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T.FRS-197.Pdf UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA DE LA SELVA FACULTAD DE RECURSOS NATURALES RENOVABLES "ESTUDIO COMPARATIVO DE DOS TÉCNICAS DE )ECADO NATURAl DE LA ESPECIE Pinus tecunumanii EGUILUZ Y PERRY EN LA CIUDAD DE VILLA RICA" TESIS PARA OPTAR El TÍTULO PROFESIONAL DE: INGENIERO EN RECURSOS NATURALES RENOVABLES MENCIÓN FORESTALES PRESENTADO POR: JORCAN ERWIN GALLO ÁLVAREZ 2014 li-- BIBLIOTECA CENTRAL-UNAS TM FOR Gallo Álvarez, Jordan Erwin Estudio comparativo de dos técnicas de secado natural de la especie Pinus tecunumanii Eguiluz y Peny en la ciudad de Villa Rica Tmgo Maria 2014 83 páginas.; 20 cuadros; 43 figuras.; 33 ref:; 30 cm. Tesis (Ingeniero en Recursos Naturales Renovables Mención Forestales) Universidad Nacional Agraria 4e la Selva. Tmgo Maria (Perú ) Facultad de Recursos Naturales Renovables. 1- SECADO NATURAL 2- APILADO 3- TRIÁNGULO 4- CABALLETE S- CONTENIDO DE HUMEDAD 6- DEFECTOS UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA DE LA SELVA Tingo Maña - Perú •_ _ FACULTAD DE RECURSOS NATURALES RENOVABLES ACTA DE SUSTENTACIÓN DE TESIS Los que suscriben, Miembros del Jurado de Tesis, reunidos con fecha 05 de marzo de 2014, a horas 10:00 a.ni. en la Sala de Sesiones del Departamento Académico de Conserv~ción de Suelos y Agua de la Facultad de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la UNAS, para calificar la Tesis titulada: ESTUDIO COMPARATIVO DE DOS TÉCNICAS DE SECADO NATURAL DE LA ESPECIE Pinus tecunumanii EGUILUZ Y PERRY EN LA CIUDAD DE VILLA RICA Presentado por el Bachiller: JORCAN ERWIN GALLO ÁLVAREZ, después de haber escuchado la sustentación y las respuestas a las interrogantes formuladas por el Jurado, se declara aprobado con el calificativo de "MUY BUENO" En consecuencia, el sustentante queda apto para optar el Título de INGENIERO EN RECURSOS NATURALES RENOVABLES, mención FORESTALES, que será aprobado por el Consejo de Facultad, tramitándolo al Consejo Universitario para la otorgación del Título correspondiente. Tingo María, 05 de Marzo de 2014. Asesor DEDICATORIA A Dios; por ser la fuente de sabiduría y bondad infinita. A mi hermosa madre Ana Luz Álvarez Aibar; mujer responsable, creíble y leal consigo misma, pilar importante que con su amor, esfuerzo, cariño y apoyo incondicional ha hecho posible la cristalización de esta etapa de mi vida. A mis hermanos Rocío, Paul, Wilder y Guillermo; por su gran apoyo brindado durante mi formación profesional. A mis sobrinos: Daniel, Diego, Joan, Cesar, Alizze y Miriel; y a toda mi familia que siempre me brinda su cariño. A mi pequeña Johanna; por ser mi motor de vida y mis ganas de ser mejor cada día. Con infinito amor por ser lo más grande que la vida me dio. En memoria a mi querido padre Félix Guillermo Gallo Azania, a quien pese a nuestra distancia física, siento que está conmigo siempre, y aunque nos faltaron muchas cosas por vivir juntos, sé que este momento hubiera sido tan especial para él como lo es para mí. En· memoria a mis queridos abuelitos Daniel, Espirita, Enrrique y Alicia; quienes ya no están aliado mío, pero su cariño prevalece siempre en mi corazón. AGRADECIMIENTOS Durante mi formación profesional, personal y elaboración de la presente investigación, diversas personas colaboraron directa e indirectamente, a quienes deseo expresar mi más profundo reconocimiento: A la Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva, "alma mater" de mi formación profesional, en cuyas aulas culminé mi carrera profesional. A los docentes de la Facultad de Recursos Naturales Renovables, en especial a los ingenieros Jorge Luis Vergara Palomino, Ricardo Ochoa Cuya, Fernando Gutiérrez Huamán, Tania Elizabeth Guerrero Vejarano, Luis Alberto Valdivia Espinoza, Ladislao Ruiz Rengifo, Casiano Aguirre Escalante, Ytavclerh Vargas Clemente y Edilberto Díaz Quintana; quienes se esforzaron por entregarme sus conocimientos y experiencias. Allng. Manuel Bravo Morales, por su valiosa colaboración como asesor. Al técnico Mario Soza Shapiama, por su valiosa colaboración en la ubicación, tala, aserrado y reaserrado de la especie en estudio. A Frits Palomino, un gran amigo que me apoyó en forma desinteresada en la ejecución de la tesis. A todas aquellas personas que en forma directa e indirecta colaboraron para la culminación de la investigación. ÍNDICE Página l. INTRODUCCIÓN ..................................................................................... 1 1.1. General. ......................................................................................... 3 1.2. Específicos ..................................................· .................................. 3 11. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA ................................................................... 4 2.1. Secado de la madera .................................................................... 4 2.1.1. Secado natural o aire libre ................................................ 5 2.2. Aspectos físicos relativos al secado de la madera ........................ 6 2.2.1. Cambios dimensionales .................................................... 6 2.2.2. Higroscopicidad .............................................................. 12 2.2.3. Humedad relativa y la humedad de la madera ............... 13 2.2.4. Punto de saturación de las fibras (PSF) ......................... 14 2.2.5. Contenido de humedad ................................................... 14 2.2.6. Contenido de humedad en equilibrio .............................. 16 2.2.7. Contenido de humedad en base seca ............................ 18 2.2.8. Densidad ......................................................................... 18 2.2.9. Curvas de secado ........................................................... 18 2.2.1 O. Curvas de equilibrio higroscópico ................................... 19 2.3. Factores que inciden en el secado de la madera ........................ 20 2.3.1. Influencia de la estructura anatómica ............................. 20 2.3.2. La higroscopicidad .......................................................... 20 2.3.3. La anisotropía ................................- .................................. 21 2.4. Apilado de madera aserrada ....................................................... 22 2.4.1. Apilado en triángulo ........................................................ 22 2.4.2. Apilado con caballetes .................................................... 23 2.4.3. Preparación de la madera ............................................... 24 2.4.4. Techado de los apilados ................................................. 25 2.5. Defectos y deformaciones de la madera en el secado ................ 25 2.5.1. Defectos (grietas y rajaduras) ......................................... 25 2.5.2. Deformaciones (alabeos) ................................................ 26 2.6. Pinus tecunumanii Eguiluz y Perry .............................................. 27 2.6.1. Descripción dendrológica ................................................ 27 2.6.2. Características tecnológicas ........................................... 29 2.7. Antecedentes de estudio ............................................................. 30 111. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS .................................................................. 35 3.1. Lugar de ejecución ...................................................................... 35 3.2. Materiales y equipos .................................................................... 36 3.2.1. Madera ............................................................................ 36 3.2.2. Herramientas y equipos de campo ................................. 36 3.2.3. Material de laboratorio .................................................... 37 3.2.4. Equipos de taller ............................................................. 37 3.3. Metodología ................................................................................. 37 3.3.1. Ubicación y selección de la especie ............................... 37 3.3.2. Proceso de obtención de la madera ............................... 38 3.3.3. Acondicionamiento de las tablas o viguetas de madera ............................................................................ 39 3.3.4. Apilado ............................................................................ 39 3.3.5. Apilado de las viguetas según los métodos a trabajar. ........................................................................... 40 3.3.6. Estudio de las propiedades físicas de la madera ............ 40 3.3.7. Expresión de resultados ................................................. 42 3.3.8. Evaluación de secado ..................................................... 43 3.3.9. Evaluación de defectos y deformaciones ........................ 43 3.4. Interpretación de resultados ........................................................ 43 3.5. Análisis estadístico ...................................................................... 44 3.5.1. Prueba estadística .......................................................... 46 IV. RESULTADOS ....................................................................................... 47 4.1. Secado al natural de la madera de Pinus tecunumanii Eguiluz y Perry, empleando las técnicas de apilado en triángulo y apilado en caballete ................................................... 47 4.1.1. Pérdida de humedad en muestras de madera extraídas de los tres niveles del fuste ............................. 47 ~ 4.1.2. Pérdida de humedad en muestras de madera con dos orientaciones de corte .............................................. 49 4.1.3. Pérdida de humedad en muestras de madera seeadas bajo dos técnicas de apilado ...........................
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