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2013 Thesis Small Mammals Small Mammal Habitat Utilization of a Feedstock Agroforest System in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Forest Resources by KEVIN DALE WOOD, B.S. University of Arkansas-Monticello, 2011 August 2013 University of Arkansas-Monticello This Thesis Approved for Recommendation to the Graduate School. Thesis Director: Dr. Don White, Jr. Thesis Committee: Dr. Robert E. Kissell, Jr. Dr. John Hunt Dr. Philip A. Tappe Dean, School of Forest Resources Dr. Jimmie Yeiser Dean, Graduate School ii ABSTRACT In recent years, there has been an increasing effort to expand the production and use of biofuels to ease our dependence on foreign oil. A concern associated with the expansion of bioenergy feedstock production is that marginal land currently forested or managed for wildlife habitat in conservation programs will be converted to corn or soybean production due to high market values of these crops. Cottonwood (Populus deltoides)-switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) agroforests could provide suitable habitat for a number of wildlife species on this type of land while providing needed bioenergy feedstocks. Small mammals are ecologically important for a variety of reasons, and play a vital role in the enhancement and preservation of biological diversity. Little is known about how small mammals would utilize these biofuel feedstock agroforest systems. I used multivariate analysis to describe variation in composition and abundance of small mammals within a feedstock agroforest system in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain in southeast Arkansas. I used canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) in program to produce ordination diagrams. I recorded 261 individuals of 5 taxa of small mammals across 4 seasons combined. House mouse (Mus musculus) accounted for 63.98% of individuals captured, hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) accounted for 16.48% of individuals captured, marsh rice rat (Oryzomys palustris) and Peromyscus sp. accounted for 9.78% each of individuals captured, and fulvous harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys fulvescens) accounted for 0.38% of individuals captured. Canonical correspondence analysis of habitat variables and small mammal captures for all seasons combined resulted in a partial CCA with explanatory variables accounting for 34.3% of the total variation among captures. Down woody debris, water, canopy cover, and presence of trees exerted the greatest influence iii on capture rates. Canonical correspondence analysis of plant species and small mammal captures for all seasons combined resulted in a partial CCA with explanatory variables accounting for 32.6% of the total variation among captures. Cottonwood trees, Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense), soybeans (Glycine max), and switchgrass exerted the greatest influence on capture rates. To achieve the greatest biodiversity in a feedstock agroforest, I recommend the following. Plant alley cropped cottonwood and switchgrass combination stands to maximize plant heterogeneity. Minimize use of herbicides and other weed control measures to allow plants important to small mammals to grow within cottonwood stands. Leave woody debris, which is important to some small mammals, on site after harvest of cottonwood stands. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I thank God for the vision and strength He gave me to pursue a graduate degree. The completion of this project would have been possible without Him. I thank my wife for her support and sacrifices, which allowed me to pursue my dream of a postgraduate education. I send thanks to my Major Professor, Dr. Don White, Jr., for his support, guidance, assistance, and friendship. I also thank my Graduate Committee members, Dr. Rob Kissell and Dr. John Hunt, for their constructive comments during different phases of this project. A special thanks to Chris Watt for his assistance with field work and other aspects of this project. I thank Allan Humphrey for his assistance in the field as well. I am grateful to Dr. Karen Fawley and Dr. Marvin Fawley for their assistance with plant identification. I was my pleasure working with all of you. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ........................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................v Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................. vii List of Figures ................................................................................................................. ix Introduction .......................................................................................................................1 Study Objectives ...............................................................................................................3 Literature Review..............................................................................................................4 Methods.............................................................................................................................7 Results .............................................................................................................................27 Discussion .......................................................................................................................36 Recommendations ...........................................................................................................43 Literature Cited ...............................................................................................................44 Appendix .........................................................................................................................52 vi LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Habitat variables measured on habitat plots at the (Rohwer) Southeast Research and Extension Center, Desha County, Arkansas, 2012 ...................................18 Table 2. Small mammal community characteristics by treatment for all seasons combined at the (Rohwer) Southeast Research and Extension Center, Desha County, Arkansas, 2012 ..................................................................................................27 Table 3. Small mammal community characteristics by treatment for winter trapping session at the (Rohwer) Southeast Research and Extension Center, Desha County, Arkansas, 2012 ................................................................................................................28 Table 4. Small mammal community characteristics by treatment for spring trapping session at the (Rohwer) Southeast Research and Extension Center, Desha County, Arkansas, 2012 ................................................................................................................28 Table 5. Small mammal community characteristics by treatment for summer trapping session at the (Rohwer) Southeast Research and Extension Center, Desha County, Arkansas, 2012 ..................................................................................................29 vii Table 6. Small mammal community characteristics by treatment for fall trapping session at the (Rohwer) Southeast Research and Extension Center, Desha County, Arkansas, 2012 ................................................................................................................29 Table 7. Summary statistics for CCA of habitat variables and small mammal captures at the (Rohwer) Southeast Research and Extension Center, Desha County, Arkansas, 2012………………….. ..................................................................................30 Table 8. Summary statistics for CCA of plant species and small mammal captures at the (Rohwer) Southeast Research and Extension Center, Desha County, Arkansas, 2012………………….....................................................................................................32 Table 9. Summary statistics for CCA of plant families and small mammal captures at the (Rohwer) Southeast Research and Extension Center, Desha County, Arkansas, 2012………………….....................................................................................................34 Table A1. List of plant species collected in agroforest plots for all seasons 2012…...50 viii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Study site location (Rohwer) Southeast Research and Extension Center, Desha County, Arkansas, 2012………………….. ...........................................................9 Figure 2. Arrangement of treatment plots at the (Rohwer) Southeast Research and Extension Center, Desha County, Arkansas, 2012 .........................................................10 Figure 3. Typical alley cropped cottonwood/switchgrass plot at the (Rohwer) Southeast Research and Extension Center, Desha County, Arkansas, 2011 ..................11 Figure 4. General vegetation types for 500 meter buffers around feedstock plots for winter 2012…………… .................................................................................................12 Figure 5. General vegetation types for 500 meter buffers around feedstock plots for spring 2012……………………………………………………………………………..13 Figure 6. General vegetation types for 500 meter buffers around feedstock plots for summer 2012...................................................................................................................14
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