). Indonesia. S/7795. Note verbale of 28 February 1967 from S/7747. Letter of 15 February 1967 from Canada. Austria. S/7748. Letter of 13 February 1967 from Syria. S/7796. Letter of 27 February 1967 from Argentina. S/7750. Letter of 15 February 1967 from Belgium. S/7797. Letter of 27 February 1967 from Brazil. S/7751 and Corr.1. Note verbale of 15 February 1967 S/7798. Letter of 17 February 1967 from Secretary- from Malawi. General addressed to Minister for Foreign Affairs S/7752 and Add.l. Letter of 15 February 1967 of Portugal. from United Kingdom. S/7799. Note verbale of 27 February 1967 from S/7753. Letter of 15 February 1967 from Nether- United Arab Republic. lands. S/7800. Note verbale of 28 February 1967 from S/7755. Cable of 15 February 1967 from Togo. Bulgaria. S/7756. Note verbale of 14 February 1967 from S/7802. Letter of 1 March 1967 from Malta. Thailand. S/7804. Letter of 6 March 1967 from Portugal. S/7757. Letter of 14 February 1967 from Czecho- S/7806. Note verbale of 6 March 1967 from Hungary. slovakia. S/7812. Letter of 6 March 1967 from Poland. S/7758. Note verbale of 15 February 1967 from S/7813. Note verbale of 27 February 1967 from Burma. Botswana. S/7759. Letter of 15 February 1967 from Sweden. S/7814. Note verbale of 11 February 1967 from S/7760. Note verbale of 15 February 1967 from Tunisia. Yugoslavia. S/7815. Note verbale of 8 March 1967 from Mali. S/7761. Note verbale of 16 February 1967 from S/7822. Note verbale of 15 March 1967 from USSR. France. S/7828. Letter of 16 March 1967 from New Zealand S/7762. Note verbale of 16 February 1967 from (advising that regulations implementing Security Ireland. Council resolution 232(1966) were in force and S/7763. Note verbale of 14 February 1967 from given effect to in Cook Islands). Norway. S/7848. Note verbale of 7 April 1967 from Jordan. S/7764. Letter of 16 February 1967 from Luxem- S/7850. Letter of 11 April 1967 from Turkey. bourg. S/7851. Note verbale of 11 April 1967 from Mon- S/7765. Note verbale of 15 February 1967 from golia. Nigeria. S/7857. Letter of 14 April 1967 from Belgium. S/7766. Letter of 17 February 1967 from Turkey. S/7865. Note verbale of 24 April 1967 from Italy. S/7770. Note verbale of 15 February 1967 from S/7871. Letter of 2 May 1967 from Lebanon. Ceylon. S/7872. Letter of 2 May 1967 from Finland. S/7771. Note verbale of 16 February 1967 from S/7888. Note verbale of 16 May 1967 from USSR. Jamaica. S/7891. Note verbale of 2 May 1967 from Secretary- S/7772. Note verbale of 17 February 1967 from General to Permanent Representative of USSR. Kenya. S/7892. Note verbale of 15 May 1967 from Czecho- S/7773. Letter of 17 February 1967 from Finland. slovakia. S/7774. Note verbale of 17 February 1967 from S/8005, S/8006, S/8024. Letters of 13, 16 and 20 Singapore. June 1967 from Chairman of Special Committee S/7775. Letter of 20 February 1967 from Philip- on Situation with regard to Implementation of pines. Declaration on Granting of Independence to Colo- S/7776. Note of 20 February 1967 by Secretary- nial Countries and Peoples transmitting respective- General (containing text of note verbale from ly: text of resolution (A/AC.109/248) on question QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 117 of Southern Rhodesia adopted by Special Com- A/C.4/L.870. Afghanistan, Algeria, Burma, Burundi, mittee at its 528th meeting held at Kitwe, Zambia, Central African Republic, Congo (Brazzaville), on 9 June 1967; text of consensus concerning ques- Democratic Republic of Congo, Dahomey, Ethiopia, tion of Southern Rhodesia adopted by Special Com- Ghana, Guinea, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Ivory Coast, mittee at its 523rd meeting held at Kitwe, Zambia, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Mali, Maurita- on 6 June 1967; and text of resolution on im- nia, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, plementation of General Assembly resolution 1514 Rwanda, Saudi Arabia. Senegal, Sierra Leone, So- (XV) with regard to colonial territories considered malia, Sudan, Syria, Togo, Tunisia, United Arab by Special Committee during its meetings in Africa Republic, United Republic of Tanzania, Upper (1967) (A/AC.109/252), adopted by Special Com- Volta, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zambia: draft resolution. mittee at its 541st meeting held at Dar es Salaam, A/C.4/L.870/Rev.l and Add.l. Afghanistan, Algeria, United Republic of Tanzania, on 20 June 1967. Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, S/8085. Letter of 18 July 1967 from Denmark. Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Democratic Republic S/8095. Note verbale of 21 July 1967 from New of Congo, Dahomey, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Gui- Zealand (concerning measures taken by Western nea, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jordan, Samoa). Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Mada- S/8126 (A/6697). Letter of 16 August 1967 from gascar, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Chile. Pakistan, Philippines, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Se- S/8166. Letter of 22 September 1967 from Portugal. negal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Togo, S/8241. Letter of 10 November 1967 from Secretary- Tunisia, Uganda, United Arab Republic, United General transmitting text of resolution 2262(XXII), Republic of Tanzania, Upper Volta, Yemen, Yugo- on question of Southern Rhodesia, adopted by Gen- slavia, Zambia: revised draft resolution. eral Assembly on 3 November 1967, meeting 1594. A/C.4/L.870/Rev.2. Revised draft resolution, sponsor- S/8243. Letter of 11 November 1967 from Greece. ed by 47 powers listed above, and in addition by S/8297. Letter of 14 December 1967 from United Ceylon and Cyprus, adopted on 27 October 1967, Kingdom. meeting 1704, by roll-call vote of 90 to 2, with A/6702 and Corr.1. Report of Security Council to 18 abstentions, as follows: General Assembly, Chapter 6. In favour: Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Bar- bados, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Burundi, Byelorus- CONSIDERATION BY SPECIAL sian SSR. Cameroon, Central African Republic, COMMITTEE OF TWENTY-FOUR Ceylon, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo Special Committee on Situation with regard to Im- (Brazzaville), Democratic Republic of Congo, Cuba, plementation of Declaration on Granting of In- Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Dahomey, Dominican Re- dependence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, public, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Gabon, meetings 521-523, 525, 527, 528, 536. Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, SEMINAR ON APARTHEID, Israel, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Ku- RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AND wait, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malay- COLONIALISM IN SOUTHERN AFRICA sia, Mali, Mauritania, Mexico, Mongolia, Moroc- A/6818 and Corr.1. Note by Secretary-General trans- co, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, mitting report of International Seminar on Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Ro- Apartheid, Racial Discrimination and Colonialism mania, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra in Southern Africa, held at Kitwe, Zambia, 25 July- Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Syria, 4 August 1967. Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, USSR, United CONSIDERATION BY Arab Republic, United Republic of Tanzania, Up- GENERAL ASSEMBLY per Volta, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zam- bia. GENERAL ASSEMBLY——22ND SESSION Against: Portugal, South Africa. General Committee, meetings 165, 166. Abstaining: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Fourth Committee, meetings 1682-1704. Denmark, Finland, France, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Plenary Meeting 1594. Japan, Malawi, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nor- way, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States. A/6700/Rev.l. Report of Special Committee on Situa- A/6884. Report of Fourth Committee. tion with regard to Implementation of Declaration on Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries RESOLUTION 2262(xxii), as proposed by Fourth Com- and Peoples (covering its work in 1967), Chapter mittee, A/6884, adopted by Assembly on 3 Novem- III. ber 1967, meeting 1594, by roll-call vote of 92 to A/6703 and Corr.1. Report of Economic and Social 2, with 18 abstentions, as follows: Council to General Assembly, Chapter XII, Sec- In favour: Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, tions I and II. Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, A/C.4/691. Request for hearing. Burundi, Byelorussian SSR, Cambodia, Came- 118 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS roon, Central African Republic, Ceylon, Chad, Chile, the people of Zimbabwe on the basis of elections China, Colombia, Congo (Brazzaville), Democratic conducted according to the principle of "one man, Republic of Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, one vote" ; Czechoslovakia, Dahomey, Ecuador, El Salvador, "4. Condemns the failure and the refusal of the Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Gui- Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain nea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, and Northern Ireland, in its capacity as the admin- Indonesia, Iran, Iraq. Israel, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, istering Power, to take effective measures to bring Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, down the illegal racist minority régime in Southern Libya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Mexico, Mon- Rhodesia and to transfer power to the people of golia, Morocco, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Zimbabwe ; Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Ro- "5. Affirms its conviction that the sanctions adopt- mania, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra ed so far will not put an end to the illegal racist Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Syria, minority régime and that sanctions, in order to Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, achieve their objective, will have to be comprehensive Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian SSR, USSR, United and mandatory and backed by force; Arab Republic, United Republic of Tanzania, Up- "6. Further reaffirms that the only effective and per Volta, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yemen, Yugo- speedy way for the administering Power to put down slavia, Zambia. the rebellion in the Territory is through the use of Against: Portugal, South Africa. force ; Abstaining: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, "7. Calls once again upon the Government of the Denmark, Finland, France, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, United Kingdom to take immediately all the neces- Japan, Luxembourg. Netherlands, New Zealand, sary measures, including the use of force, to put an Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States. end to the illegal racist minority régime in South- ern Rhodesia and to ensure the immediate application "The General Assembly, of General Assembly resolution 1514(XV) and other "Having considered the question of Southern Rho- relevant resolutions ; desia, "8. Considers that any future consultations under- "Recalling its resolution 1514(XV) of 14 December taken by the administering Power to determine the 1960 containing the Declaration on the Granting of future of Southern Rhodesia must be with the repre- Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, sentatives of all the political parties and not with "Recalling further all the resolutions adopted by the illegal régime, and calls upon the administering the General Assembly, the Security Council and the Power to enter immediately into consultations with Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the representatives of the political parties favouring the Implementation of the Declaration on the Grant- majority rule; ting of Independence to Colonial Countries and "9. Condemns the activities of all those States Peoples concerning the question of Southern Rhodesia, which, contrary to the resolutions of the General "Recalling further that the situation in Southern Assembly and the Security Council, are still trading Rhodesia has been declared by the Security Council with the illegal racist minority régime in the Ter- in resolution 232(1966) of 16 December 1966 as consti- ritory, and calls upon such States to sever immediately tuting a threat to international peace and security, all economic and other relations with that régime, "Recalling further that the Government of the in accordance with those resolutions; United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ire- "10. Condemns the activities of those foreign finan- land has declared on several occasions that the racist cial and other interests which, by supporting and as- minority régime in Southern Rhodesia is illegal, that sisting the illegal racist minority régime in Southern it will not negotiate with that régime on the future Rhodesia, and by their exploitation of the human of Southern R.hodesia and that it will not grant in- and material resources of the Territory, are under- dependence until majority rule is established in the mining the effective implementation of the sanctions Territory, imposed so far and are impeding the African people "Noting that the economic sanctions applied so far of Zimbabwe from attaining freedom and indepen- have failed to bring down the illegal racist minority dence in accordance with General Assembly resolu- régime in Southern Rhodesia, tion 1514(XV), and calls upon the Governments "Noting with profound regret that the Govern- of the States concerned to take all the necessary ment of the United Kingdom has not found it possible measures to bring such activities to an end: to take the measures necessary to bring down the "11. Condemns in the strongest terms the policies minority régime in Southern Rhodesia, of the Governments of South Africa and Portugal "1. Reaffirms the legitimacy of the struggle of the of continued support for the illegal racist minority people of Zimbabwe for the restoration of their in- régime in blatant defiance of General Assembly alienable right to freedom and independence ; and Security Council resolutions; "2. Condems the policies of oppression, racial dis- "12. Further condemns the presence of South crimination and segregation practised in Southern Rho- African armed forces in Southern Rhodesia and the desia, which constitute a crime against humanity; arms aid extended by the authorities of South Africa "3. Reaffirms the obligation of the administering to the illegal racist minority régime in Southern Power to transfer power without further delay to Rhodesia for the purpose of suppressing the legitimate QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 119 struggle of the people of Zimbabwe to achieve their racist minority régime in Southern Rhodesia, in con- freedom and independence; sultation with the Organization of African Unity "13. Expresses grave concern at the serious threat and, through it, with the national liberation move- constituted by the forces referred to in paragraph 12 ments in the colonial Territory of Southern Rho- above to the territorial integrity and sovereignty of desia; independent African States in the area; "19. Requests the Secretary-General to promote "14. Calls upon the administering Power to ensure through the various organs and agencies of the the immediate expulsion of all South African armed United Nations the continuous and large-scale publiciz- forces from the colony of Southern Rhodesia and to ing of the work of the United Nations concerning prevent all armed assistance to the rebel régime; this question, in order that world public opinion "15. Strongly condemns the detention and im- may be sufficiently aware of the grave situation in prisonment of African nationalists in Southern Rho- the colonial Territory of Southern Rhodesia and of desia and invites the administering Power to secure the continuing struggle for liberation waged by the their immediate and unconditional release; people of Zimbabwe; "16. Urges all States, as a matter of urgency, to "20. Requests the Special Committee on the Situa- render all moral and material assistance to the na- tion with regard to the Implementation of the Declara- tional liberation movements of Zimbabwe, either tion on the Granting of Independence to Colonial directly or through the Organization of African Countries and Peoples to continue to keep the situa- Unity; tion in the Territory under review and invites the "17. Draws the attention of the Security Council Secretary-General to report to the Special Committee to the need for applying the necessary measures on the extent of the implementation by Member States envisaged under Chapter VII of the Charter of the of the resolutions of the United Nations relevant to United Nations, in view of the deterioration of the the Territory; grave situation in Southern Rhodesia; "21. Calls upon the administering Power to report "18. Appeals to the specialized agencies concerned to the Special Committee on its actions in the im- and to other international assistance organizations plementation of the present resolution; to aid and assist the refugees from Zimbabwe and "22. Decides to keep the question of Southern those who are suffering from oppression by the illegal Rhodesia on its agenda."

INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON APARTHEID, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AND COLONIALISM IN SOUTHERN AFRICA An International Seminar on Apartheid, Racial United Republic of Tanzania, the United States, Discrimination and Colonialism in Southern Venezuela and Zambia. Italy, which had also Africa was held at Kitwe, Zambia, from 25 July been invited, sent an observer. Also present were to 4 August 1967. The Seminar was organized observers from the International Labour Organ- by the Secretary-General in pursuance of a Gen- isation (ILO), the United Nations Educa- eral Assembly request of 16 December 1966,25 tional, Scientific and Cultural Organization after he had consulted with the General Assem- (UNESCO), and the Office of the United bly's Special Committee on the Policies of Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Apartheid of the Government of the Republic (UNHCR), as well as an observer from the of South Africa and the General Assembly's Organization of African Unity (OAU). Others 24-membcr Special Committee on the Situation attending the Seminar included the representa- with regard to the Implementation of the tives of some African liberation movements Declaration on the Granting of Independence recognized by OAU—such as the African Na- to Colonial Countries and Peoples, and following tional Congress of South Africa, Frente de an invitation by the Government of the Republic Libertaçao de Mozambique (FRELIMO), the of Zambia. Pan Africanist Congress of South Africa, the Of the 55 United Nations Member States Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile invited, participants from the following countries (G.R.A.E.), the South West African People's attended the Seminar: Algeria, Botswana, Brazil, Organization and the Zimbabwe African Na- Canada, Chile, the Democratic Republic of the tional Union—and the representatives of several Congo, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, non-governmental organizations, including the Ghana, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Africa Bureau, the African-American Institute, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sweden, Syria, Turkey, 25 See Y.U.N., 1966, pp. 89-91, text of resolution the USSR, the United Arab Republic, the 2202 A (XXI). 120 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS the American Committee on Africa, the Com- to the violation, the consequences of which were mission of Churches on International Affairs, of exceptional seriousness; appealed to all Mem- the International Commission of Jurists, the ber States of the United Nations and world International Defence and Aid Fund, the Stu- public opinion to exert pressure on the South dent Non-Violent Co-ordinating Committee African authorities for the immediate release cf (U.S.) and the World Federation of Democratic these 37 African prisoners; and recommended Youth. Dennis Brutus, Director of the World to the General Assembly that it invite the Campaign for the Release of South African Secretary-General of the United Nations to take Political Prisoners, and Colin Legum, author the measures which he might deem necessary to and journalist, who were invited to attend in obtain the release of these prisoners. their individual capacity, were also present at By the resolution on the question of armed the Seminar. attack launched against the Democratic Repub- The agenda was as follows: lic of the Congo by foreign mercenaries, which was proposed by the representative of the Demo- The situation in southern Africa: political, economic cratic Republic of the Congo and was adopted and military structure ; Foreign financial and other interests in their role by 18 votes to 0, with 1 abstention, the Seminar in impeding the elimination of apartheid, racial condemned the armed attack directed against discrimination and colonialism in southern Africa; the Democratic Republic of the Congo by for- Consequences of the situation in southern Africa eign mercenaries as an act of gangsterism con- for international peace and security; and trary to international law, and gave its full Consideration of the measures taken and of ad- ditional measures to be taken by the international support to that Government in its determination community for the elimination of apartheid, racial to restore public order which had been threat- discrimination and colonialism in southern Africa; ened by the armed interventions of foreign Diplomatic and political mercenaries. Economic Moral and material assistance to the victims and The representatives of Brazil, Canada, Den- opponents of apartheid, racial discrimination and mark, Finland, Japan, Sweden, the United colonialism States and Venezuela did not participate in the Other measures. vote on the two resolutions on the grounds that The Seminar adopted two resolutions, one the adoption of resolutions created a new prece- covering the trials of 37 South West Africans dent in seminar procedures and that they had in Pretoria and another concerning the question not been empowered by their Governments to of armed attack launched by foreign mercenaries vote on resolutions. against the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In its conclusions and recommendations, the It also adopted 23 conclusions and recommen- Seminar proposed, among other things, that the dations and a final declaration. General Assembly should adopt a declaration The resolution on the trial of 37 South West recognizing the legitimacy of the struggle of the Africans accused of violating the General Laws peoples of South Africa, South West Africa, Amendments Acts of 1967 (known as the Ter- Southern Rhodesia and territories under Portu- rorism Act) was proposed by the representative guese domination for the achievement of their of Algeria and was adopted by 18 votes to 0, inalienable right to equality, freedom and inde- with 1 abstention. By this resolution the Seminar, 26 pendence in accordance with the Purposes and recalling the resolution of 27 October 1966 by Principles of the United Nations Charter. It which the General Assembly had decided to put strongly supported the appeal by the General an end to the Mandate of the Republic of South Assembly to all States to provide moral, political Africa over South West Africa: condemned the and material assistance to the national liberation violation by the South African authorities of the movements in southern Africa recognized by the international status of South West Africa, which Organization of African Unity (OAU), and since 27 October 1966 had been placed under recommended that such aid be provided in the direct responsibility of the United Nations; demanded that the South African authorities 26 See Y.U.N., 1966, pp. 605-606, text of resolution release the 37 Africans in order to put an end 2145(XXI). QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 121 co-operation with the Co-ordinating Committee The Seminar also supported the decision of for the Liberation of Africa of OAU. It further the General Assembly drawing the attention of encouraged independent African States to pro- all States to the grave consequences of the vide all necessary facilities to these liberation formation in the southern part of Africa of an movements in the conduct of their legitimate entente between the Governments of South struggle, including provision of facilities for resi- Africa and Portugal and the illegal minority dence, training and transit, as well as broad- régime of Southern Rhodesia, and calling upon casting facilities, and called on all Member all States to withhold any support or assistance States to desist from returning genuine political to this entente, whose existence and activities ran refugees from the racist and colonial régimes counter to the interests of international peace in southern Africa to their countries. and security. Regarding the solution of the problems of The Seminar considered it essential that the apartheid, racial discrimination and colonialism increasing collaboration between the racist and in southern Africa, the Seminar noted that ap- colonial regimes in southern Africa, and the co- peals and other efforts at persuasion of the operation that these régimes were receiving racist and colonial régimes to abandon their from certain Western powers and foreign eco- policies and conform to their obligations under nomic and financial interests, should be fully the United Nations Charter had failed. It documented and exposed before world public therefore considered it essential that the Security opinion. Council should take enforcement action under In this connexion, it recommended that a Chapter VII of the Charter and considered that group of experts be established by the Secretary- the imposition of effective mandatory economic General in consultation with the Special Com- sanctions against South Africa, Portugal and the mittee on Apartheid and the Special Committee white minority regime in Southern Rhodesia of Twenty-Four, to study the interlocking was imperative in order to promote a peaceful economic and military patterns in southern solution. Africa. As regards Southern Rhodesia in particular, To secure a speedy solution to the problems the Seminar considered that the United King- of apartheid, racial discrimination and colonial- dom bore primary responsibility for the situation ism in southern Africa, the Seminar recom- in Southern Rhodesia and must be called upon mended that the General Assembly consider to use force to crush the illegal racist minority means to promote greater co-ordination in deal- régime. It called upon the United Nations to ing with them and suggested that consideration make it unequivocally clear that there could be given to the creation of a special United be no recognition of Southern Rhodesia's inde- Nations committee to deal with these problems pendence without majority African rule. It also in southern Africa as a whole. called for an international action of positive In view of the massive propaganda carried solidarity with Zambia to assist that country to out by the racist and colonial régimes in southern overcome the serious difficulties and economic Africa, the Seminar also considered it essential strain resulting from the application of sanctions that attention should be given urgently to a against the illegal régime of Southern Rhodesia. campaign of information on the real situation The Seminar also recommended that urgent in southern Africa and the purposes of the attention be given to means to secure the imple- United Nations. It underlined the various mat- mentation by all States of resolutions already ters which should be emphasized during the adopted by the Security Council and the General campaign. It recommended that a working party Assembly with regard to the situation in southern of experts should be convened as soon as possible, Africa, and suggested that the Secretary-General in consultation with the Organization of African be requested to take active measures to promote Unity (OAU), under United Nations auspices, such implementation and to report to the Gen- to consider the best means of promoting a world- eral Assembly and the Security Council from wide information campaign with the co-opera- time to time on the responses from Member tion of the specialized agencies of the United States. Nations, African liberation movements recog- 122 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS nized by OAU, and non-governmental organi- régime of South Africa had forged an alliance zations. with the other two white supremacist régimes of In connexion with the plans and programmes southern Africa for the express purpose cf for the International Human Rights Year, 1968, resisting at all costs the peaceful transition from it recommended that special prominence be minority to majority rule. This "unholy alliance" given to the problems of apartheid, racial dis- was locked in an obdurate defiance of the crimination and colonialism in southern Africa, clearly expressed will and decisions of the to the plight of political prisoners and other United Nations, thus presenting an open chal- victims of apartheid, racial discrimination and lenge to the authority of the Organization. If colonialism, and to the application of the deci- the United Nations was to fail to meet this sions and resolutions of the United Nations in challenge, by effective action, its authority would relation to these problems. be greatly damaged, perhaps even irreparably The Seminar also endorsed and supported the so. international assistance to the victims of apart- The Seminar noted that the opponents of heid, racial discrimination and colonialism in apartheid, racial discrimination and colonialism southern Africa. It recommended that the in southern Africa had become increasingly dis- United Nations collect and publicize information illusioned with the ability of the United Nations concerning political prisoners and, in co-opera- to end these evils by peaceful methods, and that tion with African liberation movements recog- the African liberation movements recognized by nized by OAU, intensify the campaign for their OAU were firmly committed to armed struggle release in South Africa, South West Africa, for achieving their legitimate rights as defined Southern Rhodesia, Angola and Mozambique. in the Charter of the United Nations. In Mozam- In this connexion, it encouraged the Interna- bique and Angola, armed struggles were under tional Defence and Aid Fund and the World way. Guerrillas had already made their appear- Campaign for the Release of South African ance in Southern Rhodesia and in the Ovambo- Political Prisoners to extend their activities more land region of South West Africa. The move- widely to cover the defence and aid of prisoners ments of the oppressed people of South Africa in Southern Rhodesia, Angola and Mozambique had declared their determination to seek their and other colonies in Africa, and recommended legitimate rights by means including violence. that the terms of reference of the United Na- Thus, southern Africa was increasingly poised tions Trust Fund for South Africa be extended for an outbreak of violence and military conflict. to include the victims of apartheid, racial dis- The Seminar also recognized that the various crimination and colonialism in South West resolutions adopted in the past by the General Africa, Southern Rhodesia, Angola and Mozam- Assembly and the Security Council provided an bique and other colonies in Africa. adequate framework for international action. It The Seminar also strongly supported the con- deplored the unwillingness, especially of the solidation and development of the United Na- trading partners of South Africa and Portugal, tions special education and training programmes to co-operate fully with the United Nations in for southern Africa and recommended that these giving effect to its decisions. programmes be administered in co-operation The Seminar felt that the international com- with OAU and, through it, with the African munity must: face the consequences of the vio- liberation movements recognized by OAU. lence which past failures to act had made inevi- The participants from Botswana, Brazil, Can- table, recognize the reality of this revolutionary ada, Denmark, Finland, Japan, Sweden, Tur- situation and reassess its role in this context. The key and the United States expressed reservations need for the United Nations to exercise its on the conclusions and recommendations which influence was more urgent than at any time in had been submitted by the representatives of the past two decades. African and Asian States. While condemning the short-sighted policies In the final declaration, on which Canada of those nations which were unwilling to forgo and the Uni ed States expressed reservations, the their immediate economic and other interests for Seminar stated, inter alia, that the oppressive the sake of implementing the declared objectives QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 123 of the United Nations in southern Africa, the urged active efforts to mobilize world opinion, Seminar stated, it attached great importance to especially public opinion within the countries persuading those Member States mainly respon- unwilling to lend their full support to United sible for preventing international action to Nations policies in favour of effective world change their attitudes in the interests of world action against apartheid, racial discrimination peace, justice and legitimacy. To this end, it and colonialism in southern Africa.

DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES A/6818 and Corr.1. Policies of apartheid of Govern- Seminar on Apartheid, Racial Discrimination and ment of Republic of South Africa. Note by Sec- Colonialism in Southern Africa, Kitwe, Zambia, 25 retary-General, transmitting report of International July-4 August 1967.

QUESTIONS RELATING TO COMPLAINTS CONCERNING THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO COMMUNICATIONS FROM PORTUGAL Portugal had termed as acts of aggression the AND DEMOCRATIC practical assistance which the Democratic Re- REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO public of the Congo was giving the people of By a letter dated 13 March 1967, and ad- Angola for the restoration of their inalienable dressed to the President of the Security Council, rights, in response to the appeals made by the Portugal invited the attention of the Security 28 General Assembly on 21 December 1965 and Council to a letter of 23 February 1967 from 29 12 December 1966. The true intention of the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the Portugal's letter, the Democratic Republic of General Assembly's 24-member Special Com- the Congo concluded, was to attempt to justify mittee on the Situation with regard to the in advance its possible future aggression against Implementation of the Declaration on the the Congo. Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples in which, Portugal said, the Demo- COMPLAINT BY DEMOCRATIC cratic Republic of the Congo had admitted REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO officially that its national territory constituted CONCERNING ACT OF AGGRESSION a base where acts of aggression were organized On 5 July 1967, a cable from the President and directed against the Portuguese province of of the Democratic Republic of the Congo was Angola. Such acts, Portugal said, should have transmitted to the Security Council, stating that evoked a formal condemnation by the Council. Western colonialist imperialists had committed Portugal wished to place on record that the aggression, using two unknown aircraft which Congolese Government had thereby assumed had parachuted groups of mercenaries at the complete responsibility for aggressive acts against Kisangani airport. Simultaneously, so-called vol- Angola in the common frontier area. unteers recruited and paid by the Democratic On 16 March, the Democratic Republic of Republic of the Congo, but unfortunately in the Congo replied in a letter stating that Angola collusion with those mercenaries, had attacked was not a Portuguese province but, by the terms a detachment of the national army. Mercenaries of the General Assembly's resolution of 14 of Belgian, French and Spanish origin, jointly December 1960, on the granting of independence with former Katangese gendarmes, had also to colonial countries and peoples,27 it was a started hostilities at Bukavu. The Security colonial territory whose people had been sav- Council, the cable continued, should, in accord- agely repressed by Portuguese forces and denied ance with a resolution it had adopted on 14 the right to self-determination and independ- ence. Portugal persistently refused to comply 27 See Y.U.N., 1960, pp. 49-50, text of resolution with General Assembly and Security Council 1514(XV). resolutions calling upon it to grant such inde- 28 See Y.U.N., 1965, pp. 614-15, text of resolution 2107(XX). pendence. The letter from the Democratic 29 See Y.U.N., 1966, pp. 616-17, text of resolution Republic of the Congo went on to say that 2184(XXI). 124 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS 30 October 1966, forthwith call to order the Bukavu. The third phase was to have been the responsible Western countries whose mercenaries physical elimination of the Congolese Chief of had been sent to the Congo to foment dis- State. There was no doubt that certain political turbances. and financial centres in Belgium, Spain and On 6 July 1967, at the request of the repre- Portugal had been aware that political activities sentative of the Democratic Republic of the were being planned on their soil with a view to Congo, the Security Council included the item reinstating Mr. Tshombe as head of the Congo- in its agenda, and invited the Democratic lese Government. Republic of the Congo to participate in the Southern Rhodesia was also implicated, the debate without the right to vote. The question representative of the Democratic Republic of was considered at three meetings between 6 and the Congo went on. The United Kingdom, re- 10 July 1967. sponsible for the territory of Southern Rhodesia, Addressing the Security Council, the repre- should take the necessary measures to arrest the sentative of the Democratic Republic of the mercenaries who had fled there and ensure Congo recalled that, in October 1966, the Coun- return of the plane stolen from the Kisangani cil had been apprised of the dangers to his airport. country from the activities of mercenaries re- The representative of the Democratic Repub- cruited in some countries of Western Europe and lic of the Congo stated that the Security Council based in Angola, and from a mutiny of a part should condemn the duplicity of the colonialist of the Congolese Army, composed of former and racist powers, which permitted activities Katangese gendarmes. That mutiny had failed aimed at violating the sovereignty of the Congo. but the danger had now reappeared. The inva- The Council should invite all Member States, sion by foreign paratroopers of the town of in conformity with the obligations of the United Kisangani was part of a carefully prepared Nations Charter, to end all such activities on international conspiracy, organized around their territories and to forbid the recruitment Moise Tshombe and aimed at overthrowing any of mercenaries. Congolese régime which had taken measures to In the course of the debate, all members of break the monopolies of some foreign financial the Council expressed their concern over the powers. events that had taken place in the Congo. The mercenaries had been openly recruited On 10 July, Ethiopia, India, Mali and Nigeria in some countries of Western Europe, the Congo submitted a draft resolution by which the Se- representative continued. Since October 1966, curity Council would : ( 1 ) reaffirm in particular only France had started to end such recruit- paragraph 2 of its resolution of 14 October 1966, ment. An investigation by a Belgian journalist wherein it had called upon all States to refrain showed that, with the knowledge of the Belgian or desist from intervening in the domestic affairs police, there had been recruitment of persons of the Democratic Republic of the Congo;31 (2) who reached Africa via Lisbon. It was, therefore condemn any State which persisted in permitting difficult for the Congolese authorities to believe or tolerating the recruitment of mercenaries and in the sincerity of the friendship professed by the provision of facilities to them, with the some powers while they facilitated. recruitment objective of overthrowing the Governments of and transport of mercenaries. States Members of the United Nations; (3) call The spokesman for the Democratic Republic upon Governments to ensure that their territory of the Congo told the Security Council that and other territories under their control, as well local investigation showed that five Belgians and as their nationals, were not used for the plan- two Frenchmen had been implicated in the ning of subversion, and the recruitment, training sabotage in June of communications and power and transit of mercenaries designed to overthrow stations in the Congo with explosives from the Government of the Democratic Republic of Katanga factories and Angola. That was the first phase of the conspiracy plan conceived in 30 See Y.U.N., 1966, p. 121, text of resolution 226 Spain, he said. The second phase was the landing (1966) . of commandos in Kisangani and the mutiny in 31 Ibid. QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 125 the Congo; (4) decide that the Council should formity with previous United Nations resolutions remain seized of the question; and (5) request dealing with the Congo problem, the United the Secretary-General to follow closely the States had sent three C-130 aircraft, which implementation of the resolution. would have a non-combatant status. Introducing the draft resolution, the repre- The representative of Mali expressed his sentative of Nigeria said that it was intolerable Government's support for the Democratic Re- that any country should have its security threat- public of the Congo which, once again, had ened by foreign soldiers of fortune. The situation become the victim of aggression because of became even more deplorable when there was imperialist machinations. The wealth of the apparent evidence that those mercenaries were Congo made it the permanent prey of all those the agents and instruments of more powerful circles whose aim was imperialist exploitation. foreign interests and groups. Any attempt to in- The representative of France said that the terfere with the internal affairs of the Congo by closing a few months ago of a mercenary camp any method must be unreservedly condemned. in Ardèche indicated his Government's opinion The representative of the USSR said the on the incident before the Council. All foreign forces of colonialism were again attempting to interference should be condemned, not only subvert the sovereignty and independence of the when it tended to change the very nature of the new States of Africa. In spite of the Security Government of a country, but also when it tried Council's resolution (226) of 14 October 1966, to infringe in a more insidious but no less dan- which had urged Portugal not to allow foreign gerous manner on the public order and the mercenaries to use Angola as a base of operations prosperity of a country. In that spirit, his dele- for interfering in the domestic affairs of the gation would vote in favour of the resolution. Congo, the colonialists continued to challenge The representatives of the United Kingdom and defy the United Nations. The new aggression and Japan said that their Governments fully against the Congo was occurring at a time when supported the resolution adopted by the Council that country was trying to consolidate its inde- in October 1966—by which the Council called pendence from monopolies. The events in the on all States to refrain from intervening in the Congo showed how grave was the danger to the domestic affairs of the Congo—and that they African people that threatened them from the were ready to support any renewed call by the remaining colonial territories on that continent, Council to the same end. particularly the Portuguese possessions. The Argentina, Canada, China and Denmark Council must adopt decisive measures to end shared the opinion that the Council should immediately the aggression against the Congo. condemn any outside interference which might Intervention by one State in the internal undermine the territorial integrity of the Congo affairs of another could not be countenanced, and which might endanger the peaceful devel- the United States spokesman said. If any foreign opment of that country. Government was in fact aiding and abetting India described the take-over of Kisangani those in the Congo who were seeking to over- and the acts of sabotage as subversive activities throw the Government or to gain control of any of grave import. The persistent attempts to part of the country, such action deserved con- undermine the territorial integrity of the Congo demnation. Although the draft resolution did were linked with the forces of colonialism which not coincide with the preferences of his country continued to threaten the peace and secur- in every respect, his delegation would vote in ity of central and southern Africa. An enduring favour of it. He added that the United States peace, India said, could be established in that had not been content to give merely moral area only when all vestiges of colonialism were support to the principles of that resolution, but eliminated from Africa. had sought to provide the Government of the Brazil believed that the facts demonstrated Democratic Republic of the Congo with tools that foreign elements had been engaged in sub- which it needed to protect its integrity and inde- version in the territory of the Democratic Re- pendence. In that connexion, in response to a public of the Congo. Although Brazil would request from President Mobutu and in con- vote for the resolution, it believed that the text 126 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS should be broadened to cover ideological volun- in the domestic affairs of the Congo. Belgium teers, as well as mercenaries, and acts of sub- was not involved either directly or indirectly version, terrorism and sabotage, as well as those in the events taking place in the Congo and had intended to overthrow the Government. provided the Congo in good time with all the Bulgaria said that, while it would vote for the information which its Government had been resolution, it was somewhat disturbed because able to gather with regard to subversive move- the text was too general and did not mention ments. those who were responsible for the situation. The The Belgian Government would therefore representative of the Congo had made accusa- reject any accusation brought against it as un- tions and mentioned certain facts and names. founded and would, of course, apply the Coun- Bulgaria was astonished that no representative cil resolution condemning the recruitment of of any country mentioned had taken the floor mercenaries in the service of a foreign State, to refute the charges. The objectives of inter- the Permanent Representative added. national financial circles continued to be the colonial exploitation of the Congolese land and SUBSEQUENT COMMUNICATIONS people. A letter from the Congolese Minister for On 10 July 1967, the Security Council unani- Foreign Affairs to the Secretary-General, dated mously adopted the four-power text as resolution 20 July 1967, charged that aircraft coming from 239(1967). (For text, see DOCUMENTARY REFER- Angola and from Rhodesia had often violated ENCES below.) the Congolese air space, bombing frontier vil- The representative of the Democratic Repub- lages and landing mercenaries and persons in- lic of the Congo said that the resolution did not volved in sabotage in the Congo. Mercenaries entirely satisfy his delegation, since it did not who had stolen Congolese aircraft had also mention certain countries whose complicity was entered Angola and Rhodesia with impunity. obvious. However, if the resolution was respected On 28 July 1967, in another letter, the Con- by such countries, it might be the basis for golese Minister for Foreign Affairs said that permanently peaceful relations between them the recruitment of mercenaries was being car- and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ried on in Belgium at that time and 20 mer- Two communications were received by the cenaries had left Belgium for Luanda. The Security Council during its consideration of the obvious aim of those activities, he said, was item. In a letter dated 7 July, the representative to stir up further trouble in the Congo. of Spain said that his Government had taken On 4 August 1967, the Secretary-General great care to ensure compliance with the prin- received a letter from the Belgian Minister ciple of not impairing in any way relations with for Foreign Affairs referring to the above letters the countries to which it was bound by diplo- and stating that the Belgian Government had matic ties. The case of a recruit going to the decided to request Parliament to approve a law Congo would not be an exception to that prin- drastically reinforcing existing measures to pre- ciple. The Spanish people and Government vent the recruitment of mercenaries. Further, desired the free and peaceful development of the Belgian Government had immediately com- the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Thus, municated to the Congo authorities the infor- no responsibility attached to the Spanish Gov- mation in its possession on the recent departure ernment for anything relating to the disturb- for Africa of persons who appeared to have ances at Kisangani, Bukavu or in any other been recruited as mercenaries. part of the Congolese territory. On 10 August, another communication from Writing on 10 July 1967 to the President of the Congolese Minister for Foreign Affairs was the Security Council, the representative of Bel- transmitted to the Security Council in which gium said that the Prime Minister of Belgium he informed the Council of the presence at had declared on 7 July that the Belgian Gov- Luanda of mercenaries and two planes—one ernment maintained relations with the Congo- belonging to Moise Tshombe—and of intercep- lese Government and consequently had re- tion of radio communication between merce- mained faithful to its policy of non-interference naries in the Congo and two bases in Angola. QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 127 These facts, he said, were in flagrant contra- of the mercenaries constituted irrefutable proof diction with the Security Council resolutions of Portugal's collusion with the mercenaries for of 14 October 1966 and of 10 July 1967.32 In the purpose of overthrowing the established order to combat the activities of mercenaries order in the Congo. in the Congo and to avoid a possible extension On 8 November 1967, the Security Council of the conflict, the Congolese Government in- included the item in its agenda, and invited, vited members of the Security Council and at their request, the representatives of Algeria, countries friendly to the Congo to supply assist- Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, ance for maintaining order in the region and Portugal and Zambia, to participate without aid to the population which had suffered so vote in the debate. The question was considered much. at four meetings between 8 and 15 November In a letter dated 19 August, addressed to the 1967. President of the Security Council, the Chargé The representative of the Democratic Re- d'Affaires of Portugal rejected the charges con- public of the Congo recalled that this was the tained in the letters of 28 July and 10 August third time within a year33 that his country had from the Congolese Minister for Foreign Affairs. come to the Council to discuss aggression by The accusations made by the Congolese Gov- mercenaries who were permitted by Portugal ernment, he said, represented merely an ex- to use Angola as a base of operations against pedient to explain or justify its internal diffi- his country. The latest aggression had been culties. intended to cause an uprising in his country Referring to this letter, the Chargé d'Affaires and to give the mercenaries a base on the of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in- Kolwezi plain so as to help those at Bukavu. formed the Security Council, in a letter of 29 The Congolese forces had checked the mer- September 1967, that Portugal had systemati- cenary advance. He pledged that there were cally denied the facts: everyone knew that mercenaries and training camps in Angola. Portugal was acting as a broker in the matter As evidence he circulated photographs, read of mercenaries, receiving individuals and maté- a note stated to have been provided by the riel in its territory and in Angola. It was true Belgian Foreign Ministry describing movements that the Democratic Republic of the Congo of the mercenaries in the Congo and the evacu- had internal difficulties, but they were caused ation of refugees to Kayanda in Angola, and by Portugal and its friends, probably in fear cited press reports of intensive arms traffic be- of a stable Congo. tween Lisbon and Angola. Portugal could not deny the facts yet continued to flout decisions COMPLAINT BY DEMOCRATIC of the Security Council with regrettable collu- REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO AGAINST PORTUGAL sion between Portugal and some Western Gov- Requesting action by the Security Council ernments. to stop aggression, the Minister for Foreign The Democratic Republic of the Congo, its Affairs and External Trade of the Democratic representative said, was asking for concrete Republic of the Congo, on 3 November 1967, measures against Portugal in addition to a charged that on the evening of 1 November purely moral condemnation. It also asked that an armed band of mercenaries had invaded the Security Council should condemn the prin- the Congolese territory at Kisenge and were ciple of mercenary recruitment, which United now approaching Kolwezi. Although all mer- Nations Member States should prohibit within cenaries had been ordered by his Government their territories. to leave the country as from July 1967, he The representative of Portugal denied that said in a letter to the President of the Council, there had been any infiltrations of armed groups the mercenaries under Major Schramme had rebelled and occupied Bukavu, where fighting 32 See Y.U.N., 1966, p. 121, text of resolution 226 (1966), and DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES below, text had again broken out on 29 October. Inter- of resolution 239(1967). cepted messages from Major Schramme to An- 33 See Y.U.N., 1966, pp. 117-20, and pp. 123-26 gola requesting armed intervention on behalf above. 128 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS from Angola into the Democratic Republic of The representatives of Canada, China, Den- the Congo. He stated that the Portuguese au- mark, India, Japan, the United Kingdom, and thorities had never played any role, direct or the United States said they found it very hard indirect, in the activities of the mercenaries, to believe that the mercenaries who had entered that mercenaries had never been recruited in the Democratic Republic of the Congo had Portuguese territories nor based there so as to been assembled and armed in Angola without assault any country. Everybody knew that the the knowledge or, at least, the acquiescence of mercenaries of Kisangani and Bukavu had been the Portuguese authorities. The United States serving in the Congolese armed forces. When- representative, for example, said that his dele- ever there was trouble inside the Democratic gation's own knowledge of the history of the Republic of the Congo, its Government sought mercenary problem in the Democratic Republic to throw the responsibility on Portugal, which of the Congo created a strong presumption that did not interfere in the internal affairs of the the resolutions of the Security Council had been Democratic Republic of the Congo despite the violated. fact that the latter had for the last seven years The representative of France said that his been openly promoting armed aggression against Government had been encouraged by the ability Angola from bases in its own territory. of the Democratic Republic of the Congo to In the face of the present allegations, his deal with the activities of the mercenaries. Government reiterated previous invitations for France had already taken steps to prevent the United Nations investigation, on a reciprocal recruitment of mercenaries in its territory and basis, of alleged mercenary bases in Angola to discourage adventurers, and was ready to and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. associate itself with any co-ordinated measures Concerning evidence preferred by the Con- to stop the return of mercenaries to the Demo- golese authorities, the representative of Portu- cratic Republic of the Congo. gal said that granting that intercepted messages The USSR and Bulgaria shared the view from Major Schramme had asked for help that the continued use by the forces of colonial- from Angola, Portugal's responsibility would ism of Portuguese colonies as bases for armed have arisen only if, as a result, help had been intervention in the Democratic Republic of the sent from Angola. The photographs proved Congo must be condemned and the criminal nothing; they might have been taken anywhere practice of recruiting mercenaries be stopped and, in any case, could have been faked. Assum- immediately. The representative of the USSR ing the authenticity of the Belgian Govern- said that Portuguese colonialism drew its ment note, it did not say mercenaries had crossed strength from the North Atlantic Treaty Or- from Angola. The acceptance of refugees by ganization (NATO), which furnished Lisbon the Portuguese authorities contravened no in- with weapons for its struggle against the peoples ternational convention. of Africa. Bulgaria said that Portugal should be As for the cited press reports about arms condemned but, to prevent recurrence of such traffic through Lisbon, the representative of interference in the internal affairs of African Portugal said that if individuals or foreign air- States, the United Nations must help the Afri- craft transporting foreign goods presented valid can peoples to rid themselves of the scourge documentation on arrival in Lisbon, in transit, of the colonial yoke. the Portuguese authorities were freed from all Algeria, Burundi, Ethiopia, Mali and Zambia responsibility. Responsibility for seeing that arms declared that the evidence of Portuguese in- and mercenaries were not sent to the Demo- volvement in the activities of mercenaries in cratic Republic of the Congo rested on coun- the Democratic Republic of the Congo was in- tries where arms were bought, mercenaries re- controvertible; such activities were impossible cruited and travel facilities obtained. The Portu- without the direct or indirect assistance of cer- guese authorities, he continued, had always tain States. The mercenary aggression was a taken all reasonable measures to impede unlaw- threat to Africa in particular and to the world ful activities against the Congo from Portuguese in general, they agreed; only by totally eradi- territory. cating colonialism and its practice of economic QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 129 exploitation could peace and security be re- which the organization of such forces posed to stored in Africa. the territorial integrity and independence of The representative of Nigeria said that the States. African case in support of the Democratic Re- By the operative paragraphs of the resolution public of the Congo had been most effectively the Council: (1) condemned any act of inter- presented by the representatives of Algeria, ference in the internal affairs of the Democratic Burundi, and Zambia and supported by the Republic of the Congo; (2) condemned, in representative of Ethiopia. particular, the failure of Portugal, in violation Brazil said that it felt the evidence pre- of Security Council resolutions 226 of 14 Oc- sented to the Council was insufficient to estab- tober 1966 and 239 of 11 July 1967, to prevent lish unequivocally participation of the Portu- mercenaries from using the territory of Angola guese authorities in the recent events in Ka- as a base for armed attacks against the Congo; tanga. It would be difficult to single out any (3) called upon Portugal to put an end imme- one country, or rather the citizens or organiza- diately, in conformity with the above-mentioned tions of a single country, as mainly responsible resolutions, to any assistance whatsoever to the for the mercenary operations in the Democratic mercenaries; (4) called upon all countries re- Republic of the Congo. ceiving mercenaries who had participated in The representative of Argentina believed that, the armed attacks against the Congo, to take with the available elements of proof, it was measures to prevent those mercenaries from possible to confirm that the authorities adjoin- renewing their activities against any State; (5) ing the Congo did not act to prevent their called upon all Member States to co-operate territory from becoming a bridgehead for inter- with the Council in the implementation of the ventionist activities. All cases of intervention resolution; (6) decided that the Security Coun- must be deplored without need to go into ele- cil should remain seized of the question and ments so difficult to define and prove as intent requested the Secretary-General to follow the and co-participation. implementation of this resolution. On 15 November 1967, the President in- (For text of resolution, see DOCUMENTARY formed the Council that following informal REFERENCES.) consultations a consensus had been reached on Brazil announced that if a vote had been the text of a draft resolution and that one taken it would have abstained, as it could not member of the Council had reserved the right support the operative paragraphs in the resolu- to make observations on one particular para- tion numbered 2 and 3 (above). graph. The representative of the USSR said that The text, as read out by the President, was although the resolution just adopted did to some adopted, without objection, as resolution 241 extent condemn the Portuguese activities, it was (1967). insufficient. There should have been a more By the preamble to the resolution, the Se- decisive condemnation of those guilty of aggres- curity Council, among other things, expressed sion against the Congo and more effective meas- concern at the serious situation created in the ures taken to prevent such interventions in Democratic Republic of the Congo following the internal affairs of the Congo. the armed attacks by foreign forces of mer- The representative of the Democratic Re- cenaries and it expressed concern that Portugal public of the Congo thanked the Council for allowed those mercenaries to use the territory of its concern about the peace and territorial in- Angola under its administration as a base for tegrity of his country. The danger was not their armed attacks against the Democratic over, he said, since the mercenaries had stated Republic of the Congo. Considering the sup- that they would return. Members of the Coun- port and assistance that those mercenaries had cil should use their influence on the Portuguese continued to receive from some foreign sources Government to stop its evil acts. In addition, with regard to recruitment and training, as not only the mercenaries but those who em- well as transport and supply of arms, the Coun- ployed them must be condemned. cil further expressed its concern at the threat The representative of Portugal repudiated the 130 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS resolution as unacceptable to his Government, the Council. Portugal, he said, also rejected the which rejected its implications, particularly two operative paragraphs which condemned it those in the preambular paragraph expressing for preventing the mercenaries from using An- concern that Portugal had allowed the mer- gola as a base of operations for armed attacks cenaries, to use Angola as a base for their against the Democratic Republic of the Congo armed attacks against the Democratic Republic and which called upon it to put an end imme- of the Congo. He termed the accusation base- diately to the provision of any assistance what- less, unjust and uncalled-for in view of Portu- soever to the mercenaries. gal's offer to have the matter investigated by (See also pp. 713-25.)

DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES COMMUNICATIONS FROM PORTUGAL the Government of the Democratic Republic of the AND THE DEMOCRATIC Congo; REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO "4. Decides that the Security Council shall re- S/7818. Letter of 13 March 1967 from Portugal. main seized of the question; S/7827. Letter of 16 March 1967 from Democratic "5. Requests the Secretary-General to follow close- Republic of Congo. ly the implementation of the present resolution." A/6702 and Corr.1. Report of Security Council to General Assembly. Chapter 4C. S/8081 and Rev.l, Rev.l/Corr.l. Letter of 20 July 1967 from Democratic Republic of Congo trans- COMPLAINT BY DEMOCRATIC mitting note from Minister for Foreign Affairs REPUBLIC OF CONGO CONCERNING ACT of Democratic Republic of Congo. OF AGGRESSION S/8102. Note verbale of 28 July 1967 from Demo- Security Council, meetings 1363, 1364, 1367. cratic Republic of Congo. S/8113. Letter of 4 August 1967 from Belgium. S/8031. Communication of 5 July 1967 from Demo- S/8118. Letter of 10 August 1967 from Democratic cratic Republic of Congo. Republic of Congo. S/8036. Letter of 6 July 1967 from Democratic S/8129. Letter of 19 August 1967 from Portugal. Republic of Congo (requesting convening of Coun- S/8174. Letter of 29 September 1967 from Demo- cil). cratic Republic of Congo. S/8039. Letter of 7 July 1967 from Spain. S/8050. Ethiopia, India, Mali, Nigeria: draft re- COMPLAINT BY DEMOCRATIC solution. REPUBLIC OF CONGO S/8051. Letter of 10 July 1967 from Belgium. AGAINST PORTUGAL Security Council, meetings 1372, 1374, 1376-1378. RESOLUTION 239(1967), as submitted by 4 powers, S/8050, adopted unanimously by Council on 10 S/8218. Letter of 3 November 1967 from Democratic July 1967, meeting 1367. Republic of Congo (requesting convening of Coun- cil). "The Security Council, S/8221, S/8228, S/8231, S/8233. Requests to par- "Having taken cognizance of the message of the ticipate in Council's discussion from Portugal, Congolese Government contained in document S/ Burundi, Zambia and Algeria. 8031, S/8238. Note verbale of 13 November 1967 from "Having discussed the serious developments in the Portugal. Democratic Republic of the Congo, "Concerned by the threat posed by foreign inter- RESOLUTION 241(1967), adopted without vote on 15 ference to the independence and territorial integrity November 1967, meeting 1378. of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, "1. Reaffirms in particular paragraph 2 of Security "The Security Council, Council resolution 226(1966) of 14 October 1966; "Concerned by the serious situation created in the "2. Condemns any State which persists in per- Democratic Republic of the Congo following the mitting or tolerating the recruitment of mercenaries, armed attacks committed against that country by and the provision of facilities to them, with the ob- foreign forces of mercenaries, jective of overthrowing the Governments of States "Concerned that Portugal allowed those mercenaries Members of the United Nations; to use the territory of Angola under its administra- "3. Calls upon Governments to ensure that their tion as a base for their armed attacks against the territory and other territories under their control, Democratic Republic of the Congo, as well as their nationals, are not used for the "Taking into consideration the support and assist- planning of subversion, and the recruitment, train- ance that those mercenaries have continued to re- ing and transit of mercenaries designed to overthrow ceive from some foreign sources with regard to re- QUESTIONS RELATING TO AFRICA 131 cruitment and training, as well as transport and "3. Calls upon Portugal to put an end immediately, supply of arms, in conformity with the above-mentioned resolutions "Concerned at the threat which the organization of the Security Council, to the provision to the mer- of such forces poses to the territorial integrity and cenaries of any assistance whatsoever; independence of States, "4. Calls upon all countries receiving mercenaries "Reaffirming resolutions 226 of 14 October 1966 who have participated in the armed attacks against and 239 of 11 July 1967, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to take ap- "1. Condemns any act of interference in the in- propriate measures to prevent them from renewing ternal affairs of the Democratic Republic of the their activities against any State; Congo; "5. Calls upon all Member States to co-operate "2. Condemns, in particular, the failure of Por- with the Security Council in the implementation tugal, in violation of the above-mentioned Security of this resolution; Council resolutions, to prevent the mercenaries from "6. Decides that the Security Council should re- using the territory of Angola under its administration main seized of the question and requests the Secretary- as a base of operations for armed attacks against General to follow the implementation of the present the Democratic Republic of the Congo; resolution."

RELATIONS BETWEEN PORTUGAL AND GUINEA, PORTUGAL AND SENEGAL, PORTUGAL AND ZAMBIA COMMUNICATION CONCERNING the frontier of Guinea. The Portuguese armed RELATIONS BETWEEN forces had not crossed the frontier. The accusa- PORTUGAL AND GUINEA tion of violation of Senegalese territory was On 13 October 1967, Guinea, in a letter to consequently false. The Senegalese Government the President of the Security Council, com- was responsible for such episodes because it had plained of a number of warlike acts perpetrated improperly authorized terrorist elements to against it by Portugal from the occupied terri- tory of Guinea-Bissau. On 4 October, three utilize its territory as a base of aggression against Portuguese aircraft had attacked and bombed the province of Guinea. the Guinean village of Kandodi 40 kilometers In further letters to the Security Council, inside Guinean territory, causing the death of dated 9 October and 29 November 1967, Sene- 11 nationals of Guinea, including women, chil- gal charged Portugal with six violations of dren and aged persons. Senegalese territory between 1 September and This provocation, the letter said, followed a 6 November. They involved violations of air long series of armed attacks launched in 1965 space, crossings of the frontier, casualties, ab- and 1966 against Guinean villages. The Repub- ductions and looting. lic of Guinea protested most vigorously against COMMUNICATION CONCERNING this adventurist policy and warned the Portu- RELATIONS BETWEEN guese authorities and their allies of the serious PORTUGAL AND ZAMBIA consequences which might result. By a letter to the Secretary-General on 3 January 1967, Zambia denied Portuguese COMMUNICATIONS CONCERNING charges made in a letter of 12 December 1966, RELATIONS BETWEEN that it was allowing illicit activities on its terri- PORTUGAL AND SENEGAL 34 On 19 July and 11 September 1967, Senegal tory against Portuguese territory. Portugal, addressed communications to the President of Zambia declared, was engaged in a war against the Security Council charging that on 12 July the local inhabitants of Angola and Mozam- and 5 August, armed Portuguese soldiers from bique, who were fighting for freedom and inde- Guinea-Bissau had infiltrated into Senegalese pendence. Because of Portugal's repressive pol- territory where they had perpetrated acts of icy, no less than 3,000 refugees had fled for violence, destruction and looting. asylum into Zambia, causing a major refugee On 22 September 1967 Portugal replied by problem. No Zambian citizens were known to letter, stating that on the night of 5-6 August, be engaging in acts of aggression against the villagers had repulsed attacking terrorist ele- Portuguese Government, and in August 1966 ments from Senegal and pursued them across 34 See Y.U.N., 1966, p. 122. 132 POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS the Vice President of Zambia had visited refu- selves witnessed the Portuguese activities. In gees in camps, informing them that they were order to protect Zambian citizens against almost not to carry out political activities. That re- daily Portuguese incursions, the Zambian Gov- mained the policy of Zambia. ernment had dispatched a small contingent of It was surprising, the letter continued, that militiamen to guard the border. Portugal had denied the incident of 21 November (See also pp. 713-25.) 1966, of which Zambia had complained on 5 De- cember 1966,35 as Zambian officers had them- 35 Ibid.

DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES COMMUNICATION CONCERNING S/8164. Letter of 22 September 1967 from Portugal. RELATIONS BETWEEN S/8186, S/8277. Letters of 9 October and 29 Novem- PORTUGAL AND GUINEA ber 1967 from Senegal. S/8193. Letter of 13 October 1967 from Guinea. COMMUNICATION CONCERNING COMMUNICATIONS CONCERNING RELATIONS BETWEEN RELATIONS BETWEEN PORTUGAL AND ZAMBIA PORTUGAL AND SENEGAL S/7664. Letter of 3 January 1967 from Zambia. S/8080, S/8151. Letters of 19 July and 11 September A/6702 and Corr.1. Report of Security Council to 1967 from Senegal. General Assembly, Chapter 20.

CO-OPERATION BETWEEN THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY A report on co-operation between the United New York, had been arranged in April-May Nations and the Organization of African Unity 1967 under the auspices of the United Nations (OAU) was submitted to the General Assem- Institute for Training and Research (UNI- bly on 1 November 1967 by the Secretary-Gen- TAR). eral. The co-operative activities had been de- OAU had also participated in meetings of veloped in accordance with General Assembly the United Nations Economic Commission for requests of 11 October 1965 and 15 December Africa (ECA), and continuous co-operation at 1966.36 the working level had been maintained between The Secretary-General reported that he had the secretariats of OAU and ECA. At the Com- been represented at the sessions of the Council mission's eighth session, held at Lagos, Nigeria, of Ministers of OAU held, respectively, at Addis from 13 to 25 February 1967, it had been Ababa, Ethiopia, in February-March 1967 and stressed that collaboration between the two or- at Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the ganizations should be promoted on the basis Congo, in September 1967. In September 1967, of the agreement between them. the Secretary-General had addressed the Assem- On 5 December 1967, the General Assembly bly of Heads of State and Government of OAU, took note of the report of the Secretary-General. at a session held at Kinshasa. 36 See Y.U.N., 1965, p. 139, text of resolution 2011 A two-month training programme for four (XX) and Y.U.N., 1966, p. 124, text of resolution OAU officers at United Nations Headquarters, 2193(XXI).

DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES

GENERAL ASSEMBLY——22ND SESSION Organization of African Unity. Report of Secretary- Plenary Meeting 1620. General. A/6885. Co-operation between United Nations and QUESTIONS RELATING TO ASIA AND THE FAR EAST 133

COMMUNICATIONS CONCERNING RELATIONS BETWEEN SOMALIA AND FRENCH SOMALILAND In a letter to the President of the Security Coun- border against further arbitrary expulsions, over cil dated 16 June 1967, the representative of 2,500 internees were forced by the French Somalia charged that the French Somaliland Somaliland authorities to cross the frontier into authorities had expelled inhabitants of the terri- Somalia in a remote, desolate area. A consider- tory for the purpose of influencing a referendum able number had succumbed to exhaustion, (scheduled for 19 March 1967) in French exposure and hunger. Somaliland regarding the future status of this Over 10,000 inhabitants of French Somali- non-self-governing territory. This action, he land, almost 5 per cent of the total population charged, began soon after the French Govern- of the territory, the letter said, had thus been ment had in September 1966 decided on the forced into involuntary exile in Somalia. This referendum. He described the action as a sys- systematic expulsion of French Somali citizens, tematic policy of forcibly expelling inhabitants which constituted a direct violation of the sov- of the territory into Somalia with the evident ereignty of the Somali Republic and of prin- design of preventing their casting votes for ciples of the Universal Declaration of Human independence and of providing a referendum Rights (adopted by the United Nations General result favourable to continued non-self-govern- Assembly on 10 December 1948), was part and ing status for the territory. parcel of a policy aimed at changing the ethnic By the referendum date of 19 March 1967, balance and character of French Somaliland. the letter continued, over 8,000 persons had As efforts to induce the French Government to been expelled. Moreover, immediately after the arrange for the return of the vast majority of referendum, the authorities of French Somali- those expelled who were French Somali citi- land carried out large-scale arrests among the zens had thus far been unsuccessful, the Govern- Somali inhabitants of the territory, again under ment of Somalia was therefore compelled to the pretext that those arrested were citizens of bring the serious situation formally to the atten- Somalia and not of French Somaliland. The tion of the Security Council in accordance with arrested persons were forcibly transported to Article 35, paragraph 1, of the Charter. (For desert camps outside Djibouti. The Government text of Article 35, see APPENDIX II.) of Somalia having been compelled to close its (See also pp. 664-67.)

DOCUMENTARY REFERENCES S/7992. Letter of 16 June 1967 from Somalia. A/6702 and Corr.1. Report of Security Council to General Assembly, Chapter 33.

CHAPTER VII QUESTIONS RELATING TO ASIA AND THE FAR EAST

THE REPRESENTATION OF CHINA IN THE UNITED NATIONS

The question of the "Restoration of the Lawful In an explanatory memorandum of 8 Sep- Rights of the People's Republic of China in the tember 1967 accompanying their request, they United Nations" was included in the agenda stated that the restoration of the lawful rights of of the twenty-second (1967) session of the the People's Republic of China in the United General Assembly, at the request of Albania, Nations, and in all its subsidiary bodies, and Algeria, Cambodia, the Congo (Brazzaville), the recognition of the representatives of that Cuba, Guinea, Mali, Romania and Syria. Government as the sole legitimate represen-