Introduction: Post-Mortem Digital Forensics
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Problem 1 : Write-Based Skippy. Problem 2 : Skippy Variant
CMU 18-746 Storage Systems Assigned: 1 Feb 2010 Spring 2010 Homework 2 Due: 22 Feb 2010 Solutions are due at the beginning of class on the due date and must be typed and neatly organized. Late homeworks will not be accepted. You are permitted to discuss these problems with your classmates; how- ever, your work and answers must be your own. All questions should be directed to the teaching assistant. Problem 1 : Write-based Skippy. Before answering the following two problems, please read the following paper: Microbenchmark-based Extraction of Local and Global Disk Characteristics by Nisha Talagala, Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau, and David Patterson (Berkeley TR CSD-99-1063). It is available from the course website. (a) First, describe in words the functionality of lseek. Specifically, what happens when lseek(fd, 1048576, SEEK CUR) is issued? (b) Refer to Figure 1, which shows the result of simulating the Skippy experiment on a disk simulator. Label this graph with the following values: rotational latency, MTM, sectors per track, number of heads, head switch time, and cylinder switch time. Also label the head and cylinder switches. Make sure you mark the parts of the figure that indicate these values. (c) How would Figure 1 change, if the disk were replaced with one that has a higher rotation speed, but is the same in every other respect? (d) If the WRITEs used in the Skippy experiment were replaced with READs, do you think the observed value for MTM would change? Explain your answer. Problem 2 : Skippy variant. Assume the skippy algorithm is replaced with the following: fd = open ( ‘ ‘ raw d i s k d e v i c e ’ ’ ) ; ¡ f o r ( i = 0 ; i measurements ; i + + ) l s e e k ( fd , 0 , SEEK SET ) ; w r i t e ( fd , b u f f e r , SINGLE SECTOR ) ; / / time t h e f o l l o w i n g w r i t e and o u t p u t i , time ¢ / / i i s t h e hop s i z e l s e e k ( fd , i £ SINGLE SECTOR , SEEK SET ) ; w r i t e ( fd , b u f f e r , SINGLE SECTOR ) ; ¤ c l o s e ( fd ) ; Figure 2 shows the results of running this experiment (it is a plot of time vs. -
Engineering Specifications
DOC NO : Rev. Issued Date : 2020/10/08 V1.0 SOLID STATE STORAGE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 司 Revised Date : ENGINEERING SPECIFICATIONS Product Name: CVB-CDXXX (WT) Model CVB-CD128 CVB-CD256 CVB-CD512 CVB-CD1024 Author: Ken Liao DOC NO : Rev. Issued Date : 2020/10/08 V1.0 SOLID STATE STORAGE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 司 Revised Date : Version History Date 0.1 Draft 2020/07/20 1.0 First release 2020/10/08 DOC NO : Rev. Issued Date : 2020/10/08 V1.0 SOLID STATE STORAGE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 司 Revised Date : Copyright 2020 SOLID STATE STORAGE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION Disclaimer The information in this document is subject to change without prior notice in order to improve reliability, design, and function and does not represent a commitment on the part of the manufacturer. In no event will the manufacturer be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use or inability to use the product or documentation, even if advised of the possibility of such damages. This document contains proprietary information protected by copyright. All rights are reserved. No part of this datasheet may be reproduced by any mechanical, electronic, or other means in any form without prior written permission of SOLID STATE STORAGE Technology Corporation. DOC NO : Rev. Issued Date : 2020/10/08 V1.0 SOLID STATE STORAGE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 司 Revised Date : Table of Contents 1 Introduction ....................................................................... 5 1.1 Overview ............................................................................................. -
Insight Analysis
WINTER 2016 ISSUE 6 IT ASSET DISPOSAL • RISK MANAGEMENT • COMPLIANCE • IT SECURITY • DATA PROTECTION INSIGHT EU Data Protection Regulation Page 3 ANALYSIS Exploring the Hidden Areas on Erased Drives Page 17 9 TONY BENHAM ON 13 JEFFREY DEAN LOOKS 20 A GAME OF TAG: THE 21 WHO’S WHO: FULL LIST THE TRIALS OF BEING IN DETAIL AT THE DATA CLOSED-LOOP RFID OF CERTIFIED MEMBERS AN ADISA AUDITOR SECURITY ACT SYSTEM WORLDWIDE 2 Audit Monitoring Service EDITORIAL WINTER 2016 EDITOR Steve Mellings COPY EDITOR Richard Burton CONTENT AUTHORS Steve Mellings Anthony Benham When releasing ICT Assets as part of your disposal service it is vital to ensure your supply chain is Gill Barstow Alan Dukinfield processing your equipment correctly. This is both for peace of mind and to show compliance with the Data Protection Act and the Information Commissioner’s Office guidance notes. All members within This edition was due for release in the We welcome external authors who wish DESIGN summer. But the events of June 23 were to discuss anything that will add value Antoney Calvert at the ADISA certification program undergo scheduled and unannounced audits to ensure they meet the not only the stuff of debate in bars and to members. In this edition, Gill Barstow Colourform Creative Studio certified requirements. Issues that arise can lead to changes in their certified status – or even having it boardrooms throughout Europe – they discusses a favourite subject of ours – colour-form.com forced us into countless re-drafts. building your value proposition. And an old withdrawn. These reports can be employed by end-users as part of their own downstream management PRODUCTION friend, Gavin Coates, introduces his ITAD tools and are available free of charge via the ADISA monitoring service. -
Datasheet (PDF)
DOC NO : Rev. Issued Date : 2020/10/07 V1.0 SOLID STATE STORAGE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 司 Revised Date : ENGINEERING SPECIFICATIONS Product Name: CVB-8DXXX-WT Model CVB-8D128- WT CVB-8D256 - WT CVB-8D512- WT CVB-8D1024 - WT Author: Ken Liao DOC NO : Rev. Issued Date : 2020/10/07 V1.0 SOLID STATE STORAGE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 司 Revised Date : Version History Date 0.1 Draft 2020/03/30 1.0 First release 2020/10/07 DOC NO : Rev. Issued Date : 2020/10/07 V1.0 SOLID STATE STORAGE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 司 Revised Date : Copyright 2020 SOLID STATE STORAGE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION Disclaimer The information in this document is subject to change without prior notice in order to improve reliability, design, and function and does not represent a commitment on the part of the manufacturer. In no event will the manufacturer be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use or inability to use the product or documentation, even if advised of the possibility of such damages. This document contains proprietary information protected by copyright. All rights are reserved. No part of this datasheet may be reproduced by any mechanical, electronic, or other means in any form without prior written permission of SOLID STATE STORAGE Technology Corporation. DOC NO : Rev. Issued Date : 2020/10/07 V1.0 SOLID STATE STORAGE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 司 Revised Date : Table of Contents 1 Introduction ....................................................................... 5 1.1 Overview ............................................................................................. -
Lecture 7 Slides
✬ ✩ Computer Science CSCI 251 Systems and Networks Dr. Peter Walsh Department of Computer Science Vancouver Island University [email protected] ✫ 1: Computer Science CSCI 251 — Lecture 7 ✪ ✬ ✩ Virtualization Process • CPU virtualization Address Space • memory virtualization File • persistent storage virtualization ✫ 2: Computer Science CSCI 251 — Lecture 7 ✪ ✬ ✩ Formatting Low Level • sector creation • sector addressing using LBA (Logical Block Addressing) e.g., (cylinder 0, head 0, sector 1) = LBA 0, (cylinder 0, head 0, sector 2) = LBA 1 etc. • usually completed at time of manufacture Partitioning • each physical disk can be divided into partitions • a partition is a logical disk under OS control High Level • typically involves file system creation ✫ 3: Computer Science CSCI 251 — Lecture 7 ✪ ✬ ✩ IBM PC Basic I/O System (BIOS) BIOS • firmware executes on power-on startup • assumes disk data structure and boot-loader code starting at LBA 0 of bootable disk Legacy BIOS • LBA 0 contains MBR (Master Boot Record) • MBR contains the partition table • a partition entry contains a 32 bit start LBA field UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) • GPT (GUID Partition Table) starts at LBA 0 • GPT contains the partition table • a partition entry contains a 64 bit start LBA field ✫ 4: Computer Science CSCI 251 — Lecture 7 ✪ ✬ ✩ IBM PC Basic I/O System (BIOS) cont. 3ΤΙςΕΞΜΡΚ7]ΩΞΙΘ &−37 9)∗− 4ΕςΞΜΞΜΣΡ 1&6 +48 4ΕςΞΜΞΜΣΡ 8ΕΦΠΙ 8ΕΦΠΙ &ΣΣΞ &ΣΣΞ 0ΣΕΗΙς 0ΣΕΗΙς −&14∋,ΕςΗ[ΕςΙ ✫ 5: Computer Science CSCI 251 — Lecture 7 ✪ ✬ ✩ IDE Devices Controller • typically can support 4 drives (2 ports) Old Naming Convention Device Name Port# Drive# /dev/hda 1 1 /dev/hdb 1 2 /dev/hdc 2 3 /dev/hdd 2 4 New Naming Convention Device Name Port# Drive# /dev/sda 1 1 /dev/sdb 1 2 /dev/sdc 2 3 /dev/sdd 2 4 ✫ 6: Computer Science CSCI 251 — Lecture 7 ✪ ✬ ✩ SATA Devices Controller • typically can support 2 - 6 drives (2 - 6 ports) Naming Convention Device Name Port# Drive# /dev/sda 1 1 /dev/sdb 2 2 ....... -
Anti-Forensics: the Rootkit Connection for Black Hat USA 2009
[Black Hat USA 2009] Anti-Forensics: The Rootkit Connection Black Hat USA 2009 Conference Proceedings Anti-Forensics: The Rootkit Connection Bill Blunden Principal Investigator Below Gotham Labs www.belowgotham.com Abstract Conventional rootkits tend to focus on defeating forensic live incident response and network monitoring using a variety of concealment strategies (e.g. hooking, detour patching, covert channels, peer-to-peer communication, etc.). However, the technology required to survive a post-mortem analysis of secondary storage, which is just as vital in the grand scheme of things, recently doesn’t seem to have garnered the same degree of coverage. In this paper, we’ll examine different approaches to persisting a rootkit and the associated anti-forensic tactics that can be employed to thwart an investigator who’s performing an autopsy of a disk image. 1 | Below Gotham Labs [Black Hat USA 2009] Anti-Forensics: The Rootkit Connection Contents Introduction 4 Post-Mortem Dance Steps 5 Worst-Case Scenario 6 Strategies for the Worst Case 7 Disk Analysis: Tactics and Countermeasures 9 Defense in Depth 9 Forensic Duplication 10 Reserved Disk Regions 10 Recovering File System Objects 10 Full Disk Encryption 10 File System Attacks 11 File concealment 11 Out-of-Band Concealment 11 In-Band Concealment 13 Application Layer Concealment 15 Recovering Deleted Files 16 File Wiping 16 Meta-Data Shredding 17 Encryption 17 Key Management 17 Collecting File Meta Data 18 Altering Checksums 18 Modifying Timestamps 19 Identifying Known Files 20 Injecting -
My Name Is Muhammad Sadiq, I Hope You Are Also Fine. Complete Current Soled Paper CS609
Hi! My name is Muhammad Sadiq, I hope you are also fine. Complete current soled paper CS609. Just remember in prayer. And visit my site you’ll a lot of information. http://tipshippo.com/ Thanks! QNO1: calculate the sector#for the followinsg cluster 1CH We have following information Block per cluster = 8 First user block number = 20 Ans: No. of System Area Blocks = Reserved Block + Sector per FAT * No. of FAT’s + No. of entries * 32 / Bytes per Block First User Block No. = No. of System Area Blocks Sector No. = (Clust_no – 2)* Blocks per Clust + First User Block # QNO2: which control information PSP ( program segment prefix) contains Ans: It contains control information like DTA (Disk Transfer Area) and command line parameters. QNO3: IN case of memory to memory transfer which MDA register is used to simulate DMA request. Ans: DMA request register can be used to simulate a DMA request through software (in case of memory to memory transfer). The lower 2 bits contains the channel number to be requested and the bit # 2 is set to indicate a request. can be used to simulate a DMA request through software (in case of memory to memory transfer). The lower 2 bits contains the channel number to be requested and the bit # 2 is set to indicate a request. QNO4: what are the effects of surface area on disk size. Ans: Increasing the surface area clearly increases the amount of data that can reside on the disk as more magnetic media no resides on disk but it might have some drawbacks like increased seek time in case only one disk platter is being used QNO5:how can we read / write the disk block when LSN is given. -
RDX Performance
WHITE PAPER RDX Performance This whitepaper is intended to address performance issues related to installation and usage of RDX® removable storage systems. Performance related topics discussed in this whitepaper include: • Host system performance considerations. An overview of performance impacts of host system configuration, including hardware and software configuration. • Performance benchmarks. Industry standard benchmarks used to validate system and RDX performance • RDX Cartridge performance considerations. An overview of the RDX Cartridge and an understanding of performance related aspects. • RDX interconnect performance considerations. An overview of interconnect related issues (USB/SATA) and possible performance impacts. A typical installation of the RDX SATA or USB drive should automatically achieve desired performance. The purpose of this whitepaper is to introduce performance related concepts and provide a troubleshooting means in the unlikely event that performance related issues arise. Performance Overview Transfer rates for SATA and USB RDX drives are shown in the table below. Transfer rates of competing Travan and DAT72 tape technologies are shown for reference. TRANSFER ratE BY PRODUCT RDX SATA RDX USB DAT72 Travan TR-7 Native Transfer Rate (MB/s) 30 25 3.51 1.22 Time to complete 20GB 0.19 0.22 1.59 4.63 Data Transfer (hours) Transfer Rate by Product Time to complete 20Gb Data Transfer 35 30 Travan TR-7 25 DAT72 20 MB/s 15 RDX USB 10 5 RDX SATA 0 RDX SATA RDX USB DAT72 Travan TR-7 0 1 2 3 4 5 Figure 1: Transfer Rate Compression www.tandbergdata.com WHITE PAPER Guide to Data Protection Best Practices A second transfer rate, “up to 45MB/s,” in some literature when referencing the RDX drive. -
Wipedrive Home 9
WipeDrive Home 9 Table of Contents IMPORTANT! PLEASE READ CAREFULLY: ........................................................................................................ 3 General Information ...................................................................................................................................... 3 WipeDrive ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Overview ................................................................................................................................................................... 3 System Requirements ............................................................................................................................................... 3 Key Features .................................................................................................................................................. 4 Secure Removal of HPA and DCO .............................................................................................................................. 4 Secure Erase Option .................................................................................................................................................. 4 WipeDrive Boot Via CD ................................................................................................................................. 5 Overview .................................................................................................................................................................. -
Understanding and Installing Hard Drives ‐ Chapter #8
Understanding and Installing Hard Drives ‐ Chapter #8 Amy Hissom Key Terms 80 conductor IDE cable — An IDE cable that has 40 pins but uses 80 wires, 40 of which are ground wires designed to reduce crosstalk on the cable. The cable is used by ATA/66, ATA/100, and ATA/133 IDE drives. active partition — The primary partition on the hard drive that boots the OS. Windows NT/2000/XP calls the active partition the system partition. ANSI (American National Standards Institute) — A nonprofit organization dedicated to creating trade and communications standards. autodetection — A feature on newer system BIOS and hard drives that automatically identifies and configures a new drive in the CMOS setup. block mode — A method of data transfer between hard drive and memory that allows multiple data transfers on a single software interrupt. boot sector virus — An infectious program that can replace the boot program with a modified, infected version of the boot command utilities, often causing boot and data retrieval problems. CHS (cylinder, head, sector) mode — The traditional method by which BIOS reads from and writes to hard drives by addressing the correct cylinder, head, and sector. Also called normal mode. DMA transfer mode — A transfer mode used by devices, including the hard drive, to transfer data to memory without involving the CPU. ECHS (extended CHS) mode — See large mode. EIDE (Enhanced IDE) — A standard for managing the interface between secondary storage devices and a computer system. A system can support up to six serial ATA and parallel ATA IDE devices or up to four parallel ATA IDE devices such as hard drives, CD-ROM drives, and Zip drives. -
Heading 1 Example
Hard Disk Drive Long Data Sector White Paper Authors: P. Chicoine, Phoenix; M. Hassner, Hitachi GST; E. Grochowski, Consultant; S. Jenness, Microsoft; M. Noblitt, Seagate; G. Silvus, Broadcom; C. Stevens, Western Digital; B. Weber, LSI Corporation April 20, 2007 Abstract This paper summarizes the results of the IDEMA Long Data Sector (LDS) Committee that was started in 2000. The activities of this committee were motivated by a 1998 NSIC Paper, in which the incompatibility of HDD Industry areal density growth at the existing 512-Byte Sector Format and maintaining data integrity was recognized. Contents 1. Motivation, Scope and History …………………………………………..………………………………….1 2. Impact on OS/Software Applications ………………………………….………………………………. 2 3. Storage Systems Support Required for LDS ……………………….……………………………… 5 4. Large Block Error Correction ………………………………………………………………………………….6 5. Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….9 6. References …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….10 6.1. Windows Vista Support for LDS 6.2. HGST LDS Position Statement 6.3. Fujitsu LDS Position Statement 6.4. Seagate LDS Position Statement 6.5. Maxtor LDS Position Statement 6.6. IDEMA Letter to Microsoft 6.7. Integrated Sector Format ECC for Aligned LDS 6.8. Alignment Method for LDS 6.9. Western Digital White Paper re Implementation of Larger Sectors 1. Motivation, Scope and History The motivation behind the IDEMA LDS Committee activity lies in the realization that continued HDD areal density growth, while maintaining the data integrity required by HDD storage customers, at the current 512-byte sector format, are incompatible in the long run. As a result of this realization, Seagate, Maxtor, Hitachi GST, and Fujitsu agreed to form a committee, under IDEMA’s sponsorship, to address long data sectors. -
21 Disk Formatting
Disk Formatting Low Level Formatting Preparing a disk for use Physical Formatting - Low-Level Format - Electronically lays down tracks and sectors on the platter surfaces - Places tracks and sectors on platters - Starting and ending points of all sectors are - Partition Disk marked - Identifies and marks bad sectors - Creates logical disks (volumes) - Writes physical sector addresses - Hard Disk Only - By default, formatting does not wipe disk - High-Level Format - Filling sectors with NULL character 00 is - Creates and initializes file system for option each volume - Low level formatting is performed by manufacturer - Requires special software - Requires many hours for gigabyte drives Low Level Formatting Low Level Formatting Addressing Physical Sectors Addressing Physical Sectors Physical LBA - Address written into sector during low Addressing for HD Floppy Disks Cylinder-Head-Sector (CHS) 2048 512 level formatting Cylinders Count Addresses - Sector address limited by BIOS - Must have before sector can be read Tracks/ 80 0 - 79 Head 2 8 Cylinders - Cylinders can only be numbered 0 to 1023 - If address is corrupted or missing - Heads can only be numbered 0 to 15 52 52 “Sector Not Found” error is given Heads/Sides 2 0 - 1 Sector - Sectors can only be numbered 1 to 63 Cylinder-Head-Sector (CHS) (512, 8, 52) Sectors/ 18 1 - 18 Logical Block Addressing (LBA) Controller reports - Sector address limited by BIOS Blocks CHS - (5, 1, 9) - Converts actual CHS address into a The LBA addressing scheme hides - Cylinders can only be numbered 0 to 1023 logical address acceptable to BIOS Cylinder 5 the physical details of the storage - Heads can only be numbered 0 to 15 Side 1 ('bottom') - Conversion performed by controller device from the BIOS (firmware) - Sectors can only be numbered 1 to 63 Block 9 - Formula varies by manufacturer and BIOS and operating system.