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A Ethnomedicinal Review on Arisaema Tortuosum

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A Ethnomedicinal Review on Arisaema Tortuosum www.ijapbc.com IJAPBC – Vol. 1(2), Apr- Jun, 2012 ISSN: 2277 - 4688 ___________________________________________________________________________ INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHARMACY, BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY Review Article A Ethnomedicinal Review on Arisaema tortuosum Hemlata Verma1*, VK Lal2, KK Pant2 and Nidhi Soni3 1Azad Institute of Pharmacy & Research, Azadpuram (Near CRPF Camp), Post-Chandrawal, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. 2 Sagar Institute of Technology and Management, Department of Pharmacy, Barabanki, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. 2Pharmacology Department, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. 3School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. ABSTRACT Plants are a great source of medicines, especially in traditional medicine, which are useful in the treatment of various diseases. Medicinal herbs are moving from fringe to mainstream use with a great number of people seeking remedies and health approaches free from side effects caused by synthetic chemicals. Arisaema tortuosum is an ancient plant and had been used by the various tribes for various purposes in their daily life like food article and for treating diseases. The review summarizes ethno medicinal uses and other available data on this medicinal plant to explore its utility. Keywords: Arisaema tortuosum, ethnomedicinal uses, pharmacology, chemistry, toxicity. green leaves near the top. As the leaves unfurl, the INTRODUCTION pitcher that tops the stem opens to reveal a green Herbal medicine has such an extraordinary Jack-in-the-pulpit flower, but with a whip-like influence that numerous alternative medicine tongue that extends from the mouth of the flower therapies treat their patients with Herbal remedies, upwards to 12 or more inches. In autumn, bright Unani and Ayurveda. Approximately 25 percent of red berries ripen on the tall stem of those plants all prescription drugs are derived from trees, shrubs that have set seed. This wonderful plant for the or herbs. Nature has bestowed our country with an woodland garden starts out about 50 cm tall, but it enormous wealth of medicinal plants therefore can eventually attain 2 m and form large clumps. It India has often been referred to as the medicinal is highly variable, as one might expect. Sometimes garden of the world. Arisaema tortuosum (air-uh- the spadix-appendage is green, other times it is SEE-muh -- refers to the plant's resemblance to the purple. The flowers are dioecious, individual Arum family and haima (blood); tor-tew-OH-sum - flowers are either male or female, but only one sex - meaning, twisted). This is commonly called is to be found on any one plant.[1] It is a wild plant whipcord cobra lily and by many other names in used as food material and in ethano-medico the Indian subcontinent (Chinese: qu xu nan xing • practice by tribals. The aim of the present study is Hindi: kiri ki kukri, samp ki kumbh, Bagh Jandhra to provide complete information about the • Kannada: haavu mari gida • Konkani: sarpache medicinal & pharmacological importance of the kamdo • Marathi: sapkanda • Nepalese: bir bango • Arisaema tortuosum available till date. Tamil: katu cenai) The names comes from its cobra like appearance, with a whip-like tongue, Synonym2 upto 12" long, rising up vertically. Native to open Arisaema commutatum Schott Rhododendron forests, scrub and alpine meadows Arisaema curvatum (Roxb.) Kunth in the Himalaya from India to western China. The Arisaema filiforme Thwaites thick 4' tall fleshy petiole (stalk) emerges in early Arisaema helleborifolium Schott June, adorned by two tropical looking palmate Arisaema neglectum Schott 176 www.ijapbc.com IJAPBC – Vol. 1(2), Apr- Jun, 2012 ISSN: 2277 - 4688 ___________________________________________________________________________ Arisaema sivadasanii Yadav, Patil & Propagation Methods Janarthanam By dividing rhizomes, tubers, corms or bulbs Arisaema steudelii Schott (including offsets) Arisaema tortuosum var. curvatum From seed; winter sow in vented containers, cold (Roxb.) Engl. frame or unheated greenhouse Arisaema tortuosum var. helleborifolium From seed; sow indoors before last frost (Schott) Engl. From seed; germinate in a damp paper towel Arisaema tortuosum var. Neglectum Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe in a shady (Schott) Fisch. position in a cold frame. Stored seed remains viable Arisaema tortuosum var. steudelii (Schott) for at least a year and can be sown in spring in the Engl. greenhouse but it will probably require a period of cold stratification. Germination usually takes place Arisaema wightii Hook.f. in 1 - 6 months at 15°c. When large enough to Arum curvatum Roxb. handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots Arum tortuosum Wall. and grow them on in light shade in the greenhouse for at least a coupe of years until the corms are Classification3 more than 20mm in diameter. Plant out into their Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott permanent positions whilst they are dormant. Kingdom Plantae – Plants Division of tubers when the plant dies down in late Subkingdom Tracheobionta – Vascular plants 6 summer . Superdivision Spermatophyta – Seed plants Division Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants Ethanomedicinal uses Class Liliopsida – Monocotyledons Ethanomedico practice by the indigenous people Subclass Arecidae of Kumaun Himalaya region of Uttarakhand, Order Arales 10 India Family Araceae – Arum family (Plant part-Herb/ Whole herb) Genus Arisaema Mart. – Jack in the pulpit Herb used to cure various ailments related to Species Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott – digestive tract like constipation, indigestion, arisaema abdominal pain and dysentery. It showed anti- nematodal activities and also used treat bone Natural habitat fracture. It is probably the most common species of Arisaema from our part of the world. In its natural Ethanomedico practice by the newar community habitat it is found growing in a wide range of of pharping village of Kathmandu District, climatic zones ranging from the warm foothills 11 Nepal right up to cold, winter frost areas. It inhabits (Plant part-Rhizome) lightly shaded woods and also sunny hill slopes Rhizome in raw/liquid form used as anthelmintic. growing along with other shrubs and grasses. Found in Forests, shrubberies and open slopes to 4 Ethanomedico practice by peoples of Paderu 3000 metres . Moist shady places at elevations of 12 division of Visakhapatnam district, A.P, India 1500 - 2200 metres in Nepal5. It ranges entire sub- (Plant part-Root) himalayan belt of Northern India and to Northeast Root is used for boils and dysentery India and China Ethanomedico practice by peoples from Tribal Cultivation Area of Rajasthan (India)13 It prefers a cool peaty soil in the bog garden, (Plant part-Tuber) woodland garden or a sheltered border in semi- Paste of the tuber in applied over the wound caused shade6, 7. Prefers a loamy or peaty soil and will by snake – bite to check poisonous effect. tolerate a sunny position if the soil is moist but not In case of abscess in the neck, dried powder of water-logged and the position is not too hot or tuber is applied over the neck. It helps in early exposed 8, 7. Plants are not very hardy outdoors in healing. Britain and are normally best if given protection8. The decoction of tuber is given to animals for early However, they can succeed outdoors in the milder recovery of fractured bone. areas of the country if the tubers are planted about Also act as antinematodal 20cm deep7. Plants require protection from slugs7. Ethanomedico practice by peoples from Bhilla Most species in this genus are dioecious, but they 14 tribe of Maharastra are sometimes monoecious and can also change sex (Plant part-Tuber) from year to year. This species usually bears either For hair follicle infection tuber paste is applied monoecious or all male flowers9. twice a day till relief 177 www.ijapbc.com IJAPBC – Vol. 1(2), Apr- Jun, 2012 ISSN: 2277 - 4688 ___________________________________________________________________________ Ethanomedico practice by peoples from Karbi Ethnomedicinal practice in the Shola tribe of Karbi Anglong district Assam15 understories of Nilgiris, the Western Ghats, (Plant part-Tuber and Fruit) Tamilnadu, India23 For piles 50 gm tuber boiled and taken with rice, (Plant part-Tuber, spadix) twice daily for a month. Paste of tuber and spadix used as antidote, Roasted fruit and boiled tuber with salt is used as veterinary purposes and contraceptive. vegetable. Chemistry Ethanomedico practice by peoples from South The tubers contains n-alkanes, n-alkanols, Waziristan, Pakistan16 stigmasterols, sitosterols, campesterol, cholesterol, (Plant part-Leaves) choline chloride, staychydrine hydrochloride24 Ten gm leaves are fried in 100 gm of animal ghee (Asli ghee, or butter) a preparation called Dardama. Known Pharmacology A teaspoonful of this recipe is taken at lunch and Anticancerous activity dinner to treat rheumatism and stomachache. Arisaema tortuosum lectin was found to inhibit in vitro proliferation of human cancer cell lines HT29, Ethanomedico practice by peoples from SiHa and OVCAR-525 Malayali tribals of Kollihills of Tamilnadu India17 Toxicity (Plant part-Corm) The plant contains calcium oxalate crystals. These Corm boiled with tamarind taken internally to cure cause an extremely unpleasant sensation similar to piles needles being stuck into the mouth and tongue if they are eaten but they are easily neutralized by Ethanomedico practice among the Bhotiya thoroughly drying or cooking the plant
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