Chapter 3.

Southern Forest Resource Conditions and Management Practices from 1900–1950: Benefits of Research

James P. Barnett1 land was considered by many as open rangeland and was heavily grazed by cattle and hogs. These activities further increased the difficulty Abstract—The vast harvest of the native forests of reforestation. The rebuilding of the forest th th of the South in the 19 and early 20 centuries resource had become a major challenge as created a great need for reforestation and well as a silvicultural opportunity. 15 silvicultural knowledge. An emphasis on forestry This chapter describes the initiation and the research that changed the face of the South scope of forest research in the South through the began with the establishment of the Southern World War II era. Because there is a great deal and Appalachian Forest Experiment Stations in of information about the postwar period, it is 1921. Working under primitive conditions, early necessary to limit the scope of the paper to the researchers provided the information that was earliest part of the period. The objectives of used to restore the southern forests. A key to this the paper are to provide a sense of the research environment during the period, to describe the success was the interaction and cooperation of major scientific accomplishments of the period, workers in universities, State service, Federal and to identify some of the scientists who service, and forest industry. contributed to these accomplishments.

INTRODUCTION THE NEED FOR MANAGEMENT lthough southern pines were the basis for the eorge W. Vanderbilt was early to recognize oldest forest industry in America, the forests the need for reforestation of cutover land, A of the Southern United States were little and hired Gifford Pinchot as a forester for th G influenced by humans until the mid-19 century. his Biltmore Estate near Asheville, NC. Dr. Carl Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) was the Schenck, who replaced Pinchot in 1885, established focus of the early lumber business in the South— the first scientifically based forestry school in primarily for export. A decline in the supply of this country on the Biltmore Estate. Through longleaf pine in the Carolinas was noted about his school and influence, Dr. Schenck became 1860. However, intensive harvesting of this species one of the founders of modern American forest continued to spread westward across the South management, and the Biltmore Forest School throughout the early 1900s. As the harvesting became known as the cradle of scientific forestry of the 90 million acres of mature longleaf stands in America. moved westward, the development of railroad logging continued to increase the efficiency of Northern investors came into the South harvesting. Thus it is not surprising that in the following the Civil War. Late in the 1880s, they west gulf region the supply of seed trees became purchased land inexpensively and built mills insufficient to regenerate the species. Across the for processing timber. For example, the Great southern Coastal Plain, loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) Southern Lumber Company in Bogalusa, LA, ran began to naturally regenerate cutover longleaf four 8-foot band saws at full speed for more than pine sites. However, many millions of acres of two decades, producing 1 million board feet of forest land in both the mountains and Coastal lumber every 24 hours (Kerr 1958). Plains had already been converted to agriculture. Late in the post-Civil War period while lumber Much of this land was found to be unsuitable for production in the South was at an all-time high, row crops and was abandoned. Other large areas a few farsighted individuals began to work on of cutover lands that were not converted to a reforestation program that would provide for agriculture needed reforestation. This cutover a continuing forest resource. In 1913, Henry Hardtner, who became known as the “father of forestry in the South,” established plots on the 1 Chief Silviculturist, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Pineville, LA 71360. first reforestation reserve in Urania, LA, to Southern Forest Science: 16 Past, Present, and Future Looking Back of <$20,000per station,theyaccomplished primitive conditionsandwith annualbudgets of theAppalachianStation) workedunder Frothingham, McCarthy, Korstian, andHaasis and Wyman Station and oftheSouthern foresters (Forbes, Hine,Shivery, Hadley, UnitedStates.Althoughthese in theSouthern two-thirds oftheprofessionalforestersworking types. Thetworesearchstationsemployedabout (Appalachian Station)forthemountainhardwood the AppalachianForest ExperimentStation types (fromSouthCarolinatoeastTexas), and pine responsible forresearchinthesouthern Station)wasprimarily Station (Southern respectively. Forest TheSouthern Experiment Stations atNewOrleans,LA,andAsheville,NC, andAppalachianForestSouthern Experiment Department ofAgricultureestablishedthe Louisiana” (Chapman1926). Pine onCutoverLandsinLaSalleParish, NaturalRegenerationofLongleaf Determining Urania studiesweresummarizedin“Factors (Wheeler 1963).TheearlyresultsofChapman’s and fireplotsaswellotherrelatedstudies H.H. Chapmanestablishedlongleafpinethinning decades. StudentsunderthedirectionofProfessor training. Thisprogramcontinuedforseveral classes toUraniafor3monthsofpractical School ofForestry startedsendingitsgraduating In1917,theYale reserve. plots onHardtner’s problems thatneededstudy, established large ESTABLISHMENT OFRESEARCH PROGRAMS a placeintheeconomicuseofforestlands. in whichforestry, andgrazingallhad farming, 1917 promotedthesensibleuseofcutoverlands Conference oftheSouthheldinNewOrleans recognition ofthissituation,aCut-OverLand trees replacedoldforests(Maunder1963).In or ofhowthegrowthratewasincreasingasyoung of thereproductivevigorlogged-overforests, hadanyrealconcept foresters norlumbermen remarkedthatevenby1920neither Service, G. Greeley, ChiefForester oftheU.S.Forest opportunities forprofit(Maunder1963).William belief thatcutoverlandsofferedlong-term with theStateofLouisiana.ItwasHardtner’s cutover forestlandsunderareforestationcontract Lumber Company, placed25,719acresofhis 1963). Hardtner, asPresidentoftheUrania support andguidepinereforestation(Wheeler T In 1921,theForest oftheU.S. Service U.S. Forest inanefforttoidentify Service, apparent in1915whenSamuelT. Danaofthe he needforadditionalresearchwasbecoming Reforestation SUCCESSES OFEARLY RESEARCH South werejustbeingestablished. Forestry programsatotheruniversitiesinthe of Forestry’s trainingprogramatUrania,LA. Estate atAsheville,NC,andtheYale School exceptions wereprogramsattheBiltmore established bytheFederal Notable Government. research intheSouthapartfromprograms UnitedStates. forests oftheSouthern ofthenative from thelarge-scaleharvesting efforts todealwiththemanyproblemsresulting research appreciation oftheneedforforestry 1928. Passage ofthisactsignaledageneral ForestMcSweeney-McNary ResearchAct of untilCongressionalpassageofthe occurred twenties, butlittleexpansionoftheprogram researchers joinedthestationsinmid- some remarkablethings.Afewotherpioneering planting stock formanyoftheexperiments. An first industrialforesters,supplied thelaborand Lumber Companyforester andoneoftheNation’s storing technology. J.K.Johnson,GreatSouthern understanding ofpineseed testing,treating,and was criticaltodevelopment oftheneeded of theBoyceThompsonInstitute(Barton1928) Station(Nelson1938)andLela Barton Southern Nelson,PlantPhysiologist,ofthe with Mary techniques. Wakeley’s collaborativeresearch productionandoutplanting successful nursery Company personnel,PhilipWakeley developed technology (Heyward1963b). thatresultedingreatlyimproved observation planting wastheimpetusforexperimentationand The successofthisfirstlarge-scalecommercial seeds sownonridgesmadewithmuleandplow. The companyplanted800acreswithloblollypine had initiatedanhistoricplantingprogramin1920. Company, Lumber theGreat Southern Company projectoftheUraniaLumberthe thrivingforestry LumberSouthern Company. Following avisitto substation, whichwassupportedbytheGreat in 1924andwasassignedtotheBogalusa,LA, Philip Wakeley Station attheSouthern arrived Reforestation researchbegantoflourishwhen in the1920sand1930swithmeagerresources. undertake thismassiveeffortwasdeveloped (Wakeley 1954). Thetechnologyneededto B Prior toWorld War II,therewaslittleforestry With Lumber helpfromGreatSouthern y conservative estimate,13millionacres y conservative were inneedofplantingaslate1954 forestland (about 10percent)ofsouthern outstanding result was the publication “Artificial (P. echinata Mill.) seedlings < 4 years of age, Reforestation in the Southern Pine Region,” which but not after that age; and (3) although longleaf has guided pine planting for the entire South seedlings will survive a fire, they will not survive since the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) damage by hogs. days (Wakeley 1935a). This 1935 publication Based on his observations at Urania, Professor became the basis of an expanded version “Planting Chapman of Yale advocated the use of fire in the Southern Pines,” which was published after longleaf stands. He stated that fire controlled the war and became the primer for reforestation brown-spot needle disease (Mycosphaerella in the South (Wakeley 1954). dearnessii Barr.) and promoted early height Reforestation research was transferred from growth (Wakeley and Barnett, in press). Research Bogalusa to Alexandria, LA, during the CCC station researchers did not agree with Chapman’s period with establishment of the Forest Service’s conclusions. The Southern Station’s study of Stuart Nursery at nearby Pollock. With the help a 1928 wildfire in an 800-acre longleaf pine of CCC crews, nearly two-thirds of a million plantation of the Great Southern Lumber 17 seedlings were outplanted in research tests on the Company indicated that brown-spot would quickly Palustris Experimental Forest and surrounding reinvade longleaf plantations, but that Chapman Kisatchie National Forest (Wakeley and Barnett, was correct in his contention that fire benefited in press). initiation of longleaf pine seedling growth. Professor Chapman’s research changed the A colorful individual who made a unique 3. Chapter prevailing opinion that all fire was bad. Chapman contribution to the development of reforestation strongly supported the use of fire in longleaf pine technology was F.O. (Red) Bateman, Chief Ranger Research ts of reforestation and management, stating that “. . . of the Great Southern Lumber Company. Bateman prohibition of use of controlled fire will effectively had no formal training, but between 1921 and exterminate this species in the region described” 1936, he made notable contributions to early fire- (Chapman 1941). fighting practice and fire suppression work. He also developed the details of the first successful During the 1930s, other fire studies resulted in large-scale nursery and associated planting a tentative fire danger meter for the longleaf-slash technology for the southern pines (Wakeley pine (P. elliottii Engelm.) type. George Waltner,

1941, 1976). Wakeley (1976) said he was “one sociologist, and Dr. John Shea, psychologist, were 1900–1950: Benefi of the greatest silviculturists the South has contracted to study the forest fire-starting motives known” and “thousands of acres of Great of local residents (Wheeler 1963). Dr. Shea Southern’s plantations, and in a real sense, reported that many of those who started fires most of the pine plantations in the South, stand craved excitement in “an environment otherwise as a monument to his genius.” barren of emotional outlets” (Kerr 1958).

In cases where some remnant seedlings or Forest Survey stands remained, the research R.R. Reynolds conducted at the Crossett Experimental Forest Early surveys of forest resources were provided management guidelines for the use of mandated by Congress. In 1930, Congress uneven-aged and selection methods. This research appropriated funds to begin a forest survey of program became recognized nationally and the southern hardwood region. “The Trees of the was an early example of a partnership between Bottom Lands of the Mississippi River Delta forest industry and Government research Region,” by John Putman and Henry Bull (1932), (Reynolds 1951). was issued as the first in the Southern Station’s Occasional Paper series. This publication was well Fire received and later led to the establishment of the station’s bottomland hardwood research center The effect of fire in forests was a matter at Stoneville, MS. of great interest and controversy among early foresters. In 1916, results of observations in The Southern Forest Survey was authorized by Henry Hardtner’s reserve were published the McSweeney-McNary Act and began in 1931. in the Louisiana Conservation Commission I.F. “Cap” Eldredge assumed direction of this biennial report (Wheeler 1963). The findings survey at the Southern Station and significant are summarized as follows: (1) fires occurring resources were allocated to the work. Beginning in from December 1 to March 1 are not destructive 1934, a series of releases established the value of to longleaf pine; (2) fire will kill shortleaf pine the effort. New releases were eagerly awaited, and Southern Forest Science: 18 Past, Present, and Future Looking Back observe generation after generationofsuch generation after observe Station andassignedR.A.St. Georgetobreedand at BentCreekintheAppalachian a smallinsectary Insects andDiseases situation inLouisiana. ofthehardwood to beginaneconomicsurvey College ofForestry, assisted byJohnPutman, and expensesofG.H.LentzNewYork State State ofLouisianaprovided$5,000forthesalary hardwood researchbeforelate1928whenthe Stationwasnotallowedtoconduct Southern the SouthbeforeWorld War IIperiod.The was stationedatBentCreekduringthe1930s. a professionalforesterbytheForest Service, many yearstheonlywomantobeemployedas hardwoods (Haig1946).MargaretS.Abell,for significant roleintheintroductionofheartrot Buell andAbell1935).Fire wasfound toplaya the effectoffireonhardwoodquality(Buell1928, future volumesofAppalachianhardwoodsand Abell publishedreportsofmethodsforestimating needed tomanagehardwoods,andwithMargaret dealingwithsilviculturalpractices information Appalachians couldbemanaged.Buellpublished howthecutoverareasofSouthern determine inthemid-1920sandinitiatedstudiesto arrived Vanderbilt’s BiltmoreEstate.JesseBuell tests establishedbyPinchotandSchenckon Haasis assumedresponsibilityforexperimental experimental forest.EarlFrothingham andF.W. Forest, butaportionwassetasideforthe from Vanderbilt becamethePisgahNational George Vanderbilt. Mostofthelandpurchased of landthattheForest purchasedfrom Service Forest, whichwasestablishedin1925onaportion Appalachian Station’sBentCreekExperimental Hardwood Management across theSouth. the basisfordevelopmentofforestindustry acres wereinventoried)anditsresultsprovided This wasatremendoustask(morethan215million Printing Office”(Wakeley inpress). andBarnett, State reportsissuedfromtheGovernment formal werereworkedinto had beenissued,whichinturn trees, and53releases boundaries ofthesouthern of Tennessee southandwesttothewestern ironed theStatesfromSouthCarolinaandpart Forestof 1942,theSouthern had“grid- Survey move intotheSouth(Wheeler1963).Byend these becamethebasisforpulpindustry’s In 1925,theBureauofEntomology established There waslittleotherhardwoodsresearchin Early hardwoodresearchwasfocusedatthe Ralph Lindgrenreportedin 1928and1929that value ofunseasoned(notkiln dried)lumber. of abluestainfungusthatgreatly reducedthe second-growth lumberwas therapiddevelopment Products of thetrees(Haig1946). death ordinarily beusefulforabout30yearsafter that theirinsect-and-disease-resistantwoodwould as sourcesoftanninandpulpwood.Itwasfound howlongthedeadtreeswould be useful determine (Frothingham 1924). Studieswereestablishedto eliminating thespeciesfromtheseforests Appalachian Mountainsinthe1920seffectively and westwardintotheforestsofSouthern & Anderson.Theblightsweptsouthward Endothia parasitica Appalachian forestsbytheblightcaused (Marsh.) Borkh.]waseliminatedfromthe northcentral Alabama. for thediseasedconditionofshortleafpinein proposed thename“little-leafdiseaseofpines” Pines” (Siggers1949).Siggers(1940)also and OutbreaksoftheFusiform Rust ofSouthern of LongleafPine”(Siggers1932)and“Weather Brown-SpotNeedleBlight papers suchas“The accomplishment. Hisresearchculminatedin f. sp. ( rust and fusiform to conductresearchonbrown-spotneedleblight of Paul V. Stationin1928 SiggerstotheSouthern spray treatmentforbrown-spot.Theassignment and aBordeauxmixturebecamethestandard successful, potential control.Thetestswerevery evaluating theuseoffungicideBordeauxasa Washington, DC,Wakeley initiated astudy in Hartley oftheBureauPlantIndustry outplanting.Atafter thesuggestionofDr. Carl affecting longleafpineseedlingsinnurseriesand entomological training. a significantaccomplishmentsincehehadlittle ( oftheNantucketpinetipmoth the lifehistory populations inthemid-1930s(Snyder1935). pinebeetle factors onthedevelopmentofsouthern abouttheinfluenceofenvironmental information Stationbegantopublish Snyder oftheSouthern ( pinebeetle “public enemies”asthesouthern Rhyacionia frustrana Dendroctonus frontalis An earlyproblemexperienced intheuseof The valuablechestnut[ Brown-spot needleblightwasamajordisease At Bogalusa,Wakeley (1935b)workedout fusiforme ) beganaperiodofsignificant Cronartium quercuum (Murrill) Anderson (Murrill) Comstock)in1927–28, Zimmermann). T.E. Zimmermann). Castanea dentata treatment of lumber with ethyl mercuric chloride Forest Service 1929). They were used widely and eliminated the blue stain problem (Wheeler 1963). contributed greatly to an understanding of the Lindgren’s accomplishment had a great impact growth potential of the four principal southern on the forest products industry. Within 2 years, pines and the practical forest management of the the results were applied in over 200 pine and pine types (Wakeley and Barnett, in press). This hardwood mills across the country and were being publication was long out of print and copies were put into use abroad (Lindgren and Verrall 1950). virtually museum pieces when it was reprinted as a result of customer demand in the 1970s. Another early effort focused on improvements to chipping for resin production in the naval stores A number of spacing and thinning studies were industry. Len Wyman was assigned to a substation established with both pines and hardwoods. Early in Stark, FL, in 1921. Wyman’s work changed the on, there was no replication in these or any other gum naval stores industry across the South. He studies. Nevertheless, they did begin to provide worked effectively with industry to reduce the size good management guidelines. With the assignment of the chipping streak. This reduction resulted in of Roy Chapman to the Southern Station in 1927, 19 a substantial saving in labor and in tree mortality practical statistical techniques began to be more and also increased considerably the length of time widely applied. Chapman was assigned to train a tree could be worked (Wakeley and Barnett, in under Francis X. Schumacher for 3 years and press). To increase production of gum naval stores developed a friendship with R.A. (later Sir Ronald) for war needs, the station intensified experiments Fisher, one of the founders of modern statistics, with chemical stimulation, and in a few years whose published works and personal advice did 3. Chapter again revolutionized naval stores techniques by much to shape Chapman’s and the station’s introducing developments in this field. As old- scientific direction (Wakeley and Barnett, Research ts of growth stands suitable for chipping were cut, the in press). stumps resulting from harvesting were distilled for naval stores products (Kerr 1958). Genetics and Tree Improvement In 1937, the South had a total of 38 pulpmills In 1922, Professor H.H. Chapman published in operation or under construction. Much of the his remarkable treatise on studies establishing the credit for the rapid expansion of pulping southern existence of a natural hybrid between longleaf and loblolly pine, Sonderegger pine (P. sondereggeri wood goes to Dr. Charles Herty (Heyward 1963a). x 1900–1950: Benefi Herty served as head of the Department of H.H. Chapm.) (Chapman 1922). He named the Chemistry at the University of North Carolina and hybrid after V.H. Sonderegger, who was then was elected president of the American Chemical Louisiana State Forester. Society in 1915. He became enthralled with the In 1929, Wakeley performed the first controlled prospect of producing newsprint from southern hybridization of southern pines, a cross of longleaf pines and established a laboratory (Industrial and slash pine (Wakeley 1981). He also established Committee of Savannah, Inc.) in Savannah, GA, the first provenance test of southern pine. Planted to evaluate pulping technology. He traveled widely in 1926–27 and remeasured at 15 years of age, to promote the use of second-growth timber as a loblolly pine from four different seed sources source of pulp for newsprint. His showmanship showed a striking range in wood production and genius for publicity developed confidence (Wakeley 1944). Because of the detailed original in the potential to produce paper from southern descriptions, the 23 acres of these early pine pulp. experimental plantings became a valuable asset in forest genetics research. This research was Mensuration and Statistics aggressively pursued by a number of organizations One of the earliest studies undertaken by after World War II and in 1954 led to the founding the Southern Station made use of temporary of the Southern Institute of Forest Genetics on sample plots in even-aged, second-growth stands the Harrison Experimental Forest. throughout the South. The data obtained were compiled into normal volume, stand, and yield Watersheds tables for unmanaged second-growth loblolly, H.G. Meginnis reported to the Southern Station shortleaf, longleaf, and slash pines. The tables in 1929 and began work in an erosion control were published in 1929 as Miscellaneous program. The effort was centered in northern Publication 50 of the U.S. Department of Mississippi where 35 percent of two counties was Agriculture (U.S. Department of Agriculture, covered with gullies as much as 100 feet deep Southern Forest Science: 20 Past, Present, and Future Looking Back areas wereclosed,andmost regularresearch consolidate gains.Manyexperimental forest themselves thintomakemeasurements and andolderonesspread service formilitary left The War Years agricultural crop(Demmon1937). in theSouthgreatlyexceededthatofanyother Forests,” statedthatthevalueofforestresources early evaluationsin“EconomicsofOurSouthern E.L. Demmon,Director, insummarizingthe pineregion. of timbergrowinginthesouthern for initiatinginvestigationsoffinancialaspects special appropriationof$22,800fromCongress work inforesteconomics,havingreceiveda Forest Economics resources (DouglassandHoover1988). and unrestrictedloggingonsoilwater woodlandgrazing, effects ofmountainfarming, 1994). Earlystudiesdocumentedtheharmful experimentation couldbegin(Stickneyandothers watersheds hadprogressedenoughsothat stations wascreated.By1939,calibrationof numerous ground-waterwells,andmeteorological 1934, andanetworkof56standardraingauges, beganin intensive programofweirconstruction standardization ofthegaugedwatersheds.An Director C.L.Forsling requiredaperiodof Franklin, NC,in1933.AppalachianStation Experimental Forest wasestablishednear flow andprecipitation.Asaresult,theCoweeta to provideforcontinuousmeasurementsofstream establish completewatershedinstrumentation These studiesledtorecognitionoftheneed was usedsuccessfullywithartificialrainfall. forested oragriculturalcover, andaninfiltrometer fromfiverepresentativetypesof runoff surface Experimental Forest nearAsheville,NC,tostudy 1932, plotswereestablishedattheBentCreek banks andabandonedagriculturalland.In erosion controlandmethodsofstabilizingroad Station in1926andledresearchdealingwith productivity (Meginnis1933). for managingerodedsoilsandrestoring established theprotocolsusedacrossSouth matter topairedwatersheds.Hisresearch for erosioncontrol,andappliedlitterorganic compared useofplantedpinesandotherspecies bysoiltype, quantified erosionandrunoff (Wakeley inpress).Meginnis andBarnett, During theearlytomid-1940s, youngermen Stationbegan In July1929,theSouthern Charles HurshbeganworkattheAppalachian SIGNIFICANCE OFTHISRESEARCH Experiment Station). theAppalachianForestStation (formerly Forest Southeastern newly formed Experiment tothe AppalachianStation)tothe transferred and Florida(SouthCarolinahadalreadybeen research inTennessee andrelinquishedGeorgia Stationassumedresponsibilityfor The Southern boundaries ofthetwostationswererealigned. (Wheeler 1963). anddecayinwoodstructures termites fire protectionofcriticalareas,andcontrolling for loggingandmillingequipment,improving installations,evaluatingpriorityrequests military drainage,camouflaging in connectionwithairfield vegetation, measuringinfiltrationratesofsoils ofundesirable production, freeingairfields goldenrod ( dandelion ( ( assisted waragenciesinestablishingcorkoak for theWar ProductionBoard.Thestationsalso requirements offorestproductsfordefense aboutsupplies,output,and information stations hadmajorprogramsforgathering was postponedforthedurationofwar. The all Southern States. all Southern economic resource in lands arenowaprimary forest them. Asaresult,ourrestored southern understanding providedby thosewhopreceded continue tobuildonthestrong scientific knowledge andfilledgapsinit.Researchers researchhasrefinedthis decades, forestry of theSouth’sforestlands.Inmorerecent have resultedingreatprogresstherestoration provided thebasicmanagementguidelinesthat producing forestproducts.In<20years,they soil erosion,andimprovedtheefficiencyof improvement, developedmethodsforcontrolling of statisticaldesignandthevaluetree understanding oftheimportanceuse pests anddiseases.Theyalsodevelopedan howtocontrolimportantinsect and learned development andexpansionofforestindustries, foreststhatledto ofthesouthern began surveys began tounderstandtheroleoffireinforests, developed reforestationtechniques,studiedand South hasmadetremendousgains.Researchers W Quercus sober At theendofWorld War II(1946),the ith onlyahandfulofprofessionalforesters, primitive working conditions, forestry inthe primitive workingconditions,forestry and despitelittletechnicalsupport Taraxacum Oligoneuron L.) plantations,developingRussian

kok-saghyz Small) plantsforrubber Rodin) and LESSONS LEARNED My thanks to Dr. Anna Burns of Louisiana ow did our early research professionals with State University at Alexandria and Drs. Ron limited resources accomplish so much in a Schmidtling, Cal Meier, and David Loftis of the Hrelatively short period of time? Dedication, Southern Research Station for constructive peer cooperation, and teamwork were characteristics reviews of early drafts of the manuscript. of the early research program. Not only did the individuals support each other’s efforts, they LITERATURE CITED developed excellent relationships with scientists Barton, L.V. 1928. Hastening the germination of southern in universities and other agencies, as well pine seeds. Journal of Forestry. 26: 774–785. as with foresters in forest industry and State Buell, Jesse H. 1928. What can be done with Southern organizations dedicated to solving problems Appalachian cut-over areas? Southern Lumberman. 133(1734): 211–212. common to all organizations. Wakeley and Barnett (in press) quote a passage in Macaulay’s Buell, Jesse H.; Abell, Margaret S. 1935. A method for estimating future volumes of partially cut stands in the “Horatius” that describes their attitude: Southern Appalachians. Tech. Note 11. Asheville, NC: U.S. 21 For Romans in Rome’s quarrel Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Appalachian Forest Experiment Station. 76 p. Spared neither goods nor gold Nor son nor wife nor limb nor life Chapman, H.H. 1922. A new hybrid pine (Pinus palustris x In the brave days of old. Pinus taeda). Journal of Forestry. 20: 729–734. Then none was for the party. Chapman, H.H. 1926. Factors determining natural Chapter 3. Chapter Then all were for the State. reproduction of longleaf pine on cutover lands in LaSalle Parish, Louisiana. Bull. 16. New Haven, CT: Yale University Then the rich man helped the poor School of Forestry. 44 p. Research ts of And the poor man loved the great. Chapman, H.H. 1941. Note on the history of a stand of pine Then lands were fairly portioned. timber at Urania, LA. Journal of Forestry. 39: 951–952. Then spoils were fairly sold. The Romans were like brothers Demmon, E.L. 1937. Economics of our southern forests. Occas. Pap. 59. New Orleans: U.S. Department of Agriculture, In the brave days of old! Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 10 p. Douglass, J.E.; Hoover, M.D. 1988. History of Coweeta. In: CONCLUSIONS Swank, W.T.; Crossley, D.A., Jr. Ecological studies: forest

he South’s forests were largely overexploited hydrology and ecology at Coweeta. New York: Springer- 1900–1950: Benefi during the early 1900s. Vast areas had been Verlag: 18–31. Vol. 66. T converted to agriculture and then abandoned Frothingham, E.H. 1924. Some silvicultural aspects of the or were harvested and not regenerated. The chestnut blight situation. Journal of Forestry. 22: 861–872. knowledge needed for the restoration of these Haig, I.T. 1946. Anniversary report 1921-1946, twenty-five forests was sorely lacking. The establishment of years of forest research of the Appalachian Forest the Southern and Appalachian Stations in 1921 Experiment Station. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest provided the impetus to develop the scientific Experiment Station. 71 p. base for this restoration effort. An important Heyward, Frank. 1963a. Charles Herty—Mr. pulp and paper. component of this effort was interaction and Forests & People. 13(1): 28–29. cooperation with those in universities and forest industry that had the same intense motivation Heyward, Frank. 1963b. Col. W.H. Sullivan—Paul Bunyan of Louisiana forestry. Forests & People. 13(1): 20. to restore the southern forest lands. Kerr, Ed. 1958. History of forestry in Louisiana. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana Forestry Commission, Office of the State ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Forester. 55 p. wish to express my respect for Philip C. Lindgren, R.M.; Verrall, A.F. 1950. Fungus control in Wakeley. His counsel to me early in my career, unseasoned forest products. Forest Farmer. 9(5): 53–54. keen observations of nature, and dedication to I Maunder, Edwood. 1963. Henry Hardtner signs the first forest science has been an inspiration to me during reforestation contract. Forests & People. 13(1): 56–57, my research endeavors. I have drawn heavily 124–125. from Wakeley’s document “A Biased History of Meginnis, H.G. 1933. Tree planting to reclaim gullied lands the Southern Forest Experiment Station Through in the South. Journal of Forestry. 31: 649–656. Fiscal Year 1933,” which is now in press, for this historical perspective of the initiation of forestry research in the South. Southern Forest Science: 22 Past, Present, and Future Looking Back U.S. DepartmentofAgriculture,Forest 1929.Volume, Service. Stickney, Patricia LloydW.; L.;Swift, Swank,Wayne T. 1994. Snyder, T.E. 1935.The Siggers, P Siggers, P Siggers, P Reynolds, R.R.1951.GuidetotheCrossettExperimental Putman, J.A.;Bull,H.1932.Thetreesofthebottomlands investigationsondry, L. 1938.Preliminary Nelson, Mary cold Agriculture, Forest 202p. Service. Misc. Publ.50.Washington, DC:U.S.Department of pines. yield, andstandtablesforsecond-growthsouthern ForestSoutheastern ExperimentStation.115p. 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