DOCSLIB.ORG

The “Reversed Halo” Sign in Pneumonococcal Pneumonia: a Review with a Case Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The “Reversed Halo” Sign in Pneumonococcal Pneumonia: a Review with a Case Report European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2010; 14: 481-486 The “reversed halo” sign in pneumonococcal pneumonia: a review with a case report V. TZILAS, A. BASTAS, A. PROVATA, A. KOTI, V. TZOUDA, G. TSOUKALAS 4th Respiratory Medicine Department, Athens Chest Disease Hospital, Sotiria (Greece) Abstract. – The “reversed halo” sign The patient was febrile with a temperature of (RHS) is a distinct radiological sign representing 38.5°C (101.3oF). Her heart rate was 100 to 110 a focal rounded area of ground-glass opacity beats per minute with a sinus rhythm revealed on surrounded by a more or less complete ring of consolidation. Initially, it was reported in two ECG. Respiratory rate was 18 to 20 breaths per cases of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia and minute. She was hemodynamically stable with a was considered to be relatively specific of the blood pressure of 115/70 mm Hg. Auscultation disease. Since then, it has been reported in a of the lungs revealed crackles in the right lung wide variety of clinical entities, thus reducing its base. specificity. We describe the reversed halo sign in There was no clubbing, cervical or axillary a case of pneumonococcal pneumonia. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in lymphadenopathy, skin lesions or joint swelling. English literature. The presence of the “reversed Physical examinations of the rest systems did halo” sign during the resolution phase of pneu- not provide any significant information. monococcal pneumonia has serious implica- Total blood count revealed a mild nor- tions. First, it further reduces its specificity. Sec- mochromic anemia. The exact CBC was as fol- ond, it opens new areas of research regarding lows: Ht: 34.8%, WBC: 10,660/mm3, PLT: its significance in cases of cryptogenic organiz- 215,000 mm3. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate ing pneumonia. was 83 mm.h-1. Laboratory panel regarding liver Key Words: function, renal function, creatine kinase and elec- trolytes, were all within normal limits. Reversed halo sign (RHS), Pneumonococcal pneu- monia, Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP). At presentation the chest X-ray showed a consolidative pattern in the right middle and lower lung fields. A computed tomography of the chest showed extensive areas of consolida- tion with air-bronchogram in the lateral segment Case Report of the middle lobe and the right lower lung. A right sided pleural effusion was also noted (Fig- A 57 year old Caucasian woman presented ure 1). with a 7-days history of fever and non productive The patient was treated with moxifloxacin i.v. cough. She has been receiving clarithromycin (400 mg q.d.). She became afebrile during the (500 mg b.i.d.) by her general practitioner. Due fourth day. to the persistence of fever she was referred to our Sputum and blood cultures were negative, but clinic. At presentation the patient was febrile. the Streptococcus pneumoniae rapid urinary anti- She reported progressive dyspnea on exertion, a gen test was positive. pleuritic pain in the lower right hemithorax and At follow up the patient remained afebrile. constitutional symptoms as malaise and anorexia. Computed tomography of the chest revealed a She denied headaches, nausea, vomiting, diar- clear improvement. In the posterior segment of rhea, dysuria, night sweats, and weight loss. the right lower lobe there was a ring shaped She was currently retired and worked as a opacity surrounding an area of ground glass at- teacher. She was a non smoker and denied tenuation, thus creating the “reversed halo” sign ethanol, drug abuse, exposure to domestic ani- (RHS) (Figure 2). mals and recent travel. No drug allergies were After 3 months a chest X-ray revealed mini- noted. mal residual abnormalities (mild elevation of the Corresponding Author: Vasilios Tzilas, MD; e-mail: [email protected] 481 V. Tzilas, A. Bastas, A. Provata, A. Koti, V. Tzouda, G. Tsoukalas Figure 1. Areas of consolidation with air-bronchogram in the lateral segment of the middle lobe and the right lower lobe. Figure 3. After 3 months there is a minimal elevation of the right hemidiaphragm and a linear opacity in the right right hemidiaphragm and a linear opacity in the lower lung field. right lower lung field) (Figure 3). It must be stressed that the patient never re- ceived corticosteroids. To the best of our knowl- edge this is the first time in English literature that Review the reversed halo sign is described in pneumono- coccal pneumonia. Non Infectious, non Neoplastic Causes The “reversed halo” sign is a focal rounded area of ground-glass opacity surrounded by a Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia more or less complete ring of consolidation1. (COP) Initially it was reported in the context of cryp- Classically, the reversed halo sign was corre- togenic organizing pneumonia and was consid- lated with Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia ered to be characteristic of this disease. Howev- (COP). COP is one of the seven Idiopathic In- er the reversed halo sign has been described in terstitial Pneumonias. Formerly known as Bron- a variety of diseases. Its evaluation should be chiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia made with extreme caution taking into account (BOOP) the ATS/ERS consensus of the Idio- history, clinical examination and other radio- pathic Interstitial Pneumonias clearly encour- logical findings. ages the embracement of the term COP2. The latter term is preferred in order to avoid confu- sion with airway diseases such as constrictive bronchiolitis. Although relatively rare, COP has become a well characterized clinical entity with a specific pathological background in the con- text of a negative aetiological investigation. The histological hallmark is the presence of intralu- minal buds of connective tissue within alveolar ducts and alveoli. These can extend from one alveolus to the next through the pores of Kohn, thus creating a “butterfly” pattern3. Organiza- tion of connective tissue can be seen within bronchioles in the form of proliferative bronchi- olitis but this is not obligatory. Alveolar epithe- lial injury is believed to be the triggering event and the primary damage takes place on the alve- Figure 2. Follow-up CT reveals significant improvement. The “reversed halo” sign is recognized in the posterior seg- olar level. Lung architecture is usually pre- ment of the right lower lobe. (The patient herself proceeded served. Giant cell, granuloma or hyaline mem- to examination by a CT of the thorax). branes are absent. 482 The “reversed halo” sign in pneumonococcal pneumonia The RHS in COP was first reported by which showed noncaseating granulomas with Voloudaki et al. in two patients4. This paper is stains and cultures negative for fungi and acid very important because it also offers CT-patho- fast bacilli. logic correlation. The central area of ground Recently, Kumazoe et al.9 also reported the glass attenuation corresponded to alveolar septal RHS in a case of biopsy proven sarcoidosis inflammation and cellular debris while the ring (transbronchial). In this case it is important that of consolidation corresponded to the above men- besides the RHS there were also nodules with tioned histological pattern of Organizing Pneu- perilymphatic distribution (subpleural, perifissur- monia. al) which are considered characteristic of sar- The Authors concluded that since these fea- coidosis10. tures had not been described in any other disease, they might be characteristic features of COP. Exogenous Lipoid Pneumonia The actual term “reversed halo” sign was pro- Kanaji et al.11 reported the RHS in a patient posed by Kim et al5. The purpose of his study with exogenous lipoid pneumonia due to inhala- was to evaluate its value in the diagnosis of COP. tion of paint spray. Initially, CT revealed multi- 31 patients with COP were examined. Patients ple, bilateral nodules. After 5 months some of the with associated collagen vascular diseases or oth- nodules exhibited the RHS. er known causes of Organizing Pneumonia were excluded. The RHS was identified in 6 patients Wegener’s Granulomatosis (19%). It was not seen in any patients with We- Agarwal et al.12 described the RHS in a patient gener’s granulomatosis (14 patients), diffuse with Wegener’s granulomatosis. It is important bronchoalveolar carcinoma (10 patients), chronic that high resolution CT besides the RHS also re- eosinophilic pneumonia (5 patients) or Churg- vealed a cavitating mass. Hence, it seems that the Strauss syndrome (1 patient). Therefore, the Au- RHS was present at an intermediate stage before thors concluded that the reversed halo sign was the development of cavitation. relatively specific for a diagnosis of COP and can be considered another diagnostic adjunct. Since then several reports in medical litera- Infectious Causes ture, correlate the reversed halo sign with other clinical entities thus questioning its diagnostic Fungal Infections specificity regarding COP. The RHS is also reported in a case of minocy- Paracoccidioidomycosis cline induced Organizing Pneumonia6. Paracoccidioidomycosis, also known as South American blastomycosis, is a frequent endemic Non Specific Interstitial Pneumonia mycosis in Latin America, especially in farm (NSIP) workers13. Gasparetto et al.14 reviewed the high Ueda et al.7 reported a case of a 39 year old resolution CT findings in 148 patients with male who presented with chest discomfort, dry proven paracoccidioidomycosis. Besides the cough and dyspnea. High resolution CT showed known findings of interlobular septal thickening, ground glass opacities with bibasilar distribution. parenchymal bands, ground-glass opacities, cen- Loss of lung volume was indicative of a fibrotic trilobular nodules, the reversed halo sign was disorder. The RHS was also observed. A biopsy recognized in 15 patients (10%). There was no specimen was obtained during video assisted tho- zone predilection and in 2 cases the reversed halo racic surgery, which established the diagnosis of sign was the only finding. 3 patients underwent NSIP. surgical lung biopsy and a CT-pathologic correla- tion was possible.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • COVID-19 Pneumonia: the Great Radiological Mimicker
    Duzgun et al. Insights Imaging (2020) 11:118 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13244-020-00933-z Insights into Imaging EDUCATIONAL REVIEW Open Access COVID-19 pneumonia: the great radiological mimicker Selin Ardali Duzgun* , Gamze Durhan, Figen Basaran Demirkazik, Meltem Gulsun Akpinar and Orhan Macit Ariyurek Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has rapidly spread worldwide since December 2019. Although the reference diagnostic test is a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), chest-computed tomography (CT) has been frequently used in diagnosis because of the low sensitivity rates of RT-PCR. CT fndings of COVID-19 are well described in the literature and include predominantly peripheral, bilateral ground-glass opacities (GGOs), combination of GGOs with consolida- tions, and/or septal thickening creating a “crazy-paving” pattern. Longitudinal changes of typical CT fndings and less reported fndings (air bronchograms, CT halo sign, and reverse halo sign) may mimic a wide range of lung patholo- gies radiologically. Moreover, accompanying and underlying lung abnormalities may interfere with the CT fndings of COVID-19 pneumonia. The diseases that COVID-19 pneumonia may mimic can be broadly classifed as infectious or non-infectious diseases (pulmonary edema, hemorrhage, neoplasms, organizing pneumonia, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, sarcoidosis, pulmonary infarction, interstitial lung diseases, and aspiration pneumonia). We summarize the imaging fndings of COVID-19 and the aforementioned lung pathologies that COVID-19 pneumonia may mimic. We also discuss the features that may aid in the diferential diagnosis, as the disease continues to spread and will be one of our main diferential diagnoses some time more.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Infection in the Lung
    CHAPTER Fungal Infection in the Lung 52 Udas Chandra Ghosh, Kaushik Hazra INTRODUCTION The following risk factors may predispose to develop Pneumonia is the leading infectious cause of death in fungal infections in the lungs 6 1, 2 developed countries . Though the fungal cause of 1. Acute leukemia or lymphoma during myeloablative pneumonia occupies a minor portion in the immune- chemotherapy competent patients, but it causes a major role in immune- deficient populations. 2. Bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation Fungi may colonize body sites without producing disease or they may be a true pathogen, generating a broad variety 3. Solid organ transplantation on immunosuppressive of clinical syndromes. treatment Fungal infections of the lung are less common than 4. Prolonged corticosteroid therapy bacterial and viral infections and very difficult for 5. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome diagnosis and treatment purposes. Their virulence varies from causing no symptoms to death. Out of more than 1 6. Prolonged neutropenia from various causes lakh species only few fungi cause human infection and 7. Congenital immune deficiency syndromes the most vulnerable organs are skin and lungs3, 4. 8. Postsplenectomy state RISK FACTORS 9. Genetic predisposition Workers or farmers with heavy exposure to bird, bat, or rodent droppings or other animal excreta in endemic EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FUNGAL PNEUMONIA areas are predisposed to any of the endemic fungal The incidences of invasive fungal infections have pneumonias, such as histoplasmosis, in which the increased during recent decades, largely because of the environmental exposure to avian or bat feces encourages increasing size of the population at risk. This population the growth of the organism.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Rhinosinusitis and Imaging Modalities
    Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology (2012) 26, 419–426 Oculoplastic Imaging Update Fungal rhinosinusitis and imaging modalities ⇑ Ian R. Gorovoy, MD a; Mia Kazanjian, MD b; Robert C. Kersten, MD a; H. Jane Kim, MD a; M. Reza Vagefi, MD a, Abstract This report provides an overview of fungal rhinosinusitis with a particular focus on acute fulminant invasive fungal sinusitis (AFIFS). Imaging modalities and findings that aid in diagnosis and surgical planning are reviewed with a pathophysiologic focus. In addition, the differential diagnosis based on imaging suggestive of AFIFS is considered. Keywords: Acute fulminant invasive fungal sinusitis, Fungal rhinosinusitis, Imaging, Computed tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Ó 2012 Saudi Ophthalmological Society, King Saud University. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjopt.2012.08.009 Introduction individuals.6 It can be fatal over days and is characterized by invasion of the blood vessels with resulting tissue infarc- Fungal rhinosinusitis encompasses a wide spectrum of fun- tion. Unlike the other forms of fungal rhinosinusitis, anatomic gal infections ranging from mildly symptomatic to rapidly abnormalities that cause sinus pooling, such as nasal polyps fatal. Fungal colonization of the upper and lower airways is or chronic inflammatory states, do not appear to be signifi- a common condition secondary to the ubiquitous presence cant risk factors for AFIFS.4 of fungal spores in the air. Aspergillus species are the most AFIFS is usually due to Aspergillus species or fungi from prevalent colonizers of the sinuses.1 However, colonization the class Zygomycetes, including Rhizopus, Rhizomucor, Ab- is distinct from infection as the majority of colonized patients sidia, and Mucor.7 In diabetic patients, roughly 80% of AFIFS do not become ill with fungal infections.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspergillosis Complicating Severe Coronavirus Disease Kieren A
    SYNOPSIS Aspergillosis Complicating Severe Coronavirus Disease Kieren A. Marr, Andrew Platt, Jeffrey A. Tornheim, Sean X. Zhang, Kausik Datta, Celia Cardozo, Carolina Garcia-Vidal describing epidemiology and significance of aspergil- Aspergillosis complicating severe influenza infection losis occurring after severe viral infections, especially has been increasingly detected worldwide. Recently, coronavirus disease–associated pulmonary aspergil- influenza and coronavirus disease (COVID-19). losis (CAPA) has been detected through rapid reports, Aspergillosis associated with severe influenza primarily from centers in Europe. We provide a case virus infection (influenza-associated aspergillosis, series of CAPA, adding 20 cases to the literature, with IAA) was reported in 1951, when Abbott et al. de- review of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and outcomes. scribed fatal infection in a woman with cavitary in- The syndromes of pulmonary aspergillosis complicating vasive pulmonary aspergillosis noted on autopsy (2). severe viral infections are distinct from classic invasive Scattered reports appeared in thereafter; Adalja et al. aspergillosis, which is recognized most frequently in summarized 27 cases in the literature during 1952– persons with neutropenia and in other immunocompro- 2011, which reported predominance after influenza mised persons. Combined with severe viral infection, A infection, associated lymphopenia, and occurring aspergillosis comprises a constellation of airway-inva- in persons of a broad age range (14–89 years), but sive and angio-invasive disease and results in risks as- sociated with poor airway fungus clearance and killing, with little underlying lung disease (3). There were including virus- or inflammation-associated epithelial increased numbers of cases reported during and af- damage, systemic immunosuppression, and underlying ter the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic (3–10).
    [Show full text]
  • Pneumonia in HIV-Infected Patients
    Review Eurasian J Pulmonol 2016; 18: 11-7 Pneumonia in HIV-Infected Patients Seda Tural Önür1, Levent Dalar2, Sinem İliaz3, Arzu Didem Yalçın4,5 1Clinic of Chest Diseases, Yedikule Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey 2Department of Chest Diseases, İstanbul Bilim University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey 3Department of Chest Diseases, Koç University, İstanbul, Turkey 4Academia Sinica, Genomics Research Center, Internal Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Taipei, Taiwan 5Clinic of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey Abstract Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an immune system disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The purpose of this review is to investigate the correlation between an immune system destroyed by HIV and the frequency of pneumonia. Ob- servational studies show that respiratory diseases are among the most common infections observed in HIV-infected patients. In addition, pneumonia is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients. According to articles in literature, in addition to anti- retroviral therapy (ART) or highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the use of prophylaxis provides favorable results for the treatment of pneumonia. Here we conduct a systematic literature review to determine the pathogenesis and causative agents of bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis (TB), nontuberculous mycobacterial disease, fungal pneumonia, Pneumocystis pneumonia, viral pneumonia and parasitic infe- ctions and the prophylaxis in addition to ART and HAART for treatment. Pneumococcus-based polysaccharide vaccine is recommended to avoid some type of specific bacterial pneumonia. Keywords: HIV, infection, pneumonia INTRODUCTION Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets the CD4 T-lymphocyte or T cells.
    [Show full text]
  • The Outcome of Fungal Pneumonia with Hematological Cancer
    Infect Chemother. 2020 Dec;52(4):530-538 https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2020.52.4.530 pISSN 2093-2340·eISSN 2092-6448 Original Article The Outcome of Fungal Pneumonia with Hematological Cancer Esma Eren 1, Emine Alp 2, Fatma Cevahir 3, Tuğba Tok 4, Ayşegül Ulu Kılıç 4, Leylagül Kaynar 5, and Recep Civan Yüksel 6 1Kayseri City Hospital, Infectious Disease Clinic, Kayseri, Turkey 2Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey 3Unıversıty of Sakarya Applıed Scıences, Akyazı Vocational School of Health Services, Medical Services and Techniques Department, Sakarya, Turkey 4Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Kayseri, Turkey 5Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology, Kayseri, Turkey 6Kayseri City Hospital, Intensive Care Unit, Kayseri, Turkey Received: Jun 24, 2020 ABSTRACT Accepted: Oct 11, 2020 Corresponding Author: Background: Fungal pneumonia is a common infectious complication of hematological Esma Eren, MD cancer (HC) patients. In this retrospective study, the objective was set to identify the risk Infectious Diseases Clinic, City Hospital, factors and outcome of fungal pneumonia in adult HC patients. Kayseri, Turkey. Materials and Methods: Tel: +90-5545965092 This retrospective study was conducted with adult (>16 years) HC E-mail: [email protected] patients from January 2017 and December 2018. Results: During the study period, of 181 patients included 76 were diagnosed with fungal Copyright © 2020 by The Korean Society pneumonia. The most common HC was identified as acute myeloid leukaemia (40%). Of the of Infectious Diseases, Korean Society for participating patients, 52 (29%) were hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. Antimicrobial Therapy, and The Korean Society for AIDS The median age of patients with fungal pneumonia was significantly greater: 57vs.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Report of Fungal Infection Associated Acute Fibrinous and Organizing Pneumonitis Jiangnan Zhao1, Yi Shi1, Dongmei Yuan1, Qunli Shi2, Weiping Wang3 and Xin Su1*
    Zhao et al. BMC Pulmonary Medicine (2020) 20:98 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-020-1145-7 CASE REPORT Open Access A case report of fungal infection associated acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonitis Jiangnan Zhao1, Yi Shi1, Dongmei Yuan1, Qunli Shi2, Weiping Wang3 and Xin Su1* Abstract Background: Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonitis (AFOP) is an uncommon variant of acute lung injury, characterized by intra-alveolar fibrin and organizing pneumonia. Proposed etiologies include connective tissue diseases, infections, occupational exposure, drug reactions, and autoimmune disease. Here we present a rare case of fungal infection associated AFOP in patient with diabetes mellitus (DM) and review the relevant literature. Case presentation: A 67-year-old man complained of cough, fever, dyspnea and hemoptysis. Patient experienced a rapidly progressive course exhibit diffuse predominant consolidation, ground glass opacities, and multifocal parenchymal abnormalities on chest computed tomography (CT). Antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral treatments were ineffective. A CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy was performed. Histologically, the predominant findings were as follows: alveolar spaces filled with fibrin and organizing loose connective tissues involving 70% of the observed region, pulmonary interstitial fibrosis, and small abscesses and epithelioid cell granuloma in the focal area. Result of periodic acid-silver methenamine stain was positive. The fungal pathogen from the sputum culture was identified as P. citrinum repeatedly over 3 times. Patient was diagnosed with DM during hospitalization. Corticosteroids combined with an antifungal therapy were effective. Follow-up for 4 months showed complete radiological resolution. Conclusions: As this common “contaminant” can behave as a pathogen in the immunocompromised host, both clinicians and microbiologists should consider the presence of a serious and potentially fatal fungal infection on isolation of P.
    [Show full text]
  • Treatment of Fungal Infections in Adult Pulmonary and Critical Care Patients
    American Thoracic Society Documents An Official American Thoracic Society Statement: Treatment of Fungal Infections in Adult Pulmonary and Critical Care Patients Andrew H. Limper, Kenneth S. Knox, George A. Sarosi, Neil M. Ampel, John E. Bennett, Antonino Catanzaro, Scott F. Davies, William E. Dismukes, Chadi A. Hage, Kieren A. Marr, Christopher H. Mody, John R. Perfect, and David A. Stevens, on behalf of the American Thoracic Society Fungal Working Group THIS OFFICIAL STATEMENT OF THE AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY (ATS) WAS APPROVED BY THE ATS BOARD OF DIRECTORS, MAY 2010 CONTENTS immune-compromised and critically ill patients, including crypto- coccosis, aspergillosis, candidiasis, and Pneumocystis pneumonia; Introduction and rare and emerging fungal infections. Methods Antifungal Agents: General Considerations Keywords: fungal pneumonia; amphotericin; triazole antifungal; Polyenes echinocandin Triazoles Echinocandins The incidence, diagnosis, and clinical severity of pulmonary Treatment of Fungal Infections fungal infections have dramatically increased in recent years in Histoplasmosis response to a number of factors. Growing numbers of immune- Sporotrichosis compromised patients with malignancy, hematologic disease, Blastomycosis and HIV, as well as those receiving immunosupressive drug Coccidioidomycosis regimens for the management of organ transplantation or Paracoccidioidomycosis autoimmune inflammatory conditions, have significantly con- Cryptococcosis tributed to an increase in the incidence of these infections. Aspergillosis Definitive
    [Show full text]
  • Extensive Cavitary Fungal Pneumonia in a Patient with COVID-19 Infection
    Extensive Cavitary Fungal Pneumonia in A Patient With COVID-19 Infection Madiha Iqbal Aga Khan University Hospital Sher Muhammad Sethi ( [email protected] ) Aga Khan University Hospital https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7066-7124 Sadaf Hanif Aga Khan University Hospital Abdullah Ameen Aga Khan University Hospital Research Article Keywords: COVID-19, aspergillosis, thick walled cavitation, CAPA Posted Date: July 19th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-683851/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/8 Abstract Introduction: Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a viral disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). With the ongoing pandemic, it is observed that patients with COVID-19 infections are at increased risk of acquiring secondary bacterial and fungal infections. COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) is a new entity and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. COVID-19 is a pro-inammatory and immunosuppressive disease, provoking fungal infections, especially by Aspergillus species. Case Presentation: We describe a case of critically ill COVID-19 female patient. During her hospital course, she was intubated managed as ARDS and started on empiric antibiotics along with intravenous remdesivir. Clinically she improved and was extubated. Her chest x-ray few days after admission showed multiple cavities. However, 3days post extubation she deteriorated, with worsening hypoxia and pneumothorax and multiple cavitary lesions on HRCT of the chest. Her tracheal cultures showed aspergillus avus with rising serum galactomannan and beta D-glucan. She was diagnosed with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) associated pulmonary aspergillus (CAPA) infection and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Pneumonia in the Immunocompetent Host: a Possible
    Original Article Mol Imaging Radionucl Ther 2020;29:72-78 DOI:10.4274/mirt.galenos.2020.32154 Fungal Pneumonia in The Immunocompetent Host: A Possible Statistical Connection Between Allergic Fungal Sinusitis with Polyposis and Recurrent Pulmonary Infection Detected by Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Scintigraphy İmmünokompetan Hastada Fungal Pnömoni: Polipozis ile Alerjik Fungal Sinüzit ve Gastroözefageal Reflü Sintigrafisi ile Saptanan Tekrarlayan Pulmoner Enfeksiyon Arasında Olası İstatistiksel Bağlantı Leticia Burton1, Karl Baumgart2, Daniel Novakovic3, John Beattie4, David Joffe5, Gregory Falk5, Hans Van der Wall1 1University of Notre Dame, CNI Molecular Imaging, Sydney, Australia 2North Shore Medical Centre, Sydney, Australia 3University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia 4Ryde Medical Centre, Sydney, Australia 5Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia Abstract Objectives: Fungal pneumonia in the immune competent host is a rarity with few reported cases in the literature. We present a series of 7 cases of recurrent fungal pneumonia in association with allergic fungal rhinosinusitis and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). We hypothesised that recurrent infection may have been transported from the infected paranasal sinuses into the lung by GERD as the process was terminated by surgical fundoplication in 2 of these patients. Methods: Patients were recruited into the study if they were immune competent and had recurrent fungal pneumonia and GERD. Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis was proven by biopsy. GERD was investigated by a scintigraphic test that assessed local oesophageal disease, lung aspiration and head and neck involvement with a hybrid gamma camera and X-ray computed tomography. Results: All patients were shown to have GERD with 5/7 showing paranasal sinus contamination and 7/7 showing laryngopharyngeal involvement and 6/7 lung aspiration.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Pneumonia in Dogs and Cats with Pulmonary Clinical Signs in Southern Brazil1 Mariana Pavelski2*, Sandra V
    Pesq. Vet. Bras. 38(4):696-702, abril 2018 DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-PVB-5066 Vet 2615 pvb-5066 SA Fungal pneumonia in dogs and cats with pulmonary clinical signs in southern Brazil1 Mariana Pavelski2*, Sandra V. Seixas3, José Francisco G. Warth4, Cybelle de Souza4, Rosangela L. Dittrich4 and Tilde R. Froes4 ABSTRACT.- Pavelski M., Seixas S.V., Warth J.F.G., Souza C., Dittrich R.L. & Froes T.R. 2018. Fungal pneumonia in dogs and cats with pulmonary clinical signs in southern Brazil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38(4):696-702. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, Curitiba, PR 80035-050, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] Fungal pneumonia has been a differential diagnosis in dogs and cats with pulmonary clinical signs, posting also a public health risk to respective owners. Since a common-source environmental exposure may result in infection, dogs and cats may also act as sentinels for both animal and human disease. Accordingly, the present study has aimed to evaluate the occurrence of fungal pneumonia in dogs and cats with pulmonary clinical signs from May 2013 to February 2015 in southern Brazil. Thoracic radiographs, blood work and non-bronchoscopic Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL), followed by cytology and microbiologic pathogenic fungus (Cryptococcus neoformans) and another dog to an opportunistic fungus analysis(Candida were parapsilosis) performed. Both in dogsall animals. have presented One dog coughwas positive as the prior in the clinical BAL fluid sign culture and showed for a thoracic radiographic changes. In conclusion, the occurrence of fungal pneumonia in southern allow diagnosis of fungal pneumonia caused by opportunistic or pathogenic fungi and this Brazildiagnosis in dogs should and be cats a concern through in of dogs this andstudy cats was with relatively pulmonary low.
    [Show full text]
  • PREVALENCE of FUNGAL PATHOGENS AMONG RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS Abbas M
    Al-Ammari et al (2019): Fungal Pathogens in RTIs November 2019 Vol. 22(8) PREVALENCE OF FUNGAL PATHOGENS AMONG RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS Abbas M. AL-Ammari1*, Anaam Fuad Hussain2, Thuraya Kadhim Ismael3 1. Biology Department, College of Science, Diyala University, Iraq. 2. Biotechnology Department, College of Science, Diyala University, Iraq. 3. Iraqi Ministry of Health and Environment, Diyala Health Environment, Baquba Teaching Hospital, Iraq Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT One-third of infections associated mortality is caused by respiratory diseases. Among these accounting, fungal respiratory infections are largely unrecognized. Although treatment, most invasive fungal infections stilled responsible forhigh mortality. Fungal spores typically enter the lung by inhalation, the spores reach lung through the bloodstream and cause fungal pneumonia. Inside the alveoli, the fungal spores travel throughout intracellular spaces and also passage to adjacent alveoli through connecting pores. One hundred twenty specimens including bronchoalveolar lavage, sinus, and sputum (40 specimens each) were randomized collected from patients with respiratory problems who attended Baquba Teaching Hospital for a period 7 months.Fungal cultures were performed using primary culture onto Sabouraud´s dextrose agar containing chloramphenicol which incubated at 28ºC for 1-2 weeks. The positive results were identified using standard conventional methods. Candida species reportedalmost fungal pneumonia isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage and sinus sites, with a percentage 28.6% and 26.7%, respectively. Whilst, Aspergillus fumigates was the almost fungal isolates from sputum specimens, with a percentage 24%. Young and adult groups were most percentage infected with Candida species (35.7% and 21.1%), respectively. Whilst old aged were most infected with A.
    [Show full text]