Zur Reproduktion Der Philosophie G. W. F. Hegels Bei Georg Simmel

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Zur Reproduktion Der Philosophie G. W. F. Hegels Bei Georg Simmel Zur Reproduktion der Philosophie G. W. F. Hegels bei Georg Simmel und Emile Durkheim Studien zu den Begriffen Kultur und Gesellschaft Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Dr. phil., an der Fakultät für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg vorgelegt von Ole Goos, geboren am 03. Aug. 1971 in Hamburg Heidelberg, September 2004 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Uta Gerhardt Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Heimo Hofmeister Inhaltsverzeichnis I. EINLEITUNG UND METHODOLOGISCHE VORÜBERLEGUNGEN ............................................................................ 1 II. DIE BEGRIFFE KULTUR UND GESELLSCHAFT BEI GEORG SIMMEL UND EMILE DURKHEIM....................................................... 6 A. Georg Simmels Begriff der Kultur.............................................................. 6 1. Individuelle Wertschöpfung und kulturelle Selbstentfaltung .................... 6 2. Die Entwicklungslogik „objektiv geistiger Gebilde“ und das tragische Wesen aller Kultur.................................................................... 15 3. Kultur als wertevermittelter Prozess........................................................ 23 B. Emile Durkheims Personen- und Gesellschaftskonzeption .................... 32 1. Die soziale Konstitution individueller Identität....................................... 32 2. Gesellschaft und individuelle Autonomie: Die Funktion des Individuums in der Entwicklung komplexer sozialer Organismen.......... 42 3. Der sakrale Charakter von Person und Gesellschaft und der Ursprung von Erkenntnis und Moral ....................................................... 53 III. SYSTEMATISCHE ANALYSEN............................................................ 65 A. Die Logik des Simmelschen Kulturbegriffs.............................................. 65 1. Kultur als dialektischer Systembegriff und die konstitutive Differenz der Begriffe Kultur und Natur................................................. 65 2. Kultur als System entwickelter Subjektivität und die Grenzen der Simmelschen Kulturkonzeption............................................................... 74 B. Die Logik der Durkheimschen Personen- und Gesellschaftskonzeption ............................................................................. 83 1. Die Gesellschaft als Totalität und die Logik der Herleitung ihres Begriffs .................................................................................................... 83 2. Die logische Funktion des Begriffs Elementarreligion und der Begriff der Gesellschaft als System......................................................... 92 C. Exkurs: Durkheim und Simmel im Kontext der Entwicklung der Soziologie als eigenständiger wissenschaftlicher Disziplin....................101 IV. DER SYSTEMATISCHE ANSATZ DER HEGELSCHEN PHILOSOPHIE UND DIE REPRODUKTION DERSELBEN BEI SIMMEL UND DURKHEIM .................................................................108 A. Hegels Begriff von Wahrheit und dessen Kontext.................................108 1. Wahrheit, Wissen und Methode – Der Zusammenhang der Hegelschen Phänomenologie und Logik................................................108 2. „Das Wahre ist das Ganze“ ....................................................................118 3. Die strategische Positionierung des Hegelschen Systems – Hegel und Kant .................................................................................................129 B. Die Ansätze Simmels und Durkheims im Kontext der Philosophie Hegels .........................................................................................................142 1. Hegels Begriffe von Sittlichkeit und Geist ............................................142 2. Simmels Begriff der Kultur als systematische Reproduktion des Hegelschen Begriffs der Sittlichkeit ......................................................154 3. Die Gesellschaft als Wesen sui generis – Durkheims konzeptionelle Reproduktion des Hegelschen Begriffs des Geistes...............................164 4. Exkurs: Straftheorie bei Hegel und Durkheim.......................................178 V. KULTUR UND GESELLSCHAFT........................................................190 A. Die Entdeckung der Wahrheit als Sittlichkeit und ihr Begriff als Kultur.........................................................................................................190 1. Kultur als bestimmte Wirklichkeit und individuelle Wahrheit ..............190 2. Kultur als multidimensionaler dialektischer Prozess .............................199 B. Der Begriff der Gesellschaft als Reflexion aller Kultur und System der Vernunft ..............................................................................................207 1. Das systematische Verhältnis von Kultur und Gesellschaft...................207 2. Gesellschaft als Begriff des Absoluten und absoluter Begriff ...............216 C. Das konstitutive Wechselspiel von Kultur und Gesellschaft und die kulturelle Verhaftung des Gesellschaftsbegriffs.................................... 224 1. Das elementare logische Verhältnis von Kultur und Gesellschaft und die Funktion der Wissenschaft der Soziologie ............................... 224 2. Die Relativität des Absoluten – das ‚Wir’ und das ‚Uns’ von Wahrheit und Wissen............................................................................. 233 VI. SCHLUSS ................................................................................................. 243 VII. LITERATURVERZEICHNIS............................................................ 254 A. Primärquellen ........................................................................................... 254 B. Sekundärquellen ....................................................................................... 262 I. Einleitung und methodologische Vorüberlegungen Emile Durkheim und Georg Simmel gelten als Klassiker der Soziologie. Durkheim spricht man das Privileg zu, die moderne Soziologie methodologisch mitbegründet zu haben.1 Georg Simmel wurde in der Vergangenheit vor allem als Lieferant vor- oder frühsoziologischer Studien betrachtet.2 In jüngster Zeit tritt allerdings ebenso die methodologische Relevanz des Simmelschen Werkes für die Soziologie in den Vordergrund.3 Im Hinblick auf ihre systematischen philosophischen Bezüge werden beide Autoren eher stiefmütterlich behandelt. Durkheims Arbeiten werden vor allem in der Tradition des Neukantianismus gesehen.4 Neben Gustav Schmoller in Deutschland gelten vor allem die französischen Neukantianer Emile Boutroux und Charles Renouvrier als Durkheims unmittelbare zeitgeschichtliche Referenzen.5 Darüber hinaus wird im Durkheimschen Werk der Einfluss von 1 Exemplarisch: Lukes, Emile Durkheim: His Life and Work. Einen Einblick über das Spektrum der Wirkung Durkheims in den Arbeiten seiner zeitgenössischen Anhänger gibt folgendes Buch: Besnard, The Sociological Domain: The Durkheimians and the Founding of French Sociology. Einen inzwischen fast 30 Jahre alten Überblick über die unmittelbare (universitäre) Wirkung Durkheims gibt Yash Nandan: Nandan, The Durkheimian School: A Systematic and Comprehensive Bibliography. Zur Einführung in Durkheims Arbeiten in der Breite ihres Spektrums vgl. Schmaus, Durkheim's Philosophy of Science and the Sociology of Knowledge: Creating an Intellectual Niche. 2 David Frisby stellt den Begriff der Soziologie in den Vordergrund des Verständnisses der ‚soziologischen’ Arbeiten Simmels und bestimmt diese im Kontext zeitgenössischer (früh-) soziologischer Forschung. Bei Max Weber finden Simmels Ansätze Frisby zufolge ihre bedeutendste Würdigung. Vgl. Frisby, „Die Ambiguität der Moderne: Max Weber und Georg Simmel“. 3 Vgl. Gerhardt, Idealtypus. Zur methodischen Begründung der modernen Soziologie.. 4 So beispielsweise in: Jones, Robert Alun, „The Positive Science of Ethics in France: German Influences on De la division du travail social“. 5 Vgl. Jones, Susan Stedman, „Charles Renouvier and Emile Durkheim: ‚Les Regles de La Methode Sociologique’“. 1 René Descartes, David Hume und Arthur Schopenhauer gesichtet.6 Über die historisch-philosophischen Bezüge der Werke Georg Simmels herrscht weniger Klarheit. Kant und Dilthey treten wiederholt in den Vordergrund vergleichender Rezensionen. Von einem grundsätzlichen kritischen Verständnis der Werkbezüge Georg Simmels kann allerdings nicht gesprochen werden.7 Die vorgelegte Dissertation soll sowohl im Hinblick auf die Auslegung des Werkes Georg Simmels als auch jenes Emile Durkheims einen anderen Horizont aufzeigen. Ihr Gegenstand ist ein möglicher systematischer Zusammenhang der Werke Simmels und Durkheims mit der Philosophie Georg Willhelm Friedrich Hegels.8 Ein solches Projekt wurde bisher weder verwirklicht, noch überhaupt angedacht. Zwar lassen sich einige kleinere Ansätze finden, die zwischen Hegel und Durkheim einen Zusammenhang – einen systematischen Einfluss der Philosophie Hegels auf die Konzeptionen 6 Vgl. Schmaus, „Rabier as Durkheim's Source for Hume's Arguments”; Mestrovic, „Reappraising Durkheim's Elementary Forms of the Religious Life in the Context of Schopenhauer's Philosophy”. Der Bezug zur Philosophie René Descartes’ wird aus dem Titel von Durkheims methodologischer Abhandlung Die Regeln der soziologischen Methode sichtbar. Dieser korrespondiere offensichtlich dem Discours de la méthode von Descartes. Vergleiche: René Königs Einleitung in: Durkheim, Die Regeln der soziologischen Methode. Eine Fortsetzung des gedanklichen Brückenschlags zu Descartes findet sich bei Anthony
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