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Noken: Women Empowerment & Tourism Industry in Papua

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Noken: Women Empowerment & Tourism Industry in Papua Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 231 5th International Conference on Community Development (AMCA 2018) Noken: Women Empowerment & Tourism Industry in Papua Machya Astuti Dewi Meilan Sugiarto UPN “Veteran”Yogyakarta, Indonesia UPN “Veteran”Yogyakarta, Indonesia [email protected] [email protected] Iva Rachmawati Sri Issundari UPN “Veteran”Yogyakarta, Indonesia UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Indonesia [email protected] [email protected] Abstract. This article aims to explain the The existence of noken is currently worrying as fewer opportunities of wicker bags noken, as a way for Merauke women are interested in making and marketing Papuan women to be more empowered. Noken is a it. An article written by Kornelis Kewa Ama mentions traditional handmade Papuan handbag. Currently, that people in Papua often assume that noken (and other young women are starting to leave the tradition of local wisdom products such as saly, koteka, arrow bow, weaving noken because it is considered a symbol of tubers, and some other uniqueness of Papua) is a symbol backwardness. Woven bag noken may improve the of "backwardness" [2]. Noken has not been considered a welfare of women as well as sustaining Papua valued item as it is considered out of date. Many young tourism. If it is packed in an attractive way, noken Papuan women leave noken and replace them with can be used as a souvenir icon of Papua. In turn, it modern bags made of leather or plastic. It is not develops the tourism industry and a means of women surprising that noken is an unattractive item and it is empowerment. This article describes the more common to be displayed in street vendors than in opportunities for women's empowerment in major stores [3]. A noken craftswoman, Mama Lien (35 supporting the tourism industry through the years old) from Nabire does not have permanent place to development of woven bags noken. The research took sell noken, so that she sells it at the port when passenger place in Merauke district of West Papua. ships come in. Like Mama Lien, many noken craftswomen in Jayapura sell it in the grocery store, Keywords: noken, poverty, women empowerment, supermarket, or sidewalk. tourism industry This article aims to illustrate the potential of noken which, if managed properly, can be used as a means to INTRODUCTION support Merauke tourism by empowering women as craft workers. Noken may develop women empowerment and The Local Government of Merauke is creating many independency. Noken also helps to decrease poverty efforts to develop local tourism. The development of which cover Merauke times to times. Merauke tourism refers to the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 10 Year 2009 and the Policy of the THE CONDITION OF PAPUAN WOMEN AND THE Regional Government of Merauke Regency which aims DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM INDUSTRY to create a better social life that covers the political, economic, social and cultural aspects, security and order. Papua is the most-eastern province in Indonesia. The program is embodied in the vision of development of Compared to other provinces in Indonesia, Papua seems Merauke Regency Government Year 2011-2016 that says to be left behind in terms of infrastructure, human "Merauke Gerbang Andalan Manusia Cerdas dan Sehat, resources and technological development, despite the fact Gerbang Pangan Nasional, Gerbang Kesejahteraan dan that the province is wealthy of natural resources and Kedamaian Hati Nusantara (Merauke the Gate of abundant culture.The facts show that Papua Province has Intelligent and Healthy People, National Food Gate, a relatively high poor population compared to other Welfare Gate and Peace of the Nusantara Heart)[1]. provinces, ranking the first place of 28.40 percent (see Noken is a typical Papuan wicker bag that has the Table 1). potential to support Merauke tourism development. High poverty rates in this area indicate that there are Noken plays as a classicand real local tourism souvenir. gaps related to governance and community services, fund As one of Papuan culture symbols passed down from management, human resource quality improvement, generation to generation, noken is woven by women from limited availability of infrastructure, and breadth of middle aged ("mama-mama") to young girls1. Noken service areas with uneven distribution of populations in represent the closeness between Papuan women since isolated and border areas of RI-PNG . they make and wear it. Copyright © 2018, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). 225 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 231 people of Merauke can create iconic and typical souvenir Table 1. The poverty rate in Indonesia in 2016 for tourism project. Noken is a form of local wisdom that can be transformed into afascinating item that might become the icon of Merauke tourism. NOKEN AS A MEANS TO SUPPORT THE TOURISM INDUSTRY AND EMPOWERMENT Noken has a long philosophy that symbolizes the form of local wisdom of native Papuans. Noken is a term Source: Ministry of Women's and Children's Empowerment of commonly used in Papua to mention a traditional Republic of Indonesia Studies of Provincial and District Policy women’s bag in Papua. The word noken itself comes on Poverty Reduction through Home Industry; Study in Jayapura District, Papua, Jakarta, 2016 from Biak accent, namely inokson or inoken. However, each tribe in Papua has a different name for noken. For Women become one of the victims in the poverty example people in Biak Numfor call nokeninokson. The problems. One source of discrimination and Dani people in the Baliem Valley call it su. People living subordination to women originates from the household. in Harlens call noken in Moorish aramuto, in Women tend to be in sub ordinance, makes them in weak SentaniJayapura district, noken is called holoboi, and position because of the patriarchal culture. In terms of Marind people in Merauke district call nokenmahyan [5] domestic matter, there is an inequality in resource Noken has an important role either functionally, allocation, which cause women often suffer from the philosophically or culturally. Functionally nokenis a restriction on employment [5]. Meanwhile, according to typical Papuan traditional bag that is used to carry Hubeis and Mulyandari, poor women suffer more than anything. Large noken are usually used to carry items poor men and suffer more than fellow women who come such as firewood, crops in the garden, groceries, used in from a better economic class. There are some common traditional ceremonies, or even used to carry a child. The conditions for poor people: lack of food, low income, small noken are used to carry personal items [2]. untreated diseases due to cost and access to health Philosophically noken means fertility. Papuans in the past facilities, poor nutrition, unhealthy homes, poor believed that a woman who did not know how to make environment and poor water supply [2]. noken was considered immature. If a women was able to Women in Merauke district become one of the weave noken, she was considered an independent adult, victims of the problem of poverty, inequality and who was capable of working and deserved to get married. injustice. The fundamental problem in Merauke (Papua) Accordingly, noken now becomes symbol of fertility and 2 begins with the traditional Papuan women's position and peace for the people of Papua . Culturally, the noken duties in the family home. New issues of Papuan women bags are given to sign welcome and goodbye or as a gift began to rise as they entered their "new world" of of a memento [7]. Noken is given as a welcome gift for married life. In their “new world”, they might be family members or relatives who live far away [8]. confronted with other problems, for instance, husband Noken has a variety of basic materials ranging from violence (usually it is related to dowry paying to the whole-stitched wood bark, stitched nibun bark, knitted wife’s parents). The culture may play a role to put bark knife to woven pandanus leaf-shaped bag. women in second-class citizens. The general picture of According to Paul Yam, in ancient times women used women in Merauke seems to describe their pressure from coconut leaves and matting leaf woven in to a noken. many sides. The pressure can come from family, Nevertheless, certain areas use sago tree branches to community or culture. In such situations women need to make noken with kamboki. Then, the materials are increase their participation and prosperity. replaced with bark fibers [9]. Some other types of One of the efforts to improve women's welfare is nokenare made by knitting. Noken is made of special empowerment. Women empowerment basically puts wooden ropes that are not easily broken, such as rattan or women as the driving force of the economy. other trees. Empowerment is expected to provide opportunities for The existence of noken as a form of local wisdom can women to free themselves of the poverty problems. In be utilized in order to attract tourists to shop. Shopping is addition, tourism may offer a solution to involve women. generally a dominant factor when tourists travel to visit Also, tourism has the opportunity to increase local tourist places of interest [10]. According to Turner and revenues. Reisinger, tourists spend 2/3 of the overall cost of travel Merauke district has the potency to be developed into on domestic travel, as well as 1/5 of the overall cost of a tourist area through the development of creative shopping when traveling abroad [10]. Souvenir is one of economy. Papua has a wealth of culture, handicrafts and items to shop while traveling. exceptional local wisdom.
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