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CERN Bulletin CERN Bulletin Nos 41 & 42 – 12 & 19 October 2011 Upstream from OPERA: extreme Science driving facilities for attention to detail particle physics his week, CERN played host to the T10th ICFA (International Commit- tee for Future Accelerators) seminar, which brought together some 200 scientists, government agency rep- resentatives and lab directors from around the world to take the pulse of our field. ICFA seminars take place every three years, and this time the emphasis was on science as the driv- ing force for facilities. The theme of this year’s seminar could not have been more timely. (Continued on page 2) News Upstream of OPERA: extreme attention to detail 1 A word from the DG LHC Report: Steady as she goes 3 No mission is impossible for LHCb 4 In this issue Touching base with OPERA 5 Let the flowers grow… 6 “Light” might be the answer 7 CERN School of Physics travels to Romania 8 At the heart of CERN for one night 9 Playing soon at a planetarium near you 10 Underground installations of the CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS) project. Indian President visits CERN 11 Luis Álvarez-Gaumé to speak at El Ser Creativo First ingredient: a Two weeks ago, at a seminar held at CERN, the OPERA 2011 11 stable beam collaboration revealed their astonishing observation: neutrinos A Chat with James Watson 11 might move faster than light. The finding is currently under An exact “Tour de France” CERN produces neu- scrutiny in the scientific community. While the result downstream passes through CERN 12 trinos by sending a Did we build the LHC just to find the Higgs? 13 beam of protons to at Gran Sasso speaks for itself, upstream at CERN things are no Security Bingo 14 hit a target. The colli- less intriguing, with high-tech GPS systems, novel techniques Official news 15 sions produce a sec- for accurately measuring the time, and unique ways keeping the Take note 15 ondary beam, which initial particle beam stable. Take away one ingredient and the Training Course 19 mostly consists of External meeting 19 pions and kaons that accuracy needed for the final measurement is spoiled. Seminars 20 decay in flight within an evacuated tunnel. Their decay prod- not decay, while the resulting muons are ucts are muons and muon-neutrinos. An absorbed by rock within a kilometre and Published by: absorber stops the pions and kaons that do the muon-neutrinos continue through the The European Organization for Nuclear Research - CERN earth’s crust towards Gran Sasso. “In order to 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland - Tel. + 41 22 767 35 86 provide OPERA with a very stable neutrino Printed by: CERN Printshop © 2010 CERN - ISSN: Printed version: 2077-950X (Continued on page 2) Electronic version: 2077-9518 www.cern.ch/bulletin Upstream of OPERA: extreme attention to detail (Continued from page 1) beam, it is crucial that the primary proton and the cables that were to be installed time resolution would provide a valuable beam first hit the target in a very precise at CERN and in Gran Sasso were taken to cross-check. In the absence of this option, way. Any change in its alignment, as well as the Swiss Metrology Institute (METAS) for muons remain very good indicators of the any change in the subsequent focusing ele- accurate calibration. Later on, after OPERA properties of the neutrino beam we send ments, is reflected in changes to the muon researchers found their neutrino velocity towards Gran Sasso.” beam and therefore to the neutrino beam,” result, direct independent measurements explains Edda Gschwendtner, the physicist were performed by CERN’s Pablo Alvarez “Many ideas are currently being exchanged in charge of the CERN Neutrinos to Gran and experts from the German Institute of within OPERA and CERN, but I think a better Sasso (CNGS) secondary beam. The flux and Metrology (PTB) in order to cross-check the understanding of the time structure of the profile of the muons, the ‘sister particles‘ of time calibration on the two sites. “In addi- neutrino beam at its source would contrib- the neutrinos, are continuously monitored tion to all this, we installed caesium atomic ute to the quality of the measurements,” and the beam is stopped automatically clocks on both sides of the neutrino beam,” concludes Pablo Alvarez. by an interlock system if a deviation from explains Javier Serrano. “These clocks are the nominal values is detected. Should an very stable and can be used to provide an Are you wondering when we will have a anomaly in the beam persist, a team of additional check of the GPS time transfer second measurement of the neutrino’s time experts is on stand-by around the clock to and to increase its precision.” of flight? Dear old Albert might have told us: intervene and fix the problems. “Relatively soon”. The CERN timing experts, in collaboration CERN Bulletin Second ingredient: time measurements with the OPERA team, provided a very accu- rate time distribution of the primary proton Watch the animation of the CERN to Gran Any measurement of velocity implies a beam, which is assumed to correspond to Sasso neutrino beam: calculation of the time needed to cover the profile of the neutrino beam arrival the given distance. Beams Department time. This plays a crucial role in the off-line http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/986729 engineers Javier Serrano and Pablo Alvarez, calculation of the neutrinos’ time of flight. in collaboration with OPERA research- ers, have been performing OPERA’s time Last but not least: positioning measurements with outstanding accuracy. Did you “We measure the time using very accurate CERN surveyors also used GPS receivers to know? GPS receivers,” says Javier. “We provide the provide an accurate position for the target experiment with a time measurement made and the BCT, the points at the origin of the between the Beam Current Transformer time measurement. On the Italian side, Did you say “GPS”? (BCT) – an instrument that monitors the OPERA researchers worked collaboration How can experts reach such a high intensity profile over time of the primary with Mattia Crespi’s geodesy group from accuracy using GPS receivers? Are proton beam and is positioned just before the University of Rome to measure the posi- they the same instruments as the ones the target – and a point just before the tion of the centre of the detector using both we have in our cars? Not exactly… experiment’s electronics.” Researchers from GPS and other standard topographical tech- Standard GPS systems installed in the OPERA team have measured other pos- niques, linking the surface GPS points to the cars typically use only one of the two sible contributions to the time of flight of underground cavern. This involved stop- or three available signals emitted by the neutrinos, as well as the delay calibra- ping the traffic on one side of the motorway the global satellite system – each one tions not included by CERN’s calculations. from which the Gran Sasso Laboratory with a different encoding. In this way, caverns are accessed. “We provided OPERA standard GPS receivers are able to At Gran Sasso, the GPS time receiver was with the co-ordinates of the target here at provide co-ordinates of a given point positioned at the surface. An 8km optical CERN, which were transformed into a global within about 10 metres. On the other fibre linked that reference point with the co-ordinate system (ETRF2000). Using this hand, the GPS instruments used by heart of the detector where the neutrinos data, the OPERA team and the Rome group surveyors and time experts can analyse arrive. Special techniques were applied were able to combine measurements from all three signals as well as the carrier in order to accurately measure the length the two sides to accurately calculate their waves themselves, and can therefore of the optical fibre – and therefore the distance. The determination of the beam reach a much higher accuracy, down associated delay – for the overall timing line elements at CERN came with an overall to a few millimetres and nanoseconds. calibration. “The optical fibre length cali- uncertainty of 2 cm as it was based not only “In addition, the experts perform their bration was a limiting factor in previous on GPS data but also, for the underground measurements over a long period – up experiments that attempted to perform points which cannot be measured by GPS, to 24 hours for precise position deter- measurements of the particles’ time-of- from precise measurements performed mination– and then apply statistical flight,” continues Javier Serrano. at the time of the LEP construction,” says corrections to get a very precise result,” Dominique Missiaen, Head of the Survey says Mark Jones from the Survey After an initial phase in which the synchro- section at CERN. Section at CERN. nisation accuracy with CERN needed by OPERA for their neutrino oscillation meas- Next steps urements was at the level of 100 ns, CERN and OPERA experts proposed reaching for Checks, checks and even further checks nanosecond accuracy. “This opened the way – this is the approach being taken by the to a real time-of-flight measurement. From CERN experts. “We know the beam very our experience, we knew that the metrology well, but in this context it is important to labs around the world use time-measure- carefully study all details of the beam again. ment techniques that can reach an accuracy This applies to the muon beam in par- of 1 ns,” says Javier Serrano. No sooner said ticular,” says Edda Gschwendtner. “Ideally, than done. The GPS receivers, the antennas a neutrino near-detector with excellent 2 – 12 & 19.10.2011 LHC Report: Steady as she goes here is a little Despite the usual ups and downs, over the last fortnight the LHC has succeeded in delivering of the order over three weeks of 500 inverse picobarns a week.
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