INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF JURISTS Commission internationale de juristes - Comisión Internacional de Juristas
" dedicated since 1952 to the primacy, coherence and implementation of international law and principles that advance human rights "
ICJ LEGAL OPINION ON SECTION 3.10 OF THE RYAZAN OBLAST LAW President Mrs. Mary ROBINSON, Ireland
Vice-Presidents Dr. Rajeev DHAVAN, India Justice John DOWD, Australia I. INTRODUCTION
Executive Committee Prof. Vojin DIMITRIJEVIC, Serbia !" #$%&'()*+,'-.%/%0/'%&'.102%3)3'45'6$)'!"#$%"&#'("&)*+(,,'--'("* Justice Unity DOW, Botswana Dr. Gustavo GALLÓN GIRALDO, Colombia (.*/0%'-#-'+6'6$)'1)78)&6'09'6$)':0;.,+%/+/6'901'&84;%&&%0/'60' Mr Stellan GÄRDE, Sweden 6$)'<8;+/'=%*$6&':0;;%66))'%/'1),+6%0/'60'6$)'>0/&%3)1+6%0/'09' Prof. Robert GOLDMAN, United States Dr. Pedro NIKKEN, Venezuela 6$)'>+&)'!%'"&*1$2(#(3&*34*50--'&"*1$2$%&#'(""' Justice Michèle RIVET, Canada Mr Raji SOURANI, Palestine ' Prof. Leila ZERROUGUI, Algeria ?" #$)'!"#$%"&#'("&)*+(,,'--'("*(.*/0%'-#-'%&'+/'%/6)1/+6%0/+,'/0/@ Other Commission Members *02)1/;)/6+,'01*+/%&+6%0/A')&6+4,%&$)3'%/'!BC?'+/3' Mr. Muhand AL-HASSANI, Syria Mr. Ghanim ALNAJJAR, Kuwait $)+378+16)1)3'%/'D)/)2+A'EF%6G)1,+/3"''H6'F01I&'60'+32+/>)'6$)' Mr Raja AZIZ ADDRUSE, Malaysia Prof. Abdullahi AN-NA’IM, Sudan 18,)'09',+F'+/3'60')/&81)'6$)'30;)&6%>'%;.,);)/6+6%0/'09' Justice Solomy BALUNGI BOSSA, Uganda Mr. Abdelaziz BENZAKOUR, Morocco %/6)1/+6%0/+,'$8;+/'1%*$6&',+F"''H/'6$%&'>0/6)J6'%6'.10;06)&' Justice Ian BINNIE, Canada E6+6)&K'>0;.,%+/>)'F%6$'6$)%1'%/6)1/+6%0/+,'$8;+/'1%*$6&',)*+,' Prof. Alexander BRÖSTL, Slovakia Justice Arthur CHASKALSON, South Africa 04,%*+6%0/&"' Prof. Santiago CORCUERA, Mexico Prof. Louise DOSWALD-BECK, Switzerland Justice Hisham EL BASTAWISSI, Egypt Prof. Paula ESCARAMEIA, Portugal L" M6'%&&8)'%/'6$)'>+&)'09'!%'"&*1$2(#(3&*34*50--'&"*1$2$%&#'("'%&' Justice Elisabeth EVATT, Australia E)>6%0/'L"!N'09'6$)'=5+G+/'-4,+&6'(+FA'F$%>$'.102%3)&'%/' Prof. Jochen FROWEIN, Germany Mr. Roberto GARRETÓN, Chile 1),)2+/6'.+16O'PQ84,%>'+>6%0/&'+%;)3'+6'.10.+*+/3+'09' Prof. Jenny E. GOLDSCHMIDT, Netherlands Ms Asma JAHANGIR, Pakistan $0;0&)J8+,%65'R&030;5'01',)&4%+/%&;S'+;0/*';%/01&'&$+,,'4)' Ms Imrana JALAL, Fiji .8/%&$)3'F%6$'+3;%/%&61+6%2)'9%/)"T''#$)'+..,%>+/6'+,,)*)&' Prof. David KRETZMER, Israel Prof. Kazimierz Maria LANKOSZ, Poland 2%0,+6%0/&'09'M16%>,)&'!B'+/3'?U'09'6$)'H/6)1/+6%0/+,':02)/+/6' Justice José Antonio MARTÍN PALLÍN, Spain Mr Kathurima M’INOTI, Kenya 0/':%2%,'+/3'Q0,%6%>+,'=%*$6&'RP:02)/+/6TSA'+1%&%/*'910;'$)1' Justice Sanji MONAGENG, Botswana Ms Karinna MOSKALENKO, Russia >0/2%>6%0/'8/3)1'6$%&'.102%&%0/"' Prof. Iulia MOTOC, Romania Prof. Vitit MUNTARBHORN, Thailand Prof. Manfred NOWAK, Austria V" #$)'H:W'&84;%6&'6$)'90,,0F%/*O''R!S'6$)',+F'+6'%&&8)'$)1)'%&A'0/'%6&' Dr. Jorge Eduardo PAN CRUZ, Uruguay Prof. Andrei RICHTER, Russia 9+>)A'/06'+'.)1;%&&%4,)',%;%6+6%0/'0/'6$)'1%*$6'60'91))30;'09' Sir Nigel RODLEY, United Kingdom Mr Claes SANDGREN, Sweden )J.1)&&%0/'4)>+8&)'%6'%&'3%&>1%;%/+6015X'+/3'R?S';%/01&'$+2)' Mr. Belisario dos SANTOS JUNIOR, Brazil 6$)'1%*$6'60'1)>)%2)'+*)@+..10.1%+6)'%/901;+6%0/'+4086' Justice Philippe TEXIER, France Prof. Daniel THÜRER, Switzerland &)J8+,%65A'%/>,83%/*'&)J8+,'01%)/6+6%0/"''#$%&'()*+,'-.%/%0/' Prof. U. Oji UMOZURIKE, Nigeria Prof. Vilenas VADAPALAS, Lithuania +331)&&)&'6$)',)*+,'4+&%&'901')+>$'09'6$)&)'>0/>,8&%0/&"' Prof. Yozo YOKOTA, Japan Justice E. Raúl ZAFFARONI, Argentina C" M&'+'.1),%;%/+15';+66)1A'$0F)2)1A'6$%&'-.%/%0/'>0/&%3)1&'6$)' )99)>6'09'6$)'3)>%&%0/'09'6$)'<8;+/'=%*$6&':0;;%66))'RP<=:TS' %/'6$%#78$%9*34*1'")&"2"''H/'6$%#78$%9*34*1'")&"2A'6$)'<=:'$),3' 6$+6'.+1+*1+.$'B'09'>$+.6)1'?N'09'6$)'Y%//%&$'Q)/+,':03)'3%3' /06'2%0,+6)'6$)'1%*$6&'09'6$)'+86$01&'09'6$)'>0;;8/%>+6%0/'60' 91))30;'09')J.1)&&%0/'+&'*8+1+/6))3'8/3)1'M16%>,)'!B'09'6$)' :02)/+/6"''#$)',+F'+6'%&&8)'.102%3)3'6$+6'+/50/)'P.84,%>,5' )/>081+*R%/*S'%/3)>)/6'4)$+2%01'4)6F))/'.)1&0/&'09'6$)'&+;)'
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II. THE RYAZAN LAW IS AN IMPERMISSIBLE LIMITATIONS ON FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION BECAUSE IT IS DISCRIMINATORY
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1 Hertzberg v. Finland, Communication No. R.14/61, UN Doc. CCPR/C/15/D/61/1979, 2 April 1982. 2 See Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, Letter to Andrius Kublius, Prime Minister of Lithuania, dated 9 December 2009; European Parliament Resolution of 17 September 2009 on the Lithuanian Law on the Protection of Minors against the Detrimental Effects of Public Information, P7 TA(2009)0019; European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Annual Report 2010, at 94. 3 See Toonen v. Australia, Communication No. 488/§992, UN Doc. CCPR/C/50/D/488/1992 (1994); Dudgeon v. United Kingdom, Application no. 7525/76, Judgment dated 22 October 1981. 33, rue des Bains, P.O. Box 91, CH-1211 Geneva 8, Switzerland Tel: +41(0) 22 979 3800 – Fax: +41(0) 22 979 3801 – Website: http://www.icj.org - E-mail: [email protected] 2 !N" '#$)'<8;+/'=%*$6&':0;;%66))'$),3'%/':(("$"*34*;0-#%&)'&'6$+6'&)J8+,'01%)/6+6%0/'%&' .106)>6)3'8/3)1'M16%>,)&'?R!S'+/3'?U'09'6$)':02)/+/6"V''#$%&'3)>%&%0/'F+&'90,,0F)3'%/'%6&' >0/&%3)1+6%0/'09'<(0"9*34*;0-#%&)'&'+/3'=*34*+()0,8'&'+/3'$+&'4))/'1)%6)1+6)3'45'+' /8;4)1'09'06$)1'61)+65'403%)&"C''H/'D)/)1+,':0;;)/6'^0"'?NA'6$)':0;;%66))'0/' \>0/0;%>A'E0>%+,'+/3':8,681+,'=%*$6&'&6+6)3'6$+6'P06$)1'&6+68&T'%/'M16%>,)'?'09'6$)' H/6)1/+6%0/+,':02)/+/6'0/'\>0/0;%>A'E0>%+,'+/3':8,681+,'=%*$6&'%/>,83)&'&)J8+,' 01%)/6+6%0/"U''#$)':0;;%66))'0/'\>0/0;%>A'E0>%+,'+/3':8,681+,'=%*$6&'.1)2%08&,5' 1)>0*/%G)3'P&)J8+,'01%)/6+6%0/T'+&'+'*108/3'>02)1)3'45'M16%>,)'?'%/'%6&'D)/)1+,':0;;)/6' ^0&"'!V'R1%*$6'60'$)+,6$SA'!C'R1%*$6'60'F+6)1SA'!['R1%*$6'60'F01IS'+/3'!B'R1%*$6'60'&0>%+,' &)>81%65S"_''#$)':0;;%66))'M*+%/&6'#01681)'+99%1;)3'&)J8+,'01%)/6+6%0/'60'4)'+'.106)>6)3' *108/3'%/'%6&'D)/)1+,':0;;)/6'^0"'?"['''(%I)F%&)A'6$)':0;;%66))'0/'6$)'=%*$6&'09'6$)' :$%,3'$+&'%/>,83)3'>$%,31)/K&'&)J8+,'01%)/6+6%0/'F%6$%/'6$)'*108/3&'>02)1)3'45'M16%>,)'?' 09'6$)':0/2)/6%0/'0/'6$)'=%*$6&'09'6$)':$%,3"B''#$)':0;;%66))'0/'6$)'\,%;%/+6%0/'09' c%&>1%;%/+6%0/'M*+%/&6'b0;)/'$+&')J.1)&&)3'>0/>)1/'+4086',+F&'6$+6'>1%;%/+,%G)'&+;)@ &)J'1),+6%0/&$%.&'+/3'$+&'>0;;)/3)3'&6+6)&'901'.106)>6%/*'+*+%/&6'3%&>1%;%/+6%0/'0/'6$)' 4+&%&'09'&)J8+,'01%)/6+6%0/"!N'
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4 Toonen; Young v. Australia; Communication No. 941/2000, UN Doc. CCPR/C/78/D/941/2000 (2003); X v. Columbia, Communication No. 1361/2005, UN Doc. CCPR/C/89/D/1361/2005 (2007). 5 X v. Columbia, UN Doc. CCPR/C/89/D/1361/2005. 6 CESCR, General Comment No. 20 (Non-discrimination in Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), UN Doc. E/C.12/C/20, 2 July 2009, at para. 32. 7 See CESCR, General Comment No. 14 (Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health), UN Doc. E/C.12/2000/4, 11 August 2000, at para. 18; CESCR, General Comment No. 15 (Right to Water), UN Doc. E/C.12/2002/11, 20 January 2003, at para. 13; CESCR, General Comment No. 18 (right to work), UN Doc. E/C.12/GC/18, 6 February 2006, at para. 12; CESCR, General Comment No. 19 (right to social security), UN Doc. E/C.12/GC/19, 4 February 2008, at para. 29. 8 CAT, General Comment No. 2 (Implementation of article 2 by States Parties), UN Doc. CAT/ITA/CO/4, 16 July 2007, at para. 21. 9 CRC, General Comment No. 4 (Adolescent health and development in the context of the Convention on the Rights of the Child), UN Doc. CRC/GC/2003/4, 1 July 2003, at para. 6. 10 See, e.g., CEDAW, Concluding Observations on Kyrgyzstan, UN Doc. A/54/38, 20 August 1999, at para. 128; Concluding Observations on Ecuador, UN Doc. CEDAW/C/ECU/CO/7, 2 November 2008, at para. 28. 11 See, e.g., Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Opinion No. 22/2006 (Cameroon), UN Doc. A/HRC/4/40/Add.1, February 2007, at para. 19; Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the situation of human rights defenders, Summary of cases transmitted to Governments and replies received, UN Doc. A/HRC/10/12/Add.1, 4 March 2009, at paras. 350-353; Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right of Everyone to the Enjoyment of the Highest Attainable Standard of Physical and Mental Health, UN Doc. A/HRC/14/20, 27 April 2010, at paras. 6-10; Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms while Countering Terrorism, UN Doc. A/HRC/64/150, 3 August 2009, at paras. 20-21. See generally, ICJ, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Human Rights Law: References to Jurisprudence and Doctrine of the United Nations Human Rights System (4th ed. 2010). 33, rue des Bains, P.O. Box 91, CH-1211 Geneva 8, Switzerland Tel: +41(0) 22 979 3800 – Fax: +41(0) 22 979 3801 – Website: http://www.icj.org - E-mail: [email protected] 3 1%*$6&'09'*+5&'+/3',)&4%+/&"T!?''b$)/'6$)'PM/6%@<0;0&)J8+,%65T'f%,,'F+&'%/61038>)3'%/' ]*+/3+'%/'?NNBA'6F0'E.)>%+,'=+..016)81&'%&&8)3'+'Z0%/6'&6+6);)/6'6$+6'&+%3'%/'.+16O'
This Bill would further unjustifiably obstruct the exercise of the right to freedoms of opinion and expression, peaceful assembly and association, by prohibiting the publication and dissemination of materials on homosexuality, as well as funding and sponsoring related activities.13
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12 Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the situation of human rights defenders, Hana Jilani, Addendum: Summary of cases transmitted to Governments and replies received, UN Doc. A/HRC/4/37/Add.1, 27 March 2007, at para. 511. 13 Joint Statement from the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders and the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, 1 March 2010. 14 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Ambeyi Ligabo, Addendum Mission to Colombia, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2005/64/Add.3, 26 November 2004, at paras. 75 & 76. 15 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Abid Hussain, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2001/64, 13 February 2001, at para. 176. 16 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Frank La Rue, UN Doc. A/HRC/14/23/Add.1, 26 May 2010, at paras. 1400-1414. 17 UN Doc. A/HRC/14/23/Add.1, 26 May 2010, at para. 2511. 18 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Frank La Rue, UN Doc. A/HRC/14/23, 20 April 2010, at para. 79(k). 33, rue des Bains, P.O. Box 91, CH-1211 Geneva 8, Switzerland Tel: +41(0) 22 979 3800 – Fax: +41(0) 22 979 3801 – Website: http://www.icj.org - E-mail: [email protected] 4 &)J8+,'01%)/6+6%0/"''H/'6$%&'1)&.)>6A'F%6$%/'6$)':08/>%,'09'\810.)'$8;+/'1%*$6&'&5&6);A'6$)' :0;;%66))'09'd%/%&6)1&'1)>)/6,5'%&&8)3'+'1)>0;;)/3+6%0/'>+,,%/*'0/';);4)1'&6+6)&'60' )/&81)'P6$+6'6$)'1%*$6'60'91))30;'09')J.1)&&%0/'>+/'4)')99)>6%2),5')/Z05)3A'F%6$086' 3%&>1%;%/+6%0/'0/'*108/3&'09'&)J8+,'01%)/6+6%0/'01'*)/3)1'%3)/6%65A'%/>,83%/*'F%6$' 1)&.)>6'60'6$)'1%*$6'60'1)>)%2)'+/3'%;.+16'%/901;+6%0/'0/'&84Z)>6&'3)+,%/*'F%6$'&)J8+,' 01%)/6+6%0/'01'*)/3)1'%3)/6%65"T!B''
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!_" f5'.)/+,%G%/*'P.84,%>'+>6%0/&'+%;)3'+6'.10.+*+/3+'09'$0;0&)J8+,%65T'`'+&'0..0&)3'60' .10.+*+/3+'09'$)6)10&)J8+,%65'01'&)J8+,%65'*)/)1+,,5'`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19 Committee of Ministers Recommendation CM/Rec(2010)5 at para. 13. 20 Faurisson v. France, Communication No"'CCNe!BBLA']^'c0>"'::Q=e:eC[eceCCNe!BBL'R!BBUS'+6'.+1+"'B"VX'5(--*34* +&"&2&A':0;;8/%>+6%0/'^0'_LUe!BB_A']^'c0>"'::Q=e:e_Nece_LUe!BB_'R?NNNSA'+6'.+1+"'!!"?"'' ?!'E%1+>8&+'Q1%/>%.,)&'0/'6$)'(%;%6+6%0/'+/3'c)10*+6%0/'09'Q102%&%0/&'%/'6$)'H/6)1/+6%0/+,':02)/+/6'0/':%2%,'+/3' Q0,%6%>+,'=%*$6&A'M//)JA']^'c0>'\e:^"Ve!B[CeV'R!B[VS'+6'Q1%/>%.,)'?X'<=:A'D)/)1+,':0;;)/6'^0"'??'R1%*$6'60' 91))30;'09'6$08*$6A'>0/&>%)/>)'01'1),%*%0/SA']^'c0>"'::Q=e:e?!e=)2"!eM33"VA'+6'.+1+"'['RPH/'%/6)1.1)6%/*'6$)'&>0.)' 09'.)1;%&&%4,)',%;%6+6%0/'>,+8&)&A'E6+6)&'.+16%)&'&$08,3'.10>))3 from the need to protect the rights guaranteed under the Covenant, including the right to equality and non-discrimination on all grounds specified in articles 2, 3 and 26”). 22 HRC, General Comment No. 22; Individual Opinion of Torkel Opsahl in Hertzberg v Finland. 23 HRC, General Comment No. 18 (the right to non-discrimination) at para. 13; CESCR, General Comment No. 20 at para. 13 (permissible scope of differential treatment.) 24 CESCR, General Comment No. 20 at para. 13. 25 Toonen v. Australia, Communication No. 488/1992 at para. 8.6. 33, rue des Bains, P.O. Box 91, CH-1211 Geneva 8, Switzerland Tel: +41(0) 22 979 3800 – Fax: +41(0) 22 979 3801 – Website: http://www.icj.org - E-mail: [email protected] 5 +2+%,+4%,%65'09'+4016%0/'&)12%>)&'086&%3)'6$)'>08/615"?U''#$)'\810.)+/':0816'04&)12)3A' P(%;%6+6%0/&'0/'%/901;+6%0/'>0/>)1/%/*'+>6%2%6%)&'F$%>$A'/06F%6$&6+/3%/*'6$)%1';01+,' %;.,%>+6%0/&A'$+2)'4))/'+/3'>0/6%/8)'60'4)'60,)1+6)3'45'/+6%0/+,'+86$01%6%)&A'>+,,'901' >+1)98,'&>186%/5'45'6$)':0/2)/6%0/'%/&6%686%0/&'+&'60'6$)%1'>0/901;%65'F%6$'6$)'6)/)6&'09'+' 3);0>1+6%>'&0>%)65"T?_''H6'>0/>,83)3'6$+6'M16%>,)'!N'09'6$)'\810.)+/':0/2)/6%0/'0/' <8;+/'=%*$6&'$+3'4))/'2%0,+6)3"' ' ?N" :0816&'+108/3'6$)'F01,3'$+2)'$),3'6$+6'.84,%>';01+,%65'%&'/06'+'&899%>%)/6'1)+&0/'60'Z8&6%95' +'3%99)1)/>)'%/'61)+6;)/6"''#$)%1'Z81%&.183)/>)')&6+4,%&$)&'6$+6'>0/>)1/&'+4086'.84,%>' ;01+,%65'>+//06'&)12)'60'3)9)/3'3%&.+1+6)'61)+6;)/6'4+&)3'0/'&)J8+,'01%)/6+6%0/"'
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26 Open Door and Dublin Well Woman v. Ireland, Application no. 14234/88, 14235/88, Judgment dated 29 October 1992, at para. 65. 27 Id. at para. 72. 28 Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620, 634 (1984). 29 Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558, 582 (2003). 30 See Gay Student Services v. Texas A & M University, 737 F.2d 1317 (5th Cir. 1984); Gay Lib v. University of Missouri, 558 F.2d 848 (8th Cir. 1977); Gay Alliance of Students v. Matthews, 544 F.2d 162 (4th Cir. 1976); Gay Students Organization v. Bonner, 509 F.2d 652 (1st Cir. 1974). 33, rue des Bains, P.O. Box 91, CH-1211 Geneva 8, Switzerland Tel: +41(0) 22 979 3800 – Fax: +41(0) 22 979 3801 – Website: http://www.icj.org - E-mail: [email protected] 6 *108.A'6$)1)'+1)'&)>601&'09'6$)'>0;;8/%65'60'F$0;'%6&'2+,8)&'+1)'+/+6$);+"TL!''''#$)' Y%1&6':%1>8%6'1)>0*/%G)3'6$+6'6$)'8/%2)1&%65';%*$6'$+2)'+',)*%6%;+6)'%/6)1)&6'%/A'901' )J+;.,)A'1)*8,+6%/*'P02)16'&)J8+,'4)$+2%01T'6$+6'099)/3)3'6$)'>0;;8/%65K&'&)/&)'09' .10.1%)65A'486'%6'/)2)16$),)&&'$+3'60'30'&0'%/'+'P9+%1'+/3')78%6+4,)';+//)1"TL?''']/3)1'6$%&' &6+/3+13A'+',+F'6$+6'1)*8,+6)3'0/,5'0/)'I%/3'09'02)16'&)J8+,'4)$+2%01A'01'0/,5'0/)'I%/3'09' &.))>$'+4086'&)J8+,%65A'F08,3'&81),5'9+%,"''''''''
?C" H/'6$)'>+&)'09'K&#'("&)*+(&)'#'("*.(%*G&H*&"2*C$-8'&"*BL0&)'#H*34*M'"'-#$%*(.*/0-#'E$A'6$)' :0/&6%686%0/+,':0816'09'E086$'M91%>+'>0/&%3)1)3'F$)6$)1'.84,%>';01+,%65'F+&'+/' +..10.1%+6)'Z8&6%9%>+6%0/'901'+',+F'>1%;%/+,%G%/*'&030;5"''#$)':0816'$),3A'P#$)' )/901>);)/6'09'6$)'.1%2+6)';01+,'2%)F&'09'+'&)>6%0/'09'6$)'>0;;8/%65A'F$%>$'+1)'4+&)3'60' +',+1*)')J6)/6'0/'/06$%/*';01)'6$+/'.1)Z83%>)A'>+//06'78+,%95'+&'&8>$'+',)*%6%;+6)' .81.0&)"TLL'
?U" H/'6$)'Q$%,%..%/)&A'6$)'E8.1);)':0816'>0/&%3)1)3'+'.)6%6%0/'901'F1%6'09'>)16%01+1%'910;' M/*'(+3,+3A'+/'(Df#'01*+/%G+6%0/'6$+6'$+3'4))/'3)/%)3'.)1;%&&%0/'60'1)*%&6)1'+&'+' .0,%6%>+,'.+165'45'6$)':0;;%&&%0/'0/'\,)>6%0/&"''#$)'E8.1);)':0816'1)2)1&)3'6$)' :0;;%&&%0/K&'3)>%&%0/A'9%/3%/*'6$+6'P;01+,'3%&+..102+,'09'+/'8/.0.8,+1';%/01%65T'F+&' /06'+'P,)*%6%;+6)'&6+6)'%/6)1)&6T'8/3)1'6$)')78+,'.106)>6%0/'>,+8&)"LV'
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31 509 F.2d 652 at 658. 32 Id. At 663. 33 National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v. Minister of Justice, (1998) ZACC 15, at para. 37. 34 Ang Ladlad LGBT Party v. Commission on Elections, Supreme Court of the Philippines, 8 April 2010 (en banc) at 13. 35 See Naz Foundation v. Union of India, WPC No. 7455/2001, 2 July 2009, at para. 86; Leung v. Secretary for Justice, HKAL 160/2004, at para. 123; Secretary for Justice v. Yau Yuk Lung and Another, (2006) 4 HKLRD 196, at 202; Nadan & McCoskar v. State, High Court of Fiji at Suva, 26 August 2005. 36 See Lustig-Prean and Beckett v. United Kingdom, Application nos. 31417/96 and 32377/96, Judgment dated 27 September 1999, at para. 89; Smith and Grady v. United Kingdom, Application nos. 33985/96; 33986/96, Judgment dated 27 September 1999, at para. 97 (same); S.L. v. Austria, Application no. 45330/99, Judgment dated 9 January 2003, at para. 44 (same); L and V. v. Austria, Application nos. 39392/98 and 39829/98, Judgment dated 9 January 2003, at para. 52 (same). 33, rue des Bains, P.O. Box 91, CH-1211 Geneva 8, Switzerland Tel: +41(0) 22 979 3800 – Fax: +41(0) 22 979 3801 – Website: http://www.icj.org - E-mail: [email protected] 7 1)9)1)/>)'60'.84,%>';01+,%65A'%6'%&'/06'+'.)1;%&&%4,)'1)&61%>6%0/'0/'91))30;'09')J.1)&&%0/' 8/3)1'M16%>,)'!B"'
III. CHILDREN HAVE A RIGHT TO RECEIVE AGE-APPROPRIATE INFORMATION ABOUT SEXUALITY AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION
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37 CRC, General Comment No. 3 (HIV/AIDS and the Rights of the Child), UN Doc. CRC/GC/2003/3, 17 March 2003, at para. 16. 38 CRC, Concluding Observations (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), UN Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.188, 9 October 2002, at para. 44(d). 39 Report of the Special Rapporteur on Education, Vernor Muñoz Villalobos, UN Doc. A/HRC/8/10/Add.1, 13 May 2008, at paras. 79-84; Report of the Special Rapporteur on Education, Vernor Muñoz Villalobos, UN Doc. A/HRC/4/29/Add.1, 15 March 2007, at paras. 34-37. 33, rue des Bains, P.O. Box 91, CH-1211 Geneva 8, Switzerland Tel: +41(0) 22 979 3800 – Fax: +41(0) 22 979 3801 – Website: http://www.icj.org - E-mail: [email protected] 8 $0;0&)J8+,&"T''#$)1)901)'P6$)':10+6%+/'+86$01%6%)&'$+2)'9+%,)3'%/'6$)%1'.0&%6%2)'04,%*+6%0/' 60')/&81)'6$)')99)>6%2)')J)1>%&)'09'6$)'1%*$6'60'.106)>6%0/'09'$)+,6$'45';)+/&'09'/0/@ 3%&>1%;%/+6015'&)J8+,'+/3'1).1038>6%2)'$)+,6$')38>+6%0/'F$%>$'30)&'/06'.)1.)68+6)'01' 1)%/901>)'&0>%+,')J>,8&%0/'+/3'6$)'3)/%+,'09'$8;+/'3%*/%65"TVN'' ' !"#$%&'%()*!&'' ' LV" Y01'6$)'901)*0%/*'1)+&0/&A'6$)'H:W'>0/>,83)&'6$+6'E)>6%0/'L"!N'09'6$)'=5+G+/'-4,+&6'(+F' >0/61+2)/)&'6$)'04,%*+6%0/&'09'6$)'=8&&%+/'Y)3)1+6%0/'8/3)1'6$)'H/6)1/+6%0/+,':02)/+/6' 0/':%2%,'+/3'Q0,%6%>+,'=%*$6&"''
40 European Committee of Social Rights, INTERIGHTS v. Croatia, 45/2007, 30 March 2009. 33, rue des Bains, P.O. Box 91, CH-1211 Geneva 8, Switzerland Tel: +41(0) 22 979 3800 – Fax: +41(0) 22 979 3801 – Website: http://www.icj.org - E-mail: [email protected] 9