Architectural View Model for Cloud Applications

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Architectural View Model for Cloud Applications The (5+1) Architectural View Model for Cloud Applications Mohammad Hamdaqa, Ladan Tahvildari Software Technologies Applied Research (STAR) Group Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Waterloo, Canada fmhamdaqa, [email protected] Abstract Existing software architecture frameworks focus on application development, rather than the dy- namic evolution of applications at runtime. Their view models reflect design considerations, more than service operations. However, the quality of a cloud application depends on its configuration and the architecture of its service model. For this Figure 1: Architecting for Application Implemen- reason, we need a view model that is constructed tation v.s. Service Operation around deployment. This paper proposes a (5+1) architectural view model, where each view corre- sponds to a different perspective on cloud applica- and leverage portability and scalability. tion deployment. The (5+1) view model has been View modeling is a well-established prac- realized as a layered, domain specific modeling tice. Existing frameworks include the (4+1) view language, and the capabilities of this language have model [25], the Three Schema approach [23], the been illustrated using a representative domain ex- Zachman framework [34] and the Department of ample. The model was derived by investigating the Defense framework [13]. These frameworks all process of architecting cloud applications, and then clarify software design, because that is when ar- providing a set of meta-models to describe cloud chitectural decisions were traditionally finalized. applications within their ecosystem. Static deployment infrastructures were the norm. In cloud computing however, architecture evolves 1 Introduction during deployment. Runtime operation needs as much architectural modeling as design does [31]. An architectural view model is a set of logical Cloud applications must morph at runtime to meet and consistent views that describe a complex sys- performance, availability, and scalability targets tem. Each view depicts the system from a differ- under changing conditions. This shift in emphasis ent perspective to meet the information needs of from architecting for implementation to architect- different stakeholders [25]. This paper presents ing for operation is illustrated in Figure 1. a view model for cloud applications that enables Models of implementation architecture capture cloud stakeholders (e.g., providers, developers, ad- the design requirements to create design mod- ministrators and financial managers) to leverage els that reflect the source code of the applica- cloud platform capabilities to maximize availabil- tion. Models of service operation architecture cap- ity, maintain performance levels, minimize costs, tures the operational requirements to create run- time models that describe the configuration space not know how to distribute its service geograph- of the application. The practices complement each ically to ensure high availability with low over- other. However, the latter is more malleable and so head. CoupoNet’s architect designed the applica- better illuminates the dynamic evolution of cloud tion to minimize coupling and maximize cohesion. applications. During deployment the administrator may redis- This paper introduces a framework for under- tribute the modules to minimize costs, and perform standing service operation architecture: the (5+1) due diligence to initialize them with optimal ratios. view model. We also develop a cloud domain However, this may contradict the architect’s origi- specific modeling language (DSML) called Stra- nal design decisions. As demand fluctuates, the ad- tus Modeling Language (StratusML) [19]. At the ministrator updates the deployment model and re- core of the (5+1) is the service model, which de- configures the different services. scribes reconfigurable, executable, compositional CoupoNet faces common cloud challenges. units (Tasks [17]). Service models are further spec- They have to model multi-tenant and multi-tier ap- ified using four operational model views to repre- plications, partitioning them into modules, and dis- sent performance, adaptation, availability, and exe- tribute them across locations. They may strug- cution scenarios; plus views that illuminate porta- gle with vendor lock-in, deployment architecture bility and operational cost. StratusML fragments mismatches, uneven cloud expertise and clashing models into artifacts that are easy to modify. By stakeholder priorities [18]. Our (5+1) view model weaving these fragments into model views, cloud in StratusML can help reduce all these problems. stakeholders can better understand the runtime dy- namics and evolution of complex cloud applica- tions. 3 Architecting for the Cloud Section 2 illustrates some of the challenges fac- Cloud computing improves service availability, ing companies who use cloud applications. Sec- minimizes downtime, and scales applications on tion 3 explains how cloud applications must be ar- demand. This means cloud applications must chitected to be malleable and manageable. Sec- morph during runtime without requiring redeploy- tion 4 shows how the (5+1) meta-models facilitate ment or restart [18]. They must scale out by achieving this. Section 5 realizes the (5+1) model adding new instances to meet demand, and scale using StratusML, and shows how it serves system up to larger virtual hosting machines as needed. stakeholders. Related work is summarized in Sec- They routinely switch tasks on/off to alter their be- tion 6, and Section 7 concludes by pointing out di- haviour, and they may need to change the wiring rections for future research. between tasks that communicate through common storage (queue, blob, etc.). To support performance 2 A Motivating Example debugging, they must be able to switch between logging fine or coarse grained system dynamics. Consider CoupoNet, a fictitious startup that offers a Figure 2 shows that this level of flexibility can coupon service in the cloud. CoupoNet has a multi- be achieved by separating the application ser- tier, multi-tenant application that allows users to vice model from its configuration model and the open a free trial or paid account, design coupons, provider’s specifications; and enabling workflow and publish them to location-targeted customers. model composition based on the service model The application stores buy/sell data, and performs tasks at runtime. The service model specifies the sophisticated analytics to rank offers, generate re- tasks provided by the cloud service, their types, and ports, and analyze system usage to dynamically up- their relationships. The configuration model fur- date CoupoNet’s pricing models. The service was ther specifies the service model, by specifying the launched in the cloud to reduce costs, ensure relia- replication of the tasks, and their concurrency and bility and minimize administration. distribution. The provider’s specifications specify CoupoNet is a startup, and does not know how the resource configuration of the underlying host- much traffic it will get. The coupon market has ing environment. Lastly, the workflow model rep- seasonal peaks, last-minute pile-ons, and can ex- resents different usage scenarios for the service hibit slashdot effects. Demand surges are expected, model tasks. We can change these models sepa- but no one can predict the time. CoupoNet does rately to meet desired operational requirements. In Figure 2: The Malleable Application Architectural Style order for the changes to be applied automatically at 4 The (5+1) Architectural View run time, an adaptation model should be defined to access all the elements and parameters of the Model adaptation models that need to be changed. The View models must specify not only how different model uses key performance indicators to initiate views are distinct, but also how they overlap. It is change requests. These indicators can be gathered usually difficult to define clear-cut boundaries be- runtime model per- from the and represented in a tween what each stakeholder should view and man- formance model to enable performance analysis. age. The aim of the (5+1) view model is to sim- Malleable Application Ar- We call this pattern the plify cloud application management by providing chitectural Style (MAAS) . views that correspond to different stakeholder per- MAAS is a common architectural pattern in spectives. This section illustrates how this is done. cloud systems. It relies on separating executable components from their model structure, config- uration, target resource specifications, execution 4.1 Overview scenarios and control. In Figure 2, the control As shown in Figure 3, the (5+1) architectural view model corresponds to the performance and adap- model consists of five model views that specify tation models, which are defined to influence the the core/service model view to address five differ- actions of the Cloud Fabric Manager. The fab- ent, but interleaved cloud concerns related to ser- ric manager is a platform specific autonomic man- vice deployment and evolution. Each model view ager [21] that uses a set of adaptation rules and per- conforms to its corresponding meta-model. More- formance indicators to enact change actions on the over, the top element in all the model view meta- target model using APIs. models extends the (5+1) component (i.e., a meta- The (5+1) meta-models capture all essential in- meta model element). The aforementioned model- formation for architecting malleable and platform ing hierarchy makes it possible
Recommended publications
  • ASP.NET MVC with Entity Framework and CSS
    ASP.NET MVC with Entity Framework and CSS Lee Naylor ASP.NET MVC with Entity Framework and CSS Lee Naylor Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside United Kingdom ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-2136-5 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-2137-2 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4842-2137-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016952810 Copyright © 2016 by Lee Naylor This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Trademarked names, logos, and images may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or image we use the names, logos, and images only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made.
    [Show full text]
  • Configuring Metadata Manager Privileges and Permissions
    Configuring Metadata Manager Privileges and Permissions © Copyright Informatica LLC 1993, 2021. Informatica LLC. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, by any means (electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without prior consent of Informatica LLC. All other company and product names may be trade names or trademarks of their respective owners and/or copyrighted materials of such owners. Abstract You can configure privileges to allow users access to the features in Metadata Manager. You can configure permissions to allow access to resources or objects in Metadata Manager. This article describes the privileges and permissions that you can configure in Metadata Manager. Supported Versions • Metadata Manager 9.6.1 Table of Contents Introduction................................................................ 2 Users, Groups, Privileges, and Roles................................................ 3 Privileges ................................................................. 4 Catalog Privilege Group...................................................... 4 Load Privilege Group........................................................ 6 Model Privilege Group....................................................... 7 Security Privilege Group...................................................... 7 Permissions................................................................ 8 Types of Permissions........................................................ 9 Rules and Guidelines.......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Architectural Improvement of Display Viewer 5 Software
    Teemu Vähä-Impola Architectural Improvement of Display Viewer 5 Software Master’s Thesis in Information Technology November 6, 2020 University of Jyväskylä Faculty of Information Technology Author: Teemu Vähä-Impola Contact information: [email protected] Supervisors: PhD Raino Mäkinen, MSc Tommy Rikberg, and MSc Lauri Saurus Title: Architectural Improvement of Display Viewer 5 Software Työn nimi: Display Viewer 5 -ohjelmiston arkkitehtuurin parantaminen Project: Master’s Thesis Study line: Software Technology Page count: 76+1 Abstract: In this thesis, an improved architecture for Display Viewer 5 (DV5) software was studied. The new architecture would enforce MVVM architecture more strongly, make clearer divisions of the software’s parts and enhance maintainability and reusability of the software, thus making the software more customizable for new projects and suitable for the customers’ needs. As a result, the existing MVVM architecture was strengthened by enforcing division into models, views and viewmodels. In addition, redundant duplications were removed and certain code was divided into their own separate entities. Keywords: architecture, software engineering Suomenkielinen tiivistelmä: Tässä tutkielmassa Display Viewer 5 (DV5) -ohjelmistolle pyrittiin löytämään parempi arkkitehtuuri, jonka seurauksena huollettavuus ja uudelleenkäytet- tävyys kasvavat ja ohjelmiston kustomointi uusille asiakkaille helpottuu. Tuloksena päädyt- tiin vahvistamaan jo nykyistä MVVM-arkkitehtuuria tekemällä jokaiselle luokalle tarvitta- van arkkitehtuurin
    [Show full text]
  • Model and Tool Integration in High Level Design of Embedded Systems
    Model and Tool Integration in High Level Design of Embedded Systems JIANLIN SHI Licentiate thesis TRITA – MMK 2007:10 Department of Machine Design ISSN 1400-1179 Royal Institute of Technology ISRN/KTH/MMK/R-07/10-SE SE-100 44 Stockholm TRITA – MMK 2007:10 ISSN 1400-1179 ISRN/KTH/MMK/R-07/10-SE Model and Tool Integration in High Level Design of Embedded Systems Jianlin Shi Licentiate thesis Academic thesis, which with the approval of Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, will be presented for public review in fulfilment of the requirements for a Licentiate of Engineering in Machine Design. The public review is held at Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, Brinellvägen 83, A425 at 2007-12-20. Mechatronics Lab TRITA - MMK 2007:10 Department of Machine Design ISSN 1400 -1179 Royal Institute of Technology ISRN/KTH/MMK/R-07/10-SE S-100 44 Stockholm Document type Date SWEDEN Licentiate Thesis 2007-12-20 Author(s) Supervisor(s) Jianlin Shi Martin Törngren, Dejiu Chen ([email protected]) Sponsor(s) Title SSF (through the SAVE and SAVE++ projects), VINNOVA (through the Model and Tool Integration in High Level Design of Modcomp project), and the European Embedded Systems Commission (through the ATESST project) Abstract The development of advanced embedded systems requires a systematic approach as well as advanced tool support in dealing with their increasing complexity. This complexity is due to the increasing functionality that is implemented in embedded systems and stringent (and conflicting) requirements placed upon such systems from various stakeholders. The corresponding system development involves several specialists employing different modeling languages and tools.
    [Show full text]
  • From Requirements to Design Specifications- a Formal Approach
    INTERNATIONAL DESIGN CONFERENCE - DESIGN 2010 Dubrovnik - Croatia, May 17 - 20, 2010. FROM REQUIREMENTS TO DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS- A FORMAL APPROACH W. Brace and K. Thramboulidis Keywords: requirements, requirements checklist, design specification, requirements formalization, model-centric requirements engineering 1. Introduction The traditional development process for mechatronic systems is criticized as inappropriate for the development of systems characterized by complexity, dynamics and uncertainty as is the case with today’s products. Software is playing an always increasing role in the development of these systems and it has become the evolving driver for innovations. It does not only implement a significant part of the functionality of today’s mechatronic systems, but it is also used to realize many of their competitive advantages [Thramboulidis 2009]. However, the current process is traditionally divided into software, electronics and mechanics, with every discipline to emphasize on its own approaches, methodologies and tools. Moreover, vocabularies used in processes and methodologies are different making the collaboration between the disciplines a great challenge. System development activities such as requirements and design specification, implementation and verification are well defined in software engineering. In terms of software engineering the term “design specification” is used to refer to the various models that are produced during the design process and describe the various models of the proposed solutions. Therefore, “design specifications” are descriptions of solution space while “analysis specifications” are descriptions of problem space. Analysis specifications include both requirements specifications but also the problem space structuring that is represented by analysis models such as class diagrams that capture the key concepts of the problem domain and in this sense they provide a specific structuring of the problem space.
    [Show full text]
  • System-Of-Systems Viewpoint for System Architecture Documentation
    System-of-Systems Viewpoint for System Architecture Documentation John Klein∗ and Hans van Vliet† VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands Revised 11 Nov 2017 Abstract Context: The systems comprising a system of systems (SoS) are inde- pendently acquired, operated, and managed. Frequently, the architecture documentation of these existing systems addresses only a stand-alone perspective, and must be augmented to address concerns that arise in the integrated SoS. Objective: We evaluated an architecture documentation viewpoint to address the concerns of a SoS architect about a constituent system, to support SoS design and analysis involving that constituent system. Method: We performed an expert review of documentation produced by applying the viewpoint to a system, using the active review method. Results: The expert panel was able to used a view constructed using the baseline version of the viewpoint to answer questions related to all SoS architect concerns about a constituent system, except for questions concerning the interaction of the constituent system with the platform and network infrastructure. Conclusions: We found that the expert panel was unable to answer certain questions because the baseline version of the viewpoint had a gap in coverage related to relationship of software units of execution (e.g., processes or services) to computers and networks. The viewpoint was revised to add a Deployment Model to address these concerns, and is included in an appendix. arXiv:1801.06837v1 [cs.SE] 21 Jan 2018 Keywords: architecture documentation; system of systems; viewpoint defi- nition; active review; expert panel; design cycle 1 Introduction A system of systems (SoS) is created by composing constituent systems.
    [Show full text]
  • (2008). Exploring the Impact of Systems Architecture
    Exploring the Impact of Systems Architecture and Systems Requirements on Systems Integration Complexity Dr. Rashmi Jaini, Anithashree Chandrasekaran, George Elias, Dr. Robert Cloutier Stevens Institute of Technology [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract development projects in the government The need to perform faster systems sector. integration of complex systems require the Keywords: System Architecture, System architect and design team understand how Integration, Integration Complexity, System the selected architecture and design Requirements components will impact the system Introduction integration processes complexity. System It is necessary to determine if integration process complexity is an integration of the defined physical elements outcome of the interaction between degree and interfaces in system architecture of feasibility and level of effort required to contributes to system integration process understand, describe, implement, manage complexity. Today’s systems are usually and document the system integration process expected to function independently and in for a given system development and cooperation with the existing systems operational environment. This paper (system of systems). The cooperating analyzes the cause and effect relationships systems undergo frequent changes and between the system requirements, interoperability becomes a key factor and a architecture and the system integration major contributor to system integration processes complexity. In order to address process complexity. Interoperability is based systems integration issues upfront in the on the existence of the conceptual view design phase it is necessary to determine if [Carney and Oberndoff, 2004]. The the architecture and design of components, conceptual view can be embodied in sub-systems, processes and interfaces requirements and architecture/design and the impacts (and to what extent) system system architecture determines the level of integration process complexity.
    [Show full text]
  • Composition of Software Architectures Christos Kloukinas
    Composition of Software Architectures Christos Kloukinas To cite this version: Christos Kloukinas. Composition of Software Architectures. Computer Science [cs]. Université Rennes 1, 2002. English. tel-00469412 HAL Id: tel-00469412 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00469412 Submitted on 1 Apr 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Composition of Software Architectures - Ph.D. Thesis - - Presented in front of the University of Rennes I, France - - English Version - Christos Kloukinas Jury Members : Jean-Pierre Banâtre Jacky Estublier Cliff Jones Valérie Issarny Nicole Lévy Joseph Sifakis February 12, 2002 Résumé Les systèmes informatiques deviennent de plus en plus complexes et doivent offrir un nombre croissant de propriétés non fonctionnelles, comme la fiabi- lité, la disponibilité, la sécurité, etc.. De telles propriétés sont habituellement fournies au moyen d’un intergiciel qui se situe entre le matériel (et le sys- tème d’exploitation) et le niveau applicatif, masquant ainsi les spécificités du système sous-jacent et permettant à des applications d’être utilisées avec dif- férentes infrastructures. Cependant, à mesure que les exigences de propriétés non fonctionnelles augmentent, les architectes système se trouvent confron- tés au cas où aucun intergiciel disponible ne fournit toutes les propriétés non fonctionnelles visées.
    [Show full text]
  • Comprehensive Measurement Framework for Enterprise Architectures
    International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 3, No 4, August 2011 COMPREHENSIVE MEASUREMENT FRAMEWORK FOR ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES Mahesh R. Dube 1 and Shantanu K. Dixit 2 1Department of Computer Engineering, VIT, Pune, India [email protected] 2Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, WIT, Solapur, India [email protected] ABSTRACT Enterprise Architecture defines the overall form and function of systems across an enterprise involving the stakeholders and providing a framework, standards and guidelines for project-specific architectures. Project-specific Architecture defines the form and function of the systems in a project or program, within the context of the enterprise as a whole with broad scope and business alignments. Application-specific Architecture defines the form and function of the applications that will be developed to realize functionality of the system with narrow scope and technical alignments. Because of the magnitude and complexity of any enterprise integration project, a major engineering and operations planning effort must be accomplished prior to any actual integration work. As the needs and the requirements vary depending on their volume, the entire enterprise problem can be broken into chunks of manageable pieces. These pieces can be implemented and tested individually with high integration effort. Therefore it becomes essential to analyze the economic and technical feasibility of realizable enterprise solution. It is difficult to migrate from one technological and business aspect to other as the enterprise evolves. The existing process models in system engineering emphasize on life-cycle management and low-level activity coordination with milestone verification. Many organizations are developing enterprise architecture to provide a clear vision of how systems will support and enable their business.
    [Show full text]
  • Toward an Evolutionary System of Systems Architecture Scott A
    Toward an Evolutionary System of Systems Architecture Scott A. Selberg Mark A. Austin Agilent Technologies, Inc. Institute for Systems Research 1400 Fountain Grove Parkway University of Maryland Mailstop 4USE Col 26HH College Park, MD 20742 Santa Rosa, CA 95403 Copyright © 2008 by Institute for Systems Research. Published and used by INCOSE with permission. Abstract. While recent advances in computing/communications technology have enabled the development and managed evolution of large scale system of systems (SoS) applications, lessons learned from industry indicate that these projects are not always successful. A key problem is the lack of a formal framework from which the development and management of SoS architectures can be studied. This paper describes the key ingredients and approaches to formal analysis that we believe will end up in this architectural infrastructure. Introduction The world is full of systems that are being upgraded from industrial- to information-age capability. System upgrades are commonly driven by the need for enhancements, either by expanding functionality or improving performance. Often, present-day systems are limited by their ability to: (1) sense the surrounding environment in which they are operating, (2) look ahead and anticipate events, and (3) control system behavior. In an effort to relax, or even remove, these constraints, next-generation systems are incorporating advances in computing, sensing, and communications. Sensors gather data which is fed to computers for advanced processing. The enriched information leads to better decision making which in turn is fed back to automated control systems. Through this process, the aforementioned barriers are overcome, thereby providing the desired results. The first important consequence of this trend is that over time, present-day reliance on centralized management of operations will be replaced by operations that are partially or fully decentralized.
    [Show full text]
  • An Annotated Bibliography for ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010
    An Annotated Bibliography for ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010 version 4.4.b October 15, 2020 Introduction An annotated bibliography of papers, reports and books on topics pertaining to ISO/IEC/- IEEE 42010:2011 (revision of the former IEEE Std 1471:2000). Originally prepared for ISO/IEC JTC1/SC7 WG42, the Architecture Working Group of the Systems and Software Engineering Subcommittee of ISO. Currently the bibliography is undergoing a major up- date as ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010 is being revised. The current draft is a work-in-progress; it has many new entries, but these are not necessarily complete. The bibliography includes 1) items which were inspirations for the Standard; 2) items citing or about the Standard or its development; and 3) items inspired by or built upon the Standard and its concepts. Note: with version 4.x, we switch to producing the bibliography using the biblatex package. There may be errors. Please send corrections and additions to [email protected]. References 12th Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture (WICSA 2015), 4–7 May 2015, Montr´eal,Qu´ebec,Canada. IEEE Computer Society, Apr. 2015. A. Anwar et al. “A Formal Approach to Model Composition Applied to VUML”. In: 2011 16th IEEE International Conference on Engineering of Complex Computer Systems. Keywords: graph grammars, process algebra, model composition, MBSE. Apr. 2011, pp. 188–197. DOI: 10.1109/ICECCS.2011.26. Annotations: -. 1 Abstract: Several approaches adopted by the software engineering community rely on the principle of multi-modeling which allows to separate concerns and to model a sys- tem as a set of less complex sub-models.
    [Show full text]
  • Systems Architecture: Product Designing and Engineering Social
    Systems Architecture: Product Designing and Social Engineering Rebecca E. Grinter Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies 263 Shuman Blvd Naperville, IL 60566 USA [email protected] http://www.bell-labs.com/-beki ABSTRACT structure - of what was being designed. The role of The production of large and complex systems usually architect evolved to fill that gap. requires the coordination and collaboration of many At the same time as the role of architect was being individuals spread among numerous divisions of a established within some corporations, software architecture corporation. However, much research examining emergedas a researcharea. Software architecture researchers coordination has focused on the subtleties of interactions have focusedon a number of topics including architectural between individuals who may work together in the same description languagesfor expressing the design, codifying department. In this paper, I present a study of systems architectural experienceinto principles, and domain-specific architects and the work that they do to coordinate design frameworks with formal methods for reasoning about acrossorganizational and institutional boundaries. I also architectures[ 13,251. describethe processesand tools that the architects use to support their work. The implications of the social While much of the research in software architecture has processesinvolved in coordinating the design of large focusedon the outcome of the process - the architecture complex systemson the product and those involved in its itself - there is an increasing concern being shown for production are discussed. understandinghow architecturework happensin practice [ 1, 131. One reason why there has been a turn to Keywords understanding practice is it is often the relationship between Systems architecture, empirical studies of design and the design and the organization that presents challenges.
    [Show full text]