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Max Planck Manuals on Constitution Building: Structures and Principles of a Constitution

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Max Planck Manuals on Constitution Building: Structures and Principles of a Constitution MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR COMPARATIVE PUBLIC LAW AND INTERNATIONAL LAW Directors: Professor Dr. Armin von Bogdandy ∙ Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. Rüdiger Wolfrum MAX PLANCK MANUALS ON CONSTITUTION BUILDING: STRUCTURES AND PRINCIPLES OF A CONSTITUTION 2nd Edition August 2009 Katharina Diehl Johanna Mantel Matthias Reuss Jan Schmidt © Max‐Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, 2009. All rights reserved. Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or any parts of this publication should be made to: Somalia Team Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law Im Neuenheimer Feld 535; 69120 Heidelberg; Germany Phone: +49 (0)6221 482 1; Fax: +49 (0) 6221 482‐288 http://www.mpil.de Table of Contents A. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 I. What is a Constitution? .................................................................................................. 1 II. Development of Constitutionalism ................................................................................. 2 III. Regulations in a Constitution.......................................................................................... 5 IV. The Difference between a Constitution and Other Laws: The Hierarchy of Norms........... 6 B. CONSTITUTION‐MAKING PROCESS................................................................................... 7 I. Basic Elements of a Constitutional Process ..................................................................... 8 II. Interim Arrangements .................................................................................................... 9 III. Public Participation and Ownership.............................................................................. 10 IV. Constitutional Commissions ......................................................................................... 11 V. Adoption of the Constitution ........................................................................................ 12 VI. Comprehensive Overview on the Constitution‐making Processes in South Africa, Rwanda and Afghanistan.....................................................................................................................12 1. South Africa....................................................................................................................... 12 2. Rwanda ............................................................................................................................. 13 3. Afghanistan ....................................................................................................................... 13 C. THE CONSTITUTION AND INTERNATIONAL LAW............................................................. 14 I. International Treaties ................................................................................................... 14 1. The Power to Deliberate and to Ratify International Treaties ......................................... 15 2. The Status of International Treaties in Domestic Law...................................................... 16 II. International Customary Law and General Principles of International Law.................... 18 III. Decisions of International Bodies.................................................................................. 18 1. Decisions of International Organisations.......................................................................... 18 2. Judgments of International Courts ................................................................................... 19 IV. Prevention of Contradictions ........................................................................................ 19 V. Further International Law Issues................................................................................... 22 1. Human Rights.................................................................................................................... 22 2. Prohibition of the Use of Force......................................................................................... 22 D. SHARIA AND THE CONSTITUTION................................................................................... 23 I. Islam as the State Religion............................................................................................ 24 1. The Proclamation of a State Religion................................................................................ 24 2. The Prohibition of Amendment ........................................................................................ 24 II. Integration of Sharia Law in the Constitution................................................................ 25 1. Supremacy of Sharia Law.................................................................................................. 25 2. Priority of Sharia Law within the Framework of the Constitution.................................... 25 3. Sharia as a Source for Legislation ..................................................................................... 25 4. Compatibility of Legislature with Islam ............................................................................ 26 5. Secular System and Parallel Sharia Law Applicable to Certain Fields............................... 26 III. Judicial Review of Adherence to Sharia Law.................................................................. 27 IV. Structure of the Courts ................................................................................................. 28 1. Sharia Legal Systems......................................................................................................... 28 a) Iran................................................................................................................................ 28 b) Afghanistan................................................................................................................... 28 2. Mixed Legal Systems......................................................................................................... 29 E. FORMAL ASPECTS OF STRUCTURING A CONSTITUTION .................................................. 30 I. The System of Structuring a Constitution...................................................................... 30 II. The Division of a Constitution into Different Sections ................................................... 31 III. The Intensity of the Regulations of Elements in a Constitution ..................................... 31 IV. The Enforceability of Provisions in a Constitution ......................................................... 32 F. FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES REGULATED IN A CONSTITUTION............................................... 34 I. Fundamental Values and Principles in a Constitution.................................................... 34 II. The Political System of a Country.................................................................................. 35 1. Monarchy.......................................................................................................................... 35 2. Theocracy.......................................................................................................................... 36 3. Republic ............................................................................................................................ 36 III. General Issues to be Regulated in a Constitution .......................................................... 37 1. The Bill of Rights................................................................................................................ 38 a) The Different Types of Human Rights........................................................................... 39 b) The Protection of Human Rights................................................................................... 40 c) The Internationalization of Human Rights.................................................................... 42 2. Duties of the Individual Citizen......................................................................................... 44 3. State Finances ................................................................................................................... 45 a) Levying of Taxes............................................................................................................ 45 b) The National Budget ..................................................................................................... 45 c) Auditing of the National Budget................................................................................... 46 4. Economic System .............................................................................................................. 47 a) Planned Economy ......................................................................................................... 47 b) Market Economy........................................................................................................... 48 5. Defense and Security Issues.............................................................................................. 49 a) Military.......................................................................................................................... 50 b) Police............................................................................................................................. 51 c) Other Security Services................................................................................................
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