太空|TAIKONG 国际空间科学研究所 - 北京 ISSI-BJ Magazine No. 10 June 2018 LUNAR AND PLANETARY SEISMOLOGY IMPRINT FOREWORD 太空 | TAIKONG In the last few years, during different planetary seismology. Especially ISSI-BJ Magazine meetings, discussions took place on since although the data available possible international cooperation dates back from the Apollo missions on planetary science, especially in the 70s, and there are several Address: No.1 Nanertiao, in the field of lunar seismology. papers reviewing past results on Zhongguancun, Haidian District, These discussions were related lunar seismology, the ISSI-BJ forum, Beijing, China to the possibility of joint scientific however, was rather to focus on the Postcode: 100190 experiments on Chinese lunar prospects of new science and future Phone: +86-10-62582811 Website: www.issibj.ac.cn missions or European space projects. programs, as there is still much It was subsequently suggested that to do in terms of new science. In Authors the scientists who are interested this sense, the proposed topic has in this topic should have closer a very high added value for ISSI- Philippe Lognonné (IPGP, France), Wing Huen Ip (NCU, GIA, Taiwan), contacts to pave the way for future BJ, especially with the success of Yosio Nakamura (UTIG, USA), collaboration when the opportunities Chang’e-3, and even more for the Wang Yanbin (SESS, PKU, China), Mark Wieczorek (LAGRANGE/ arise. With this in mind, the ISSI-BJ future Chinese Lunar/Planetary OCA, France) Executive Director, Prof. Maurizio missions, which may consider having William Bruce Banerdt (JPL/ Falanga, has been invited to visit Prof. such instruments onboard. The ISSI- Caltech, USA), Raphael Garcia Ip Wing Huen at the National Central BJ Science committee members (ISAE/SUPAERO, France), Patrick Gaulme (MPS/MPG, Germany), University, and, subsequently, he have positively recommended the Jan Harms (GSSI, Italy), Heiner visited Prof. Wang Yanbin, Peking forum proposal for implementation in Igel (LMU, Germany), Taichi Kawamura (IPGP, France), Martin University, and Peimin M. Zhu at 2017. Knapmeyer (DLR, Germany), the University of Geosciences in Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun (MPS, Wuhan and its group. After these This was the tenth science forum Germany), Shaobo Qu (HUST, China), Daoyuan Sun (USTC, discussions, which were including successfully organized by the China), Chi Wang (NSSC, CAS, also Prof. Philippe Lognonné, they International Space Science Institute China), Lin Xu (NSSC, CAS, China), Jinhai Zhang (IGG, CAS, decided to submit an ISSI-BJ forum in Beijing (ISSI-BJ). ISSI-BJ forums China), Peimin M. Zhu (CUG, proposal, i.e., from a bottom-up are informal and free debates, China) approach. There was no doubt that brainstorming meeting, among some Editor the addressed science topic is very twenty-five high-level participants on Anna Yang interesting and prospective: making open questions of scientific nature. a foresight exercise on the future of the study and understanding of This two-day Forum was held the internal structure, evolution and between January 11-12, 2017 and was designed to provide a Front Cover present activity of the Lunar and A nearly full moon taken from the Apollo 8 spacecraft at a point above 70 degrees east longitude. (Credit: NASA) 2 太空|TAIKONG brainstorming opportunity to discuss the and scientific analysis that may place the most important science developments in lunar and planetary seismology project and “lunar and planetary seismology” and how China in a central position due to its unique to achieve them technologically, by bring objectives and technology. together experts in both research and instrumentation. During the two-day forum, This TAIKONG magazine provides an special attention and discussions were given overview of the scientific objectives and to the post Apollo key science goals, as well the overall list of proposed seismometer as some of the key technological issues, experiments, including instrumentation and the next steps for future projects. In discussed during the Forum. total, over 30 leading scientists from eight countries participated in this Forum. I wish to thank the conveners and organizer of the forum Philippe Lognonné, Ip Wing Huen, The participants recognized the very high Yosio Nakamura, Mark Wieczorek, Wang scientific value for innovative lunar and Yanbin, as well as Michel Blanc who chaired planetary seismology project especially for the forum and welcomed all participants at the future, and raised constructive comments that time as the ISSI-BJ executive director. and suggestions. They recognized that the Special thanks are given to the ISSI-BJ staff, Chinese Lunar and Deep Space Exploration Lijuan En, Anna Yang, and Xiaolong Dong, program is innovative and challenging. for the active and successful organization of This offers significant opportunities for the forum. Let me also thank all those who cooperation through project coordination participated actively in this stimulating forum and contributed in writing this magazine. Prof. Dr. Maurizio Falanga Executive Director Beijing, May 2018 太空|TAIKONG 3 INTRODUCTION Forum Overview Planetary seismology is on Earth, and provided the seismology on other bodies not only the best tool to impact rate of meteoroids of the solar system, such determine the internal on the Earth-Moon system. as Mars, Venus, Mercury structure of planets, but it and small bodies. This also enables us to monitor The first goal of the assessment was made not the tectonic activity of Forum was to review only for the ongoing missions planets, to determine the the achievements of the in development, but also impact cratering rates of Apollo seismic experiment, in terms of seismic waves planets, and to quantify almost forty years after and source modeling, with acoustic sources of planetary the termination of ALSEP, specific focus on differences atmospheres. The Apollo with a special focus on the between Earth and planets; Passive Seismic Experiment analyses made in the last such as impact processes, (PSE), conducted as a fifteen years, and to identify scattering of waves in a component of the Apollo the science goals of a new high-Q crust, and interior/ Lunar Surface Experiment post-Apollo seismic return atmosphere coupling). Package (ALSEP), was not on the Moon. The Forum only the unique example did not only focus on the This FORUM gathered of a successful seismic lunar interior, but also together multidisciplinary experiment on a terrestrial addressed science goals key scientists from different body other than Earth, but associated with the use countries with the objective also one of the few examples of the Moon as a platform of to not only review the of seismic data used by the enabling the detection of unique heritage of the lunar science community more gravitational waves, which seismology experiment than forty years after their is made possible by its very and data sets, but also to acquisition. The experiment low background seismic contribute to the achievement successfully led to the noise. of a deeper scientific discovery of the crust and understanding of future core of the Moon, quake The second goal of the planetary seismology where mechanisms never observed Forum was to review the international coordination perspective of planetary and collaboration is needed. 4 太空|TAIKONG The Chinese Lunar Exploration Program The China’s Lunar by working in the 200 km orbiter, the Chang’E-2 Exploration Program (CLEP) high orbit above the Moon’s orbiter was launched is divided into three phases surface for more than 1 year, on October 1, 2010, by named “circling round the to detect the topography working in the 100 km high moon”, “landing on the and geomorphology, mineral orbit above the Moon’s moon” and “returning from composition and the first surface. Its spatial resolution the moon” before 2020. microwave detection of the has been significantly Up to now, Chang'e-1, moon, and high-energy increased compared to Chang’e-2 and Chang’E-3 particles and low-energy that of Chang’E-1, and the have been successfully ions near the moon. It was images of the moon with a launched (Figure 1). controlled to impact the resolution ratio of 7 m were moon and completed the obtained. It also obtained the The Chang’E-1 orbiter was preset science mission in images of topography with launched on October 24, 2009 on March 1. As a a resolution of 1.3 m at the 2007 carrying a total of 8 backup to the Chang’E-1 landing site for Chang’E-3, sets of scientific payloads, Figure 1: The roadmap of China Lunar Exploration Program. The Chang’E-5 probe was going to be launched in November 2017, which has been delayed until 2019. 太空|TAIKONG 5 so it was called the guide by a moon-based ultraviolet and poles of the moon. satellite of Chang’E-3. Since telescope (LUT). This makes Implemented missions are then, the Chang’E-2 satellite China the third nation to mainly limited on the surface conducted an extended have achieved soft landing of the moon. And some mission, especially with the and patrol on the moon after seismic data is acquired close flyby of asteroid Toutatis the United States and the by the Apollo program to obtain a 10 m-resolution former Soviet Union. more than 40 years ago, image. By implementing therefore, there is a lack the Chang’E-1 and The Chang’E-5 probe was of understanding of the Chang’E-2 satellites, China going to be launched in composition and structure of has made a breakthrough November 2017. However, the deep part of the moon. in the development of the its launching has been The South Pole-Aitken (SPA) key technology of lunar delayed until 2019 due basin is the largest and circulation exploration. The to a rocket failure. China oldest recognized impact aerospace engineering will launch an automatic basin on the moon, but it system of China in lunar sampler, which will land on has never been detected in exploration has been set up the nearside of the moon in a site.