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The Cultures of Ancient Xinjiang, Western China: Crossroads of the Silk Roads

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The Cultures of Ancient Xinjiang, Western China: Crossroads of the Silk Roads The Cultures of Ancient Xinjiang, Western China: Crossroads of the Silk Roads Edited by Alison V.G. Betts, Marika Vicziany, Peter Jia and Angelo Andrea Di Castro Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-406-2 ISBN 978-1-78969-407-9 (e-Pdf) © Authors and Archaeopress 2019 Cover images come from the following chapters in this book: Chapter 3, Figure 79. Xiaohe Cemetery: Painted wooden face (photo Xinjiang Institute of Archaeology); Chapter 4, Figure 5. Adunqiaolu: House Site F1 (photo Chinese Academy of Social Sciences); Chapter 7, Figure 5. Berel (Altay, Kazakhstan): horse tack ornament in gilded wood in the shape of griffin and mountain sheep with curling mane of Achae- menid inspiration (photo Mission Archéologique Française en Asie centrale – MAFAC). All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. The figures showing the location of the archaeological sites in this book remain the copyright of the editors unless written permission is given to reuse or republish them. Permission is to be sought by writing to [email protected] Printed in England by Severn, Gloucester This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Contents List of Figures ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ii Preface ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� vii Contributors�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������viii Chapter 1 Ancient Xinjiang at the International Crossroads ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 Marika Vicziany Chapter 2 Xinjiang in Prehistory ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9 Alison Betts Chapter 3 The Xiaohe (Small River) Cemetery and the Xiaohe Culture ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������19 Yidilisi Abuduresule, Wenying Li, Xingjun Hu Chapter 4 Tianshan as a Bridge: New Studies of Bronze Age Archaeology in the Western Tianshan, Xinjiang, China ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������52 Dexin Cong Chapter 5 A Report on Archaeological Findings in the Upper Yili Valley ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������64 Xuetang Liu Chapter 6 Painted Pottery of the Late Bronze Age – Early Iron Age in Central Asia: New Data from Southern Uzbekistan ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������84 Nikolaus G�O� Boroffka and Leonid M� Sverchkov Chapter 7 Shifting Exchange Patterns During the Bronze and Iron Ages Between China and the West in Eurasia ��������97 Henri-Paul Francfort Chapter 8 The Kashgar Oasis: Reassessing the Historical Record ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������113 Marika Vicziany and Angelo Andrea Di Castro Chapter 9 The Kashgar Oasis in Buddhist and Pre Buddhist Times: the Archaeological and Environmental Record ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������143 Angelo Andrea Di Castro, Marika Vicziany and Xuan Zhu Chapter 10 Unravelling Farming and Metallurgy in Ancient China with Nuclear Science �����������������������������������������������������171 John Dodson, Pia Atahan and Xiaoqiang Li Chapter 11 Early Wheat Cultivation and Plant Use in Xinjiang Prehistory: New Evidence Based on Starch Analysis ����181 Peter Jia and Florence Chau Index �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������200 i List of Figures Chapter 1 M. Vicziany: Ancient Xinjiang at the International Crossroads Figure 1. Diagram showing some of the key archaeological sites and locations referred to in this chapter ....................................... 1 Chapter 2 A. Betts: Xinjiang in Prehistory Figure 1. Diagram showing the key Xinjiang sites discussed in this chapter ............................................................................................ 9 Figure 2a and b. View of the pre-Bronze Age site of Goukou in the north-eastern Tianshan; stone tools from Goukou ................ 10 Figure 3. Qiemu’erqieke stone stela, Xinjiang Altai ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Figure 4. Ceramic vessels from the Adunqiaolu cemetery, Bortala Valley............................................................................................... 12 Figure 5. Deer Stone Khirigsuur Complex, Xinjiang Altai .......................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 6. Chawuhugou cemetery, painted jugs ............................................................................................................................................ 14 Chapter 3 Y. Abuduresule, W� Li and X� Hu: The Xiaohe (Small River) Cemetery and the Xiaohe Culture Figure 1. Diagram showing the distribution of the Xiaohe Culture in Xinjiang ..................................................................................... 20 Figure 2. Diagram showing the location of the Xiaohe Culture Cemeteries, Regions A and B ............................................................. 20 Figure 3. Cemetery 09LE50 located on the top of a yardang ....................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 4. Detail of Cemetery 09LE50............................................................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 5. Plan of Cemetery 09LE4 showing the location of the graves ..................................................................................................... 22 Figure 6. Cemetery 09LE4: General view looking south .............................................................................................................................. 22 Figure 7. Cemetery 09LE4: Burials 3-15, looking west ................................................................................................................................. 22 Figure 8. Cemetery 09LE4: Burial 1, looking south-west ............................................................................................................................. 23 Figure 9. View of Cemetery 09LE8 on top of the yardang............................................................................................................................ 23 Figure 10. Cemetery 09LE8: Burial 1 ............................................................................................................................................................... 23 Figure 11. Cemetery 09LE8: Mummified body. Burial 1............................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 12. Cemetery 09LE8: Burial 2 ............................................................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 13. Artefacts collected from Kongque River Delta Cemetery Burial 36 ....................................................................................... 25 Figure 14. Mummified body found at Kongque River Delta Cemetery Burial 36 ............................................................................25 Figure 15. Basket collected from Kongque River Delta Cemetery 37 ........................................................................................................ 26 Figure 16. Tiebanhe Cemetery ........................................................................................................................................................................ 26 Figure 17. Female mummy found at Tiebanhe Cemetery 2 ........................................................................................................................ 26 Figure 18. General view of the Gumuguo Cemetery .................................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 19. Radial burial patterns in the Gumuguo Cemetery .................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 20. Excavated burials at the Gumuguo Cemetery ...........................................................................................................................
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