Introduction 1 Interaction, Form and the Dialectical Approach

Notes

Introduction

1. ‘Sociation’ is a term coined but variously used as a translation of Vergesellschaftung, here referring to the entirety of forms of social interactions. See also Chapter 1.

1 Interaction, Form and the Dialectical Approach – Simmel’s Analytical Conceptual Framework

1. Vandenberghe (2009) and Rose (1981/2009) indicate the disputed provenance of the terms ‘reification’ and ‘alienation’. ‘Alienation’ (Entfremdung) is often regarded as appearing first in Marx’s Paris Manuscripts. But, prior to this, Hegel had written of Verdingung, specifically with reference to property rights. 2. In the Theses on Feuerbach, inviting no disagreement, Marx stated that ‘The chief defect of all hitherto existing materialism – Feuerbach included – is that the thing, reality, sensuousness, is conceived only in the form of the object or of contemplation, but not as sensuous human activity, practice, not subjectively ...The highest point reached by contemplative materialism ...is contemplation of single individuals and of civil society.’ In contrast with Hegelian dialectical idealism or a Feuerbachian materialism that dis- penses with the Hegelian dialectic, Marx insists on a dialectical sociohistorical account of humanity’s creativity, labour, reflexivity and capacity for taking a universal view. To this extent, Simmel is in broad agreement with Marx: there can be a humanistic materialism. But otherwise there was much disagreement. 3. This parallels and contrasts with the model of law-based, scientific ‘deductive- nomological explanation’, with ‘interpretans’ and ‘interpretandum’ replacing ‘explanans’ and ‘explanandum’. Ringer (1997: 30) presents Simmel as assum- ing that we cannot establish any convergent social occurrences as lawfully linked unless we first analyse these into their component elements. Even if we are sometimes able to achieve this, the complexity of events makes it unlikely that two historical events can ever be lawfully connected as totalities. 4. An indication of the difficulty and ambiguity of Simmel’s numerous texts on ‘history’ is how an otherwise acute commentator, Weingartner (1960: 85–139), seems largely to fail to decipher Simmel’s position, misinterpreting Verstehen merely as ‘intuition’. 5. See Oakes (1977: 23, 34, 48; 1980: 20–1; 1984: 39, 48). He iden- tifies Hauptprobleme der Philosophie, 2nd ed. (1910b, especially 8–43), Lebensanschaung, 2nd ed. (1922: 29–31) and Schopenhauer und Nietzsche,3rd ed. (1923: 12–13, 42–59) as key locations of Simmel’s assertions in this respect. 6. A non-reductionistic pluralism, that Oakes is right, Simmel does espouse, does not amount to ‘incommensurability’. In suggesting otherwise (and with a

294 Notes 295

different rendering of Simmel and Kant from our own), Oakes may have been unduly inﬂuenced by the Wittgenstianian-Kuhnian philosophical mood of the time. He cites Wittgenstein (1967) and Winch (1959). 7. Alongside Parsons (discussed further later), Habermas is perhaps the most ambitious sociological synthesis, yet it excludes Simmel.

2 Simmel’s Life and the Context of His Work

1. The account is drawn largely from secondary sources. 2. A somewhat different viewpoint is provided by Amos Morris-Reich (2003: 127), who suggests that there is one way at least that Simmel sought to ‘redefine ...the negative image of the Jew by intricately tying the tra- ditionally negative image of the Jew as a man of money to the [posi- tive] program of modernity and the quintessential place reserved within it by money’. In Morris-Reich’s interpretation, ‘Money lending ...creates social evolution, promotes individuation and is an agent of culture’ and makes the Jew a ‘meritorious member of society’ (p. 128). Pointing also to the fact that Simmel’s father was a travelling merchant, Helle (2009) is another to suggest that Simmel does, albeit obliquely, address at least one aspect of the situation of the Jew, and positively, in his treatment of the ‘stranger’. 3. Sometimes Simmel presented sociology as in part applying general psychological abstractions – for example, in drawing on the folk-cultural ‘psychological’ theories of Moritz Lazarus and Heymann Steinthal, whose influence was spread via their pioneering journal Zeitschrift fur Volkerpsycholgies und Sprachwissenschaft. 4. Here a major element in the success of Weber’s approach (one outcome of the Methodenstreit) was the combination of the institutional approach of the German historical school in economics and history with the ideas of classical economists such as Carl Menger, who emphasised the ‘typicality’ of economic laws. 5. Weber’s significant conceptualisations include his typology of social action; his ideal types of ‘bureaucracy’ and ‘class’ and ‘status’; and his conceptions of political ‘domination’. 6. In emphasising in a more generalised way a struggle for existence and reproduction, Schopenhauer is, however, sometimes regarded as anticipating aspects of modern evolutionary thinking. 7. Steven Aschheim (1992) takes a contrary view, suggesting that Simmel’s most prized value was Vornehmheit, the idea of distinction, a ‘distancing’ from the crowd taken from Nietzsche. 8. We should also notice the influence on Bergson of the French social and biological thinking of Félix Ravaison-Mollien, who emphasised the continuing power of ‘instinct’ and the ‘sacred’. As well as influencing Bergson, Ravaison’s ideas influenced Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Emmanuel Levinas and Giles Deleuze, a different, if related, strand of thinking from Simmel’s (but see Chapter 9). 9. Frisby’s Fragments of Modernity (1986) compares at length the different approaches to the study of modernity of Kracauer, Benjamin and Simmel. 296 Notes

3 Fashion as a Form

1. In The American Journal of Sociology, ‘dandy’ is rendered ‘dude’. 2. The term ‘constellation’ sometimes appears to be used more or less synonymously with ‘form’, but presents difﬁculties for translation. Only once in the case of ‘constellation’ does Simmel indicate that it means the same as ‘form’. Along with ‘Konstellation’, such words as ‘Gebilde’ (construct) and ‘Grundgefüge’ (foundation) are mostly used synonymously with ‘form’. For example, the ﬁnal sentence in the German text declares fashion to be but one amongst other Gebilde (1987: 51). In calling fashion a complex Gebilde, Simmel speaks of the tendency to save energy common to all Gebildes (1987: 49). ‘Constella- tion’ is repeatedly suppressed altogether in the English text. On occasion it is rendered as ‘phenomenon’ or ‘condition’. 3. This is despite the fact that Simmel on occasion vehemently emphasises that the character or the nature of ‘a thing’ is quite independent of the character of its origin – that once constituted, every phenomenon tends towards autonomy and a character of its own, regardless of its origins. 4. The point highlighted here would not be so easily corroborated by the English text.

4 The Poor

1. In the text of the ‘Poor man’ we also meet with the concept of scale. ‘Deter- minate differentiations among individuals concerning their subject-object position’, Simmel claims, ‘lead to a scale of nuances of that dichotomy.’ The group applies different measures in making different social types, the noble- man, the banker, the lady of the world or the priest into an object on the one hand and into an unmediated element of its life on the other. Simmel sees: a maximum of subjectivity with a minimum of objectivity constituting one end of the continuum or scale; the reverse defines the opposite extreme. Here Simmel can be seen as not only clarifying his own method but also suggesting that this method is to some extent also the method of social groups. 2. This example of asceticism also raises the issue of where a more extreme individual voluntary and lifelong renunciation of wealthy living – the choice of ‘being poor’ – stands. Such ‘ascetic poverty’, where poverty is a ‘posi- tive value’, is more fully considered by Simmel in The Philosophy of Money. Because money is ready for use for any purpose, among Buddhist monks, or the Franciscans, the total renunciation of money as a means is ‘elevated to a final value’. It becomes an exact negation of the essence of money. Thus ‘ascetic poverty’ throws into relief Simmel’s form of both the poor and money (1978: 251–4). 3. Simmel’s assertion that the contrast between state and private assistance is a sociological difference of the first order is later repeated along with his statement that abstract concepts are the means whereby certain individual elements crys- tallise from an individually complex reality. They frequently attain a liveliness and effectiveness for praxis which seems to accrue by rights to Notes 297

concrete totalities. This starts with intimate relations, with at least one of the parties not looking for the lover but for the emotional value of love, often indifferent to the lover’s individuality. In religious relations, a certain kind and degree of religiosity seems to be all that matters, while its bearers are irrelevant; the priest’s conduct (Verhalten) or the relation of the believer to his community is determined solely by this generality, without regard to the particular motives, creating this atmosphere, and with no special interest in the individuals. (1958: 365) 4. Here Simmel may be overrating the state’s wisdom (an old German, in fact Franco-German, expression, Staatsraison). 5. According to Mauss (1922), the gift precedes exchange but involves extended reciprocities, as aspects of social networks. Simmel’s account of the gift precedes Mauss’ by 20 years (see Beidelman, 1989, for a discussion). Simmel saw the gift, like payments to the poor, as the ‘imposition of an identity’. Mutual influences are always involved, even in uneven exchanges. 6. Elsewhere in Soziologie, Simmel also sees psychological processes automatically at work: ‘A misuse of ...superiority is often unintended. We cannot stop ourselves interpreting the other. However much the decent person forbids himself or herself making use of the other’s carelessness and helplessness, the learning process proceeds automatically. Goodwill can do nothing against it’ (p. 267). 7. The treatment of some themes, prominently poverty and fashion, would have been richer and clearer had Simmel identified (as his contemporary, Thorstein Veblen, had) what social psychology calls ‘comparison behaviour’: the infor- mational interdependence concerning others’ successful lives and modes of living, and the signals and symbols by which they advertise their attainments. It may be that Simmel was intuiting something in this direction when reject- ing absolute deprivation as a social phenomenon and making the seemingly absurd claim that the poorest in terms of deprivation in bare physical necessities may not suffer. If the poor sacrifice those necessities (sacrifices which can be hidden) as the price for ‘keeping up with the Joneses’ (conspicuously, by means of status symbols), it makes their deprivation arise from their relative position in society. But, by the empathic observer, something is felt to be incomplete when a shortage in the bare necessities, arising from the relational social pressures, is simply called relative deprivation.

5 The Secret and Secret Societies

1. This does not appear in the English translation. 2. The proposition also occurs in Simmel’s discourse: the presence of a human need for a degree of proportionality between polarities. A further example is Simmel’s contention, that the human being needs a certain amount of freedom and of law: ‘When one source does not provide this proportion, he endeavours to provide it from elsewhere’ (1906: 455; 1958: 293). Thus in the secret society a person voluntarily submits to a formal constraint. 3. A difﬁculty arises on occasion from Simmel’s use of ‘direct’ as synony- mous with ‘immediate’ (1906: 475; 1958: 286). Frequently the 1906 English 298 Notes

text has ‘direct’ whereas the German equivalent has ‘immediate’, which is preferable. 4. Also, the imperative arises from the limited time available, limited span of attention and competing demands. It is in the nature of the situation and not a matter of choice. 5. True, of course, not only of the secret society but of all exclusive groups, which in being exclusive may also hold secrets and maintain some secrecy. 6. The confusing English rendering opens with ‘The secret society sets itself as a special society in antithesis with the wider association included within the greater society’ (1906: 434). 7. Simmel sometimes links ‘absolute’ with the phrase ‘so to speak’. This suggests approximation, tentativeness and, sometimes, symbolism or analogy. Simmelian texts require two contradictory approaches: a passive one, needed to allow the verbal imagery to take its effect uninterrupted; and an analytical reading, required to register and connect subject matter that may be hun- dreds of pages apart. This aspect of Simmel’s method is revisited in Chapter 7, dealing with the ‘as if’. 8. Here and elsewhere, Simmel writes ‘sociological’ but means what would now be referred to as ‘social’. 9. Misread by the translator as Verschwinden and rendered as ‘disappearance’. 10. ‘Faith’ is mentioned by Simmel (p. 318) as an ‘entirely pure form, detached from any empirical consideration’, probably occurring only within religion. 11. Handeln, mistaken for Handel, has been translated as ‘commerce’. 12. For Verhalten (‘conduct’) the English text has ‘relation’; for jeweilig (‘at any given time’) the translation is ‘accidental’. Verhalten is open-ended and expresses dynamism. 13. This apparently very strong formulation where Simmel makes epistemology meet ontology is, again, beset by an unsatisfactory rendering in the English version. Soziologische Wechselwirkung is more speciﬁc than ‘sociological process’ (1906: 444; 1958: 258) and praktische Tun is not simply ‘practical purposes’.

6 Absolute and Relative – The Operation of a Single Polarity

1. There is also in the German text a semantic overlap between Erlebnis and Erfahrung absent in English. Erleben means to have a life experience, to con- front one’s lot, whilst Erfahren is to receive information, to learn of. The distinctions are important in how Simmel expresses the dialectic of concepts mutually opposed and at the same time mutually dependent. The English translation simply refers to ‘creative forces’ (Simmel, 1978: 111).

7 The Philosophy of the ‘As If’ – The Role of ‘Fictions’ in Science and Social Life

1. Personal communication with H. Shermer, April 1997. 2. An issue regarding Vaihinger’s position is whether all theories – even all general assertions – are to be seen in ‘as if’ terms, perhaps losing the usefulness of Notes 299

the notion (see Schaper, 1966). A related issue is that with advances in obser- vational techniques and new discoveries, some statements that are at one time plainly ‘fictions’ will come to be seen more as confirmed theories. An example here is the so-called imaginary numbers in mathematics. These were first seen as calculating devices, but not a part of the solutions to equations, but then later regarded as actual numbers – for example, as part of new geometries. For Vaihinger (1924: 76), however, it may be that we are ultimately compelled by reason to regard our thinking and ‘real existence’ as dependent on our acting as if things-in-themselves really exist. 3. One among the inaccuracies and omissions in the English translation on this page concerns the word Kräftepaare (‘pairs’ or ‘couples’) expressing the dialectic of concepts mutually opposed and, at the same time, mutually dependent for meaning and applicability. The translation has ‘creative forces’. 4. In his application of Simmel’s formulation of ‘flirtation’, Kaye (2002) also makes full use of this Simmel–Darwin assumption. 5. There are similarities here with the later emphasis of Schutz (1967), who does mention a relatedness to Simmel, although whilst finding his approach unsystematic (p. 4). 6. Anne Witz (2001) views critically Simmel’s use of the ‘as if’ – his many ‘supposes’ – as a ‘disarming’ ‘playfulness and coyness’ that can mislead as to his deep ontology of an absolute difference between male and female culture. We have already suggested this as being at odds with his more usual dialectical approach and relativism. However, a description as simple as ‘playfulness and coyness’ misjudges the general importance of the ‘as if’ within Simmel’s method.

8 Echoes of Darwin: Simmel’s Evolutionism

1. Energy saving was also central to the approaches of Avenarius and Mach. 2. ‘Teleonomy’ is a term used to emphasise purposiveness, including the purposiveness of natural selection without the presence of a guiding ‘intelligent design’. 3. In Idea for a Universal History (1784: 2), Kant refers to the evolution of all crea- tures ‘completely to their natural end’ and how organs that do ‘not achieve a purpose are contradictions in the teleological theory of nature’. 4. This conception of cross-cutting ties has proved fertile, for instance, in the sociology of conﬂict and in political sociology with regard to liberal democracy (Kornhauser, 1959; Lipset, 1960). 5. Kenta Tsuda (2011) raises legitimate questions about the ‘impracticability’ and excessive claims of theorists operating within a ‘selectionist’ approach. In the modern neo-Darwinian synthesis, ‘genes’, the mathematical calculation of coefﬁcients of variation, and the discovery of DNA and the plotting of the human genome have enabled the grounded empirical study of genetic varia- tions in population groups. Ruling out any emulation within the sociocultural realm, Tsuda rejects the entire enterprise of social evolutionism, neglecting its wider value as a ‘universals acid’. Alongside such ‘biophobia’, its opposite must also be noticed: ‘socio-cultural phobia’, evident in John Tooby and Leda Cosmides’ (1992) ‘Standard Social Science Model’, which they caricature as involving cultural determinism and cultural relativism. 300 Notes

6. One example is whether language is the outcome of an adaptive process. If, as Noam Chomsky suggests, universal language competence may be an ‘emer- gent’ product of coevolution, then less can be assumed about its evolved cognitive ﬁt with the external environment. More usually, however, language and the associated brain changes are regarded as evolving from an ultimately adaptive ‘cognitive arms race’; although the extent to which this development of brain power was primarily in relation to the physical world or to the evolution of social relations remains an issue. More generally, the sometimes furious philosophical exchanges between the likes of Dennett, Stephen Jay Gould and Jerry Fodor regarding adaptionism can also be noted.

9 The Overall Terrain and Contemporary Relevance of Simmel’s Oeuvre

1. Perhaps here ‘utilisation’ would be an appropriate translation, but the root word ‘value’ – Wert – would be lost in this translation. 2. The term Lebensanschauung can be translated as ‘ways of looking at life’ or ‘outlooks on life’, which, given the centrality and breadth of Simmel’s conception of ‘life’ within his thinking can also be translated as ‘worldviews’. 3. As Weingartner (1960) points out, however, this also presented Simmel with a difficulty in that it undermines his statement that the ‘same content’ can be included in different forms. Nonetheless, for Simmel’s sociological purposes it can be said, pragmatically, that his distinction between form and content works well enough. There is no need to pursue phenomenological reduction, nor is there any point. 4. We might also note the similar ambivalent minority identity as Simmel – in Derrida’s case, Jewish and Arabic – with the similar play with dualities, and affirmation of life, as perhaps a consequence of this. 5. Lemert, in his Introduction to the US edition of The Philosophy of Money, finds some stylistic parallels between Simmel’s writing and Deleuze’s – its ‘rhizome’-like character of growing in every direction. 6. Habermas (1983), however, does not see Simmel this way, mistakenly – in our view – regarding Simmel as ‘subjectivist’. For Habermas, rationality is inherent in communication and thus also in interaction, more specifically it is inherent in the evolutionary differentiation associated with communication. Habermas finds this in Mead and in the philosophy of speech acts. He might equally have done so in Simmel. 7. What Habermas describes as ‘undistorted communication’ is seen by him as a ‘utopian’ ‘as if’. 8. There is also a connection between Simmel, Goffman and Giddens in a shared emphasis on ‘fateful outcomes’, but whilst Goffman alludes to Simmel’s usage, Giddens, somewhat surprisingly, fails to make explicit reference to either Goffman or Simmel. 9. This assessment would also apply to the work of Pierre Bourdieu, perhaps the most cited example of structurationist theory, but space precludes a fuller discussion. 10. Habermas, however, gives relatively little attention to Simmel, in Habermas (1983) presenting Simmel as locked into a ‘Kantian-Schillerian aesthetics’. Notes 301

11. Blau’s book was also influenced by George Homan’s Social Behaviour – Its Elementary Forms (1961). Making no mention of Simmel, Homans’ inspira- tion was Skinnerian behaviourism and ‘rational choice’ theory. His previous book, The Human Group (1950) had been systems-theoretic and functionalist; Parsons was a Harvard colleague. 12. A further parallel is that, like Simmel, Goffman is often characterised as ethically indifferent and operating with a hollowed-out conception of the person. But such a charge – if it fits either – perhaps better fits Goffman. Whilst accounts of Simmel also indicate him as ‘far from ingratiating’ and with a ‘cutting wit’ (Weingartner, 1960: 16), and something similar can also be said of Goffman, Simmel’s ethical engagement was stronger. 13. For example, in choosing to apply Simmel’s formulation of ‘flirtation’, Kaye (2002) sees Simmel as offering a more complex theory of modernity in its newly urbanised forms, compared with Foucault’s ‘stark image of the ‘carceral city’. 14. For Rorty (1984: 61) this involves ‘assembling a narrative, which shows how we have come to ask the questions we now think inescapable and profound’. The writings left behind ‘then form a canon, a reading list which one must have gone through in order to justify what one is’. Bibliographies and a Note on Translations

In 1950, in his ‘Introduction’ to The Sociology of Georg Simmel, Kurt Wolff, the editor and part translator of the collection, indicates how Simmel’s paragraphs and sentences often needed to be ‘broken up’ (p. lxiv), adding that the Preface to Gerth and Mills’ From Max Weber (1957) provides ‘a fairly accurate idea of the English’ in which he had himself rendered Simmel (p. lxiv). Gerth and Mills themselves noted that ‘A.F. Taylor set forth three Principles of Translation: To give a complete transcript of the original ideas; to imitate the styles of the original author; and to preserve the ease of the original text.’ Contrasting Weber’s scholas- tic German with standard English style, Gerth and Mills indicated that, whilst following the first rule, in translating Weber, they believed it necessary to depart from both the second and the third. In translating the 1923 edition of Simmel’s Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, Loisklandl, and Weinstein and Weinstein (Simmel, 1986: vii–viii) go further, explaining how in order to enhance the text’s accessibil- ity they ‘employed English syntax, shortened sentences and sorted out themes, and updated examples and metaphors, all without sacrificing any of Simmel’s meaning’. In contrast with either Gerth and Mills or Loisklandl et al.,wehave chosen a different approach: sometimes in seeking to achieve fidelity to his ideas we have retained Simmel’s style of writing, even if this may create some difficul- ties for the reader. Here we can cite in support Zohn’s comment that in translating Marianne Weber’s biography of Max Weber (Weber, 1975), he followed Nabokov, who dismisses the notion that ‘a translation should read smoothly and not like a translation’ (p. vii). Blasi et al. (2009) in their recent new translation of Simmel’s Soziologie also state that whilst they have sought to ease the task of the reader in some respects they have tried not to lose Simmel’s distinctive voice. The piecemeal translation of Simmel’s work played a part in the reception of his work. Useful accounts of the pattern of publication is provided by Wolff (1950; 1959) and Frisby and Featherstone (1997). The first wave of English translations appeared in the US in Simmel’s lifetime, mostly published in the American Journal of Sociology, and translated by Albion Small. The quality of these could well have discouraged Simmel from continuing such publications. For example, in one translation, ‘self-preservation of the group’ was rendered as ‘Persistence of groups’. After Spykman’s The Social Theory of George Simmel (1925) there occurred a 25-year hiatus. Small (1925) endorsed Spykman’s support for Simmel’s cir- cumscribed version of sociology as appropriate for US sociology. More recent translations have been an improvement, but still not without problems. Davis (1973) notes Bendix’s translation of Chapter 6 of Soziologie as the ‘Web of group- affiliations’ instead of its literal translation ‘The intersection of social circles’, thus fudging Simmel’s concern with the spatial. Often translations also involve an inherent toning down of the inherent contradictoriness of Simmel’s polarities. And Staubmann (1998: 503) suggests that ‘Simmel’s work in America was also always subject to a type of ideological filtering that obstructed its reception at the same time that it promoted it.’

302 Bibliographies and a Note on Translations 303

Bibliography I: texts by Simmel

The principal texts examined and later editions and translations used are iden- tiﬁed by the year in bold type. The volumes of Simmel’s collected works, Georg Simmel: Gesamtausgabe in 24 Banden, published from 1989 onwards (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp) are indicated in square brackets with the volume number thus: [GSG1].

1881 Das Wesen der Materie nach Kants phsyischer Monadologie, (dissertation), Berlin [GSG1]. 1890 Uber soziale Differenzierung, Leipzig, Duncker und Humblot (Dahme, H. (ed.) 1989, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp) [GSG2]. 1892 Die Probleme der Geschichtsphilosophie, Leipzig. 1892–3 Einleitung in die Moralwissenschaft, Eine Kritik der ethischen Grundbegriffe, Vols 1 and 2 [GSG3&4]. 1894/5 Letter to Célestin Bouglé, January 1, 1895. 1895 ‘Zur Psychologie des Geldes’, Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft. 1895a ‘Über eine Beziehung der Selektionslehre zur Erkenntnistheorie’, Archiv für systematische Philosophie, I: 34–45 [GSG5]. 1895b ‘Zur Psychologie der Mode’, in Die Zeit, Vienna, 12: 22–4. 1896/1992 ‘Soziolozische Aesthetik’, in Die Zukunft, 17(5): 204–16. [GSG5 Aufsatze und Abhandlungen 1984 bis 1900 (1992), pp. 197–214]. 1896a ‘Zur Methodik der Sozialwissenschaft’, Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, 20: 575–85. 1898 ‘Die Selbsterhaltung der sozialen Gruppe Soziologische Studie’, Jahrbucher fur Gesetzgebung, Verwalttung und Volkwirtsc Translated as 1898a. 1898a ‘The Persistence of Social Groups’, American Journal of Sociology, 3: 329–36 and 662–98; 4: 35–50 (tr. Small). 1898b ‘Zur Soziologie der Religion’, Neue deutsche Rundschau, 9: 101–23. 1900 (and 1907) Philosophie des Geldes (1900) Berlin, Duncker und Humblot. Simmel’s revisions for the 2nd 1907 edition included signiﬁcant deletions. [GSG6]. 1901 ‘Die beiden Formen des Individualismus’, [GSG7]. 1902b ‘Weibliche Kultur’, Neiue Deutsche Rundschau: 504–16 (Berlin) [GSG5]. 1902c (tr. A. Small) ‘The Number of Members as Determining the Sociological form of the Group’, American Journal of Sociology, 8: 1–46, 158–96. 1903a ‘Soziologie des Raumes’, Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft, 27: 27–71. Translated in 1997. 1903b ‘Die Grossstadt und das Geistesleben’, Jahrbuch der Gehestiftung, 9: 185–206. 1904a ‘Fashion’, International Quarterly, 10: 130–55. 1904b Kant: Sechzehn Vorlesungen (Kant: 16 lectures), Leipzig: Duncker und Humblot (also later editions) [GSG9]. 1904c ‘The Sociology of Conﬂict’, American Journal of Sociology, 9: 490–525, 672–89, 798–811. 1905a Die Probleme der Geschichtsphilophie, Leipzig. Revised 2nd edition of 1892 Duncker & Humbolt. Translated as 1977 [GSG9]. 304 Bibliographies and a Note on Translations

1905b Die Philosophie der Mode in Moderne Zeitfragen, 11, Berlin: Pan Verlag. 1906 ‘Sociology of Secrecy and Secret Societies’, American Journal of Sociology, 11(4): 441–98 (tr. A. Small). A first German version appeared in 1908. 1906b Kant und Goethe,inDie Kultur, Vol. 10, Berlin: Marquardt [GSG10]. There were later editions 1906 to 1924. 1906c Die Religion, Sammlung sozialpsychologischer Monographien, Frankfurt: Martin Buber. 1907 Schopenhauer und Nietzsche, Duncker und Humblot [GSG10]. 1908 Die Soziologie: Untersuchungen uber die Formen der Vergesellschaftung, Leipzig [GSG11]. 1908a ‘Das Problem des Stiles’, Dekorative Kunst, 16: 307–16. 1908b ‘Der Mensch als Feind’, Morgen, 2: 55–60. 1909 ‘The Problem of Sociology’, American Journal of Sociology, 15(3): 289–332, translation by A. Small of part of Chapter 1 of 1908 (reprinted 1958). Wolff (1959) contains a new translation. An early version in English appeared in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1895–6: 412–23, and in a briefer version as ‘Das Problem der Sociologie’, Jahrbuch fur Gesetzgebung Verwaltung und Volkkswirtschaft, 1884 18: 271–7. 1909a ‘Brücke und Tür’,DerTag,September 15. 1910a ‘How Is Society Possible’, American Journal of Sociology, 16(4): 372–91 (tr. A. Small of Exkurs uber das Problem Wie ist Gesaellschaft möglich, 1908). It also appears in a new translation in Wolff 1959. 1910b Hauptprobleme der Philosophie, Leipzig: Geoschen. A final 5th edition appeared in 1920. Ch. 1 is translated in 1959 [GSG14]. 1911 Philosophische Kultur, Gesammelte Essais, Klinkhardt: Leipzig. References are to the 1983 reprint of the enlarged 1923 3rd edition [GSG14]. Contains a number of Simmel’s most celebrated pieces, including ‘Der Begriff und die Tragedie der Kulture’, ‘Die Mode’, ‘Das Abenteur’, ‘Das Relative und Absolute in Geschlechter-Problem’, ‘Weibliche Kultur’ and ‘Die Koketterie’; these last three (based on the 3rd edition) are translated in 1984. 1912 Die Religion, Frankfurt: Ruetten and Löhning [GSG10]. 1913 Goethe, Leipzig: Klinkhardt und Biermann [GSG15]. 1916a ‘Die Krisis der Kultur’, Frankfurter Zeitung, February 1916. Translated in P. Lawrence (1976) and reprinted in 1997a. 1916b Rembrandt: Ein kunstphilosophischer Versuch’, Leipzig [GSG15]. 1916c ‘Das Problem der historischen Zeit’, Philosophiche Vortäge, Berlin: Reuthen [GSG15]. Reprinted in 1922 and 1923a. Translated in 1980 as ‘The Problem of Historical Time’. 1917a Grundfragen der Soziologie: Individuum und Gesellschaft Berlin: deGruyter (2nd edition 1920) [GSG16], 2nd edition, translated in full in 1950.Deals with the field of sociology and provides examples of ‘general’, ‘formal’ and ‘philosophical sociology’. 1917b Der Krieg und die geistigen Entscheidungen, Munich: Duncker & Humblot. 1918a Lebensanschaung: Vier metaphysische Kapitel, 2nd edition 1922. Duncker & Humblot [GSG16]. 1918b Vom Wesen des historischen Verstehens, Berlin: Mittler Reprinted in 1922 and 1957b. Translated in 1980 as ‘The Nature of Historical Understanding’. 1918c ‘Die historische Formung’, Logos, 7: 113–112. Reprinted in 1923a and 1957b. Translated in 1980 as ‘The Constitutive Concepts of History’. Bibliographies and a Note on Translations 305

1918c Der Konlikt der Modernen Kultur, Munich: Duncker & Humblot. 1922 (ed. Gertrud Simmel), Zur Philosophie der Kunst, Potsdam: Keipenheuer. 1922a/1968 ‘Zur Philosophie des Schauspielers’, Des Individuelle Gesetz, Suhrkamp, 1968: 75–95. 1922b (ed. K. Hauser), Schulpädagogik Osterwirck Harz [GSG20]. 1923/1983 Philosophische Kultur, Potsdam: Kiepenheuer, 2nd edition of 1911, also reprinted in 1983. 1923a (ed. G. Kantorowicz) Fragments und Aufsatze aus dem Nachlass und Veröffentlichungen der letzten Jahre, Munich: Drie Masken. 1950 (ed. K. Wolff) The Sociology of Georg Simmel, New York: Free Press (as well as a complete translation of 1917, and large sections of 1908,italsotrans- lates ‘Die Grossstädte und das Geistesleben’ (‘The Metropolis and Mental Life’)). 1955 Conflict and the Web of Group Affiliations (tr. K. Wolff and R. Bendix, Foreword by E. Hughes), Glencoes, IL: Free Press. 1957a ‘Fashion’, American Journal of Sociology, 62(6): 541–58, reprint of 1904. 1957b ‘Wesen des historischen Verstehen’ reprint of 1918 in Geschichtliche Abende im Zentralinstitut für Erziehung und Unterricht, 5. 1957c (ed. M. Landmann) Brucke und Tur: Essays des Philosophen zur Geschichte, Religion, Kunst, und Gesellscaft, Stuttgart: Koehler. 1958 Die Soziologie, Duncker und Humblot, reprint of 1923 3rd edition of 1908. 1959 (ed. K. Wolff) Essays on Sociology, Philosophy and Aesthetics, New York: Harper Row. Contains commentaries and translations, including 1909 and 1910 and the ‘Adventure’. 1965 ‘The Poor’, Social Problems, 13: 118–40 (tr. C. Jacobson of ‘Der Arme’,Ch.7in 1908). 1968 (ed. and tr. P. Etzkorn), The Conflict in Modern Culture and Other Essays, New York: Teachers College Press. 1969 ‘Fashion’, Sociological Quarterly, 10: 275–9. Reprint of 1904. 1971 (ed. D. Levine) On Individuality and Social Forms, Chicago University Press. A wide ranging collection of new and previously translated Simmel pieces. 1977 (ed./tr. 1905 with introduction, G. Oakes) Problems of the Philosophy of History: An Epistemological Essay, New York: Free Press. 1978 (eds., tr. and introductory material, T. Bottomore and D. Frisby), The Phi- losophy of Money (tr. of 2nd edition 1907), London: Routledge, with 2nd and 3rd, English editions, 1982 and 2004, with a further 2011 version of the 2004 edition (Foreword by C. Lemert). 1979 Sociology of Religion (tr. C. Rosenthal), New York: Philosophical Library. 1980 (ed./tr. and Introduction, G. Oakes) Essays on Interpretation in Social Science, Manchester: Manchester University Press. The Simmel texts translated include 1916c, 1918b and 1918c. 1981 ‘The Problem of Style’, Theory, Culture and Society, 1981, 8: 63–71 (tr. of 1908a). 1982 ‘On the Relationship Between the Theory of Selection and Epistemology’, tr. of 1895a in Plotkin, 1982. 1984 (ed. G. Oakes), On Women, Sexuality and Love, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Part tr. of 1911. 306 Bibliographies and a Note on Translations

1992a (ed. and Preface by L. Deroche-Gucel) Sociologies Etues sur les fermes de la socialisation, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. French tr of 1908. The preface provides a good indication of French interpretations of Simmel. 1994 (tr. M. Ritter) ‘Bridge and Door’ and ‘The Picture Frame: An Aesthetic Study’, Theory, Culture and Society, 11: 5–10, 11–17. 1996 (ed. and tr. H. Loisklandl, D. Weinstein and M. Weinstein) Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, Amherst: University of Mass Press, 1986. Tr. of 3rd 1923 edition of 1907. 1997a (ed. L. Mieder, Foreward by P. Hammond) Essays on Religion, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 1997b (ed. M. Frisby, M. Featherstone) Simmel on Culture, London: Sage. Col- lection of a large number of pieces on culture, including ‘The Metropolis and Mental Life’, ‘The Crisis of Culture’ and ‘Conﬂict and Modern Culture’ and essays on ‘the senses’ and on ‘sociability’. 2009 (ed., A. Blasi et al., with an introduction by H. Helle) Sociology: Inquiries into the Construction of Social Forms, 2 vols. Leiden: Brill. A new translation of 1908.

Bibliography II: other texts

This bibliography contains all other works cited, including key commentaries on Simmel. Where volumes also contain Simmel readings, this is indicated by an asterisk.

Abel, T. (1929) Systematic Sociology in Germany, New York: Columbia University Press. Abbott, A. (2001) Chaos of Disciplines, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Adorno, T. (1958a) ‘Der Essay als Form’ in Noten zur Literateur,Vol.1.Frankfurt: Surhkamp. Adorno, T. (1958b) (ed. J. Bernstein) The Culture Industry. Selected Essays on Mass Culture, London: Routledge. Alexander, J.C. (1987) The Modern Reconstruction of Classical Thought: Talcott Par- sons: Theoretical Logic in Sociology, Vol. 4. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Aron, R. (1964) German Sociology, Glencoe: Free Press. Aschheim, S. (1992) The Nietzschean Legacy: Germany 1990–1990, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Aulinger B. (1999) Die Gesellschaft als Kunstwerk, Perfect Paperback. Austin, J. (1962) HowtoDoThingswithWords,Oxford: Oxford University Press. Backhaus, G. (1997) ‘Georg Simmel as an Eidetic Social Scientist’, Sociological Theory, 16(3): 260–81. Backhaus, G. (2004) ‘Simmel’s Philosophy of History and Its Relations to Phe- nomenology: Introduction’, Human Studies, 26: 203–8. Bakewell, C. (ed.) (n.d.) Selected Papers on Philosophy by William James, London: Dent. Barthes, R. (1965) The Fashion System, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Bauman, Z. (2001) ‘Ambivalence and Order’, Ch. 9 in P. Beilharz (ed.) The Bauman Reader, Oxford: Blackwell. Bibliographies and a Note on Translations 307

Beatty, J. (1990) ‘Evolutionary Anti-Reductionism: Historical Considerations’, Biology and Philosophy, 5: 199–210. Beck, U. (1992) Risk Society – Towards a New Modernity, London: Sage. Becker, H. (1959) ‘On Simmel’s Philosophy of Money’, in Wolff (1959) Becker, H.S.(1970) ‘Problems of Inference and Proof’, in his Sociological Work: Method and Substance, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books. Beidelman T. (1989) ‘Agonistic Exchange: Homeric Reciprocity and the Heritage of Simmel and Mauss’, Cultural Anthropology, 4(3): 227–59. Benjamin, W. (1973) Illuminations, London: Fontana. Benton, T. (1992) ‘Why the Welcome Needs to Be Cautious: A Reply to Keith Sharp’, Sociology, 26(2): 225–32. Burger, T. (1976) Max Weber’s Theory of Concept Formation – History: Laws and Ideal, Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Bernstein, R. (1983) Beyond Objectivism and Relativism, Oxford: Blackwell. Bernstein, R. (1991) The New Constellation, Cambridge: Polity. Bevers, H. (1985) Dynamic der Formen hei Georg Simmel: Eine Studies uber die methodische amd theoretische Einheit eines Gesamtwerkes, Berlin: Duncker and Humbolt. Bhaskar, R. (1979) The Possibility of Naturalism, Brighton: Harvester. Bhaskar, R. (1986) Scientific Realism and Human Emancipation, London: Verso. Bhaskar, R. (2008) Dialectic: The Pulse of Freedom, 2nd edition, London: Routledge. Blau, P. (1964) Exchange and Power in Social Life, New York: Wiley. Bleicher, J. (2006) ‘Leben’, Theory, Culture and Society, 5: 343–5. Bloch, E. (1918) Geist der Utopie, Munich: Duncker and Humbolt. Blumer, H. (1969) ‘Fashion from Class Differentiation to Collective Selection’, Sociological Quarterly, 10(Summer): 275–91. Bouglé, C. (1908) Essais sur le regime de castes, Paris: Alean. Bowles, S. and Gintis, H. (2011) A Cooperative Species: Human Reciprocity and Its Evolution, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Bryant, C. and Jary, D. (2000) ‘Anthony Giddens’, in Ritzer (2000). Buber, M. (1913) ‘The Space Problem of the Stage’, in M. Friedman (ed.) (1974) Pointing the Way: Collected Essays, New York: Schocken Books. Buber. M. (1958) IandThou,New York: Schribner. Buxton, W. (1998) ‘The “Missing Fragment” to the “Lost Manuscript”: Reflections on Parsons’ Engagement with Simmel’, American Sociologist, 29(2): 57–76. Camic, C. (1989) ‘The Mattter of Habit’, American Journal of Sociology, 94(5): 1039–87. Campbell, D. (1974) ‘Evolutionary Epistemology’, in P. Schilpp (ed.) The Philos- ophy of Karl Popper, Vol. 1, La Salle, IL: Open Court (reprinted in Plotkin, H., 1982). Castells, M. (2012) Networks of Outrage and Hope, Social Movements in the Networked Age, Cambridge: Polity. Caygill, H. (1995) A Kant Dictionary, Oxford: Blackwell. Cioffi, F. (1971) ‘Information, Contemplation and Social Life’, reprinted in The Proper Study of Mankind, Royal Institute of Philosophy Lectures, Vol. 4, New York: Harper & Row. Clark, T. (1984) The Painting of Modern Life: Paris in the Manet and His Followers, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Clark, F. (2012) ‘For a Left with No Future’, NLR, 74: 53–75. 308 Bibliographies and a Note on Translations

Collins, R. (1985) Four Sociological Traditions, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Coser, L. (1958) The Functions of Social Conﬂict, London: Routledge. Coser, L. (1965a) ‘The Sociology of Poverty – To the Memory of Georg Simmel’, Social Problems, 13(2): 140–8. Coser, L. (ed.) (1965b) Geog Simmel, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. Crane, D. (2000) Fashion and Its Social Agenda: Class, Gender and Identity in Clothing, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Cronan, T. (2009) ‘Georg Simmel’s Timeless Impressionism’, New German Critique, 36(1): 83–101. Darwin, C. (1859) Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1st edition, followed by six further editions during Darwin’s lifetime). Darwin, C. (1871/200.) Descent of Man, London: Gibson Square. Darwin, C. (1979) The Illustrated Origin of Species, abbr. and with Introduction by R. Leakey, London: Rainbird. Davis, F. (1992) Fashion, Culture and Identity, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Davis, M. (1973) ‘Georg Simmel and the Aesthetics of Social Reality’, Social Forces, 51: 320–9. Dawkins, R. (1978) The Selﬁsh Gene, London: Palladin. Dawkins, R. 1986, The Blind Watchmaker, London: Longmans. Deleuze, G. (1991) Bergsonianism, New York: Zone Books. Dennett, D. (1995) Darwin’s Dangerous Idea – Evolution and the Meanings of Life, Harmonsworth: Penguin Books. Dennett, D. (2003) Freedom Evolves, London: Allen Lane. Dickens, P. (2000) Social Darwinism, Buckingham: Open University Press. Doyal, L. and Gough, I. (1991) A Theory of Human Need, London: Macmillan. Durkheim, E. (1979) Review of Philosophie des Geldes, reprinted in Social Research, 46(2): 618–27. Erikson, B. (1981) ‘Secret Societies and Social Structure’, Social Forces, 60(1): 188–210. Evans, R. (1997) Rereading German History 1800–1996. London: Routledge. Featherstone, M. (1991) ‘Georg Simmel: An Introduction’, Theory Culture and Society, 8(3): 1–16. Feyerabend, P. (1975) Against Method, London: New Left Books. Feyerabend, P. (1981) Problems of Empiricism: Philosophical Papers, Vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Fitzi, G. (2002) Soziale Erfahrung und Lebensphilosophie/Georg Simmels Beziehung zu Henri Bergson, Konstanz: Universitsatverlag Konstanz. Friedman, M. (1991) Encounters on the Narrow Ridge: A Life of Martin Buber,New York, NY: Paragon House. Frisby, D. (1981) Sociological Impressionism: A Reassessment of Georg Simmel’s Sociology, London: Heinemann (2nd edition, 1992, Routledge). ∗Frisby, D. (ed.) (1984) Georg Simmel: Critical Assessments, 3 vols. London: Routledge (a large collection of previously published pieces on Simmel). Frisby, D. (1986) Fragments of Modernity, Theories of Modernity in the Work of Simmel, Kracauer and Benjamin, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Frisby, D. (1990) ‘Preface’ to the 2nd Edition of 1978. Frisby, D. (1991) ‘The Aesthetics of Modern Life: Simmel’s Interpretation’, Theory Culture and Society, 8(3): 73–94. Frisby, D. (1992) ‘Afterword’ in 2nd edition of Frisby (1981). Bibliographies and a Note on Translations 309

Frisby, D. (2000) Georg Simmel in Wien,Vienna:VUVUnivesitätsverlerg. Frisby, D. (2002) Georg Simmel, London: Routledge, 2nd edition (1st edition, 1984). Frisby, D. (ed.) (2004) ‘Preface’ to the 3rd edition of 1978. Frisby, D. and Featherstone, M. (1997) ‘Introduction’ to the texts in 1997a. Frisby, D. and Sayer, D. (1986) Society, Chichester: Ellis Horwood. Fukuyama, F. (2011) The Origins of Political Order, London: Profile Books. Gallie, W. (1955) ‘Essentially Contested Concepts’, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 56: 167–98. Gangas, S. (2004) ‘Axiological and Normative Dimensions in Georg Simmel’s Phi- losophy and Sociology: A Dialectical Interpretation’, History of Human Sciences, 17(4): 17–44. Garfinkel, H. (1956) ‘The Conditions of Successful Degradation Ceremonies’, American Journal of Sociology, 61: 240–4. ∗Gassen, K. and Landmann, M. (eds.) (1958) Buch des Dankes an Georg Simmel, Berlin; Duncker und Humblot, 2nd edition. Gephart, W. (1982) ‘Zur Weshselwirkung von Durkheim, Schäffle, Tönnies und Simmel’, Kolner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 34: 1–25. Gerson, H. (1932) Die Entwicklung der ethischen Anschaungen bei Georg Simmel, Berlin: Friedrich-Wilhems-Universitat. Gerth, H. and Mills, C.W. (1957) From Max Weber, London: Routledge. Giddens, A. (1984) The Constitution of Society, Cambridge: Polity. Glasser, B. and Strauss, A. (1967) The Discovery of Grounded Theory, Chicago: Aldine. Goffman, E. (1959) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, New York: Doubleday. Goffman, E. (1961) Asylums, Harmonsworth: Penguin. Goffman, E. (1968) Stigma: Notes On The Management of Spoiled Identity, London: Penguin. Goffman, E. (1974) Frame Analysis, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. Goffman, E. (1981) Forms of Talk, Oxford: Blackwell. Goodstein, E. (2002) ‘Style as Substance: Georg Simmel’s Phenomenology of Culture’, Cultural Critique, 52(Fall): 209–34. Graeber, D. (2011) Debt, the First 5,000 Years, Brooklyn, NY: Melville House Publishing. Green, B. (1988) Literary Methods and Sociological Theory, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Gronow, J. (1993) ‘Taste and Fashion: The Social Function of Fashion and Style’, Acta Sociologica, 36: 89–100. Habermas, J. (1972) Knowledge and Human Interests, London: Heinemann. Habermas, J. (1976) Legitimation Crisis, London: Heinneman. Habermas, J. (1983) ‘Georg Simmel on Philosophy and Culture: Postscript to a Collection of Essays’, Critical Inquiry, 22(3): 403–14. Habermas, J. (1984 and 1987) The Theory of Communicative Action, 2 vols. Cambridge: Polity. Hall, S. and Jefferson, T. (1976) Resistance through Ritual, London: Hutchinson. Hardt, A. and Negri, F. (2004) Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire, New York: Penguin Books. Harré, R. (1972) The Philosophies of Science, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Harvey, D. (2011) The Enigma of Capital and the Crises of Capitalism, London: Profile Books. 310 Bibliographies and a Note on Translations

Harvey, D.L. (2009) ‘Complexity and Case’, in D. Byrne and C. Ragin (eds.) The Sage Handbook of Case-based Methods, London: Sage. Hazelrigg, L. (1969) ‘A Reaxamination of Simmel’s “The Secret and Secret Society” ’, Social Forces, 47: 323–30. Helle, H. (1986) Dilthey, Simmel und Verstehen: Vorllesungen zur Geschichte der Sociologie, Frankfurt am Main: Verlang Peter Lang. Helle, H. (1988) Sociology and Epistemology in the Work of Georg Simmel, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. Hennis, W. (1988) Max Weber’s Central Question, Newbury: Theshold Press. Hodgson, G. (2004) ‘Veblen and Darwinism’, International Review of Sociology, 14(3): 343–61. Homans, G. (1950) The Human Group, London: Routledge. Homans, G. (1961) Social Behaviour – Its Elementary Forms, New York: Harcourt Brace. Hughes, E. (1958) ‘Review of Brucke and Tur: Essays des Philosophen zur Geschichte, Religion, Kunst, und Gesellscaft’, American Journal of Sociology, 63(6): 670–2. Hughes, E. (1965) ‘A Note on Georg Simmel’, Social Problems, 13(2): 117–18. Hvinden, B. (2004) ‘Poverty, Exclusion and Agency’, paper, accessed 14 January. Jablonka, E. (2009) ‘Yes, but ...’ in Does Evolution Explain Human Nature, John Templeton Foundation. Jablonka, E. and Lamb, M. (2005) Evolution in Four Dimensions, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Jackel, E. (1995) Entry in The Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust, New York: Macmillan Library Reference. Jankélévitch, V. (1925) ‘Georg Simmel, philosophie de la vie’, Revue de métapysique et de morale, 32: 214–15. Jary, D. (1991) ‘Beyond Objectivity and Relativism: Feyerabend’s “Two Argumen- tative Chains” and Sociology’, in P. Buczkowski (ed.) The Social Horizons of Knowledge, Amsterdam: Rodopi. Jary, D. and Smith, G. (1976) ‘Extended review’ of Goffman, E. Frame Analysis (1975)’, Sociological Review, 24(4): 917–27. Jaworski, G. (1983) ‘Simmel and the Année’, Journal of the History of Sociology, 5: 28–41. Jaworski, G. (1998) ‘Contested Canon: Simmel, Scholarship at Columbia and the New School’, The American Sociologist,4–36. Kaern, M. (1990a) ‘Georg Simmel and Contemporary Sociology’, in Kaern et al. (1990). Kaern, M. (1990b) ‘The World as Human Construction’, in Kaern et al. (1990). Kaern, M., Phillips, B. and Cohen, R. (eds.) (1990) Georg Simmel and Contemporary Sociology, Dordrecht; Boston. MA Kluwer Academic Publishers. Kant, I. (1784) ‘Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View’, in L. White (ed.) (1963) From Immanuel Kant on History, Indianapolis: Boobs- Merrill. Kant, I. (ed. N. Smith) (1929) Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason, London: Macmillan. Kant, I. (1980) Critique of Judgement, Indianapolis: Hackett. Kantorowitz, G. (ed.) (1923) Fragmente und Aufsätze, München: Drei Masken Verlag. Bibliographies and a Note on Translations 311

Kaye, R. (2002) The Flirt’s Tragedy: Desire without End in Victorian and Edwardian Literature, Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press. Kim, D. (2009) Georg Simmel in Translation – Interdisciplinary Border Crossings in Culture and Modernity, Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. Köhnke, K. (1990) ‘Four Concepts of Social Science at Berlin University: Dilthey, Lazarus, Schmoller and Simmel’, in Kaern (1990). Köhnke, K. (1996) Der junge Simmel – in Theoriebeziehungen und sozialen Bewegunden, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp. Kornhauser, W. (1959) The Politics of Mass Society, Glencoe: Free Press. Kracauer, S. (1920) ‘Georg Simmel’, Logos, 9: 307–38. Kracauer, S. (1975) [1927] ‘The Mass Ornament’, New German Critique, 5(Spring): 67–76. Landmann, M. (1968) ‘Introduction’ to Das Individuelle Gesetz: Philosophiscche Exkurse, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp. Langbehn, J. (1890) Rembrandt als Erzieher (Rembrandt as Educator), Leipzig: C. L. Hirschfeld. Lash, S. (2004) ‘Lebensssocioziologie. Georg Simmel in the Information Age’, Theory, Culture and Society, 22(3): 1–23. Lash, S. (2006) ‘Life’, Theory, Culture and Society, 23(2–3): 323–29. Latour, B. (2005) Assembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor Network Theory, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Laurence, A. (1975) ‘Georg Simmel: Triumph and Tragedy’, International Journal of Contemporary Sociology, 12(1–2): 28–43. ∗Lawrence, P. (ed.) (1976) Georg Simmel, Sociologist and European,Nelson Lechner, F. (1991a) ‘Social Differentiation and Modernity: On Simmel’s Macrosociology’, in Kaern, M. et al. (1990). Lechner, F. (1991b) ‘Simmel on Social Space’, Theory Culture and Society, 8(3): 195–201. Leck, R. (2000) Georg Simmel and Avant-Garde Sociology: The Birth of Modernity 1880–1920, Amherst, NY: Humanity Books. Lennox, J. (1993) ‘Darwin Was a Teleologist’, Biology and Philosophy, 8: 409–21. Levine, D. (1965) ‘Some Key Problems in Simmel’s Work’, in Coser (1965). ∗Levine, D. (ed. and Introduction) (1971) On Individuality and Social Forms, Chicago University Press Translated. Levine, D. (1989) ‘Simmel as a Resource for Sociological Metatheory’, Sociological Theory, 7(2): 161–74. Levine, D. (1991) ‘Simmel and Parsons Reconsidered,’ AJS, 6(5): 1097–116. Levine, D. (1993) ‘Further Comments Regarding Parsons’s Chapter on Simmel and Tönnies’, Teoria Sociologica, 1(2): 360–74. Levine, D. (1994) ‘Review of Philosophie des Geldes (ed. Kintzelé and Schneider) and Poggi’, Money and the Modern Mind, Contemporary Sociology, 23(3): 452–4. Levine, D. (1997 ‘Simmel Reappraised: Old Images, New Scholarship’, in C. Camic (ed.) Reclaiming the Sociological Classics: The State of Scholarship, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. Levine, D. (2000) ‘On the Critique of “Utilitarian” Theories of Action: Newly Identiﬁed Convergences among Simmel, Weber and Parsons’, Theory Culture and Society, 17(1): 63–78. Levitas, R. (2010) ‘Back to the Future: Wells, Sociology, Utopia and Method’, Sociological Review, 53(4): 530–47. 312 Bibliographies and a Note on Translations

Lewontin, R. (1970) ‘Units of Selection’, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 1: 1–18. Lichtblau, K. (1991) ‘Causality or Interaction? Simmel, Weber and Interpretive Sociology’, Theory Culture and Society, 8(3): 33–62. Liebersohn, H. (1984) ‘Review of Frisby (1981)’, History and Theory, 23(2): 261–7. Lipset, S. (1960) Political Man, London: Heineman. Lockwood, D. (1964a) ‘Ideal-Type Analysis’, in J. Gould and W. Kolb (eds.) A Dictionary of the Social Sciences, London: Tavistock. Lockwood, D. (1964b) ‘Social Integration and System Integration’, in Z. Zollschan and W. Hirsch (eds.) Exploration in Social Change, London: Routledge. Lofland, J. (2002) ‘Analytical Ethnography: Features, Failings and Futures’, in M. Huberman and B. Miles (eds.) The Qualitative Researchers’s Companion, London: Sage. Lopreato, J. and Crippen, T. (2002) Crisis in Sociology: The Need for Darwin, New Brunswick: Transaction. Luhmann, N. (2002) Theories of Existence – Redescribing the Descriptions of Modernity, Stanford: Stanford University Press. Lukács, G. (1971) History and Class Consciousness, London: Merlin. Lukács, G. (1991/1918) ‘Georg Simmel’, Theory Culture and Society, 8(3): 145–50. Lukes, S. (1974/2005) Power – A Radical View, London: Palgrave, 2nd edition. MacIntyre, A. (1981) After Virtue, A Study in Moral Theory, London: Duckworth and Co. Magee, B. (1983) The Philosophy of Schopenhauer, Oxford University Press (1997 reprint). Mannheim, K. (1981) Structures of Thinking, London: Routledge. Marcuse, L. (1958) ‘Errinerrungen an Simmel’, in Gassen and Landmann (1958). Martindale, D. (1960) Nature and Types of Sociological Theory, London: Routledge. Marx, G. and Muschert, G. (2008) ‘Simmel on Secrecy: A Legacy and Inheritance for the Sociology of Information’, in C. Papiloud and C. Rol (eds.) Socziologie als Möglichkeit 100, Jahre Georg Simmels Untersuchungen uber die Formen der Vergesselschatung, Weisbaden: VS Verlang fur Sozialwissenschaften. Maus, H. (1959) ‘Simmel in German Sociology’, in Wolff (1959). Mauss, M. (1922) The Gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies, London: Routledge (1990). Mead, G.H. (1900/01) ‘Review of Philosophie des Geldes’, JPE, 9: 616–619 (reprinted in Frisby, 1994). Mellor, R. (1984) ‘Theories of Urbanisation’, in R. Anderson and W. Sharrock (eds.) Applied Sociological Perspectives, London: George Allen and Unwin. Mestrovic, S. (1990) ‘Simmel’s Sociology in Relation to Schopenhauer’s Philoso- phy’, in Kaern et al. (1990). Mészáros, I. (1972) Lukács Concept of Dialectic, London: Merlin Press. Mills, T. (1965) ‘Some Hypotheses on Small Groups from Simmel’, in Coser (1965). Mizruchi, S. (1998) The Science of Sacrifice: American Literature and Modern Social: Theory, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Möllering, G. (2001) ‘The Nature of Trust: from Georg Simmel to a Theory of Expectation, Interpretation and Suspension’, Sociology, 35(2): 403–20. Moore, B. (1972) Reflections on the Causes of Human Misery, London: Allen Lane. Morris-Reich, A. (2003) ‘The Beautiful Jew as a Moneylender: Money and Individuality in Simmel’s Rehabilitation of the “Jew” ’, Theory, Culture and Society, 20(4):127–42. Bibliographies and a Note on Translations 313

Nedelmann, B. (1984) ‘Secrecy as a Macrosociological Phenemenon: A Neglected Aspect of Simmel’s Analysis of Society’, in D. Frisby (1984). Nedelmann, B. (1990a) ‘On the Concept of “Erleben” in Georg Simmel’s Sociol- ogy’, in Kaern, M. et al. (1990). Nedelmann, B. (1990b) ‘Georg Simmel as an Analyst of Autonomous Dynamics: The Merry-go-round of Fashion’, in Kaern, M. et al. (1990). Nedelmann, B. (2001) ‘The Continuing Relevance of Georg Simmel: Staking Anew the Field of Sociology’, in G. Ritzer and B. Smart (eds.) Handbook of Social Theory, London: Sage. Nietzsche, F. (1886) Beyond Good and Evil, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books (1973). Nichols, L. (2001) ‘Parsons and Simmel at Havard: Scientiﬁc Paradigms and Organisational Culture’, in Tevino, E. Javier (ed.), Talcott Parsons Today: His The- ory and Legacy in Contemporary Sociology, Lanham, MD: Rowand and Littleﬁeld. Nisbet, R. (1959) The Sociological Tradition, London: Heinemann. Nissen, I. (1925) ‘Vergessellschafttung als Einstellung, Zur Simmel’s Soziologie’, Annalen der Philosophie und Philosophischen Kritik, 5: 77–108. Nissen, I. (1926), report on Annulen der Philosophie und Philosopischen Kritik,in Mind, 35; 406–7. Nowak, M. (2009) ‘In part’, in Does Evolution Explain Human Nature’, John Templeton Foundation. Oakes, G. (1977) ‘Introduction: Simmel’s Problematic’ 1977. Oakes, G. (1980) ‘Introduction’ 1980. Oakes, G. (1984) ‘Introduction’ 1984. Oliver, I. (1983) ‘Review of Frisby D’, Sociological Impressionism, British Journal of Sociology, 34(2): 271–3. O’Neill, J. (1972) Sociology as a Skin Trade, New York: Harper and Row. ∗Park, R. and Burgess, E. (1921) Introduction to the Science of Sociology, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Parkins, I. (2009) ‘Fashion, Feminity and the Ambiguities of the Modern’, in Kim (2009). Parsons, T. (1937) The Structure of Social Action, New York: Free Press. Parsons, T. (1951) The Social System, London: Routledge. Parsons, T. (1964) ‘Evolutionary Universals in Society’, American Sociological Review, 29: 339–57. Parsons, T. (1966) Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. Parsons, T. (1998) ‘Simmel and the Methodological Problems of Formal Sociol- ogy’, American Sociologist, Summer:1–50. Plotkin, H. (ed.) (1982a) Learning, Development and Culture, New York: Wiley. Plotkin, H. (1982b) ‘Evolutionary Epistemology and Evolutionary Theory’, in Plotkin (1982). Podoksik, E. (2010) ‘Georg Simmel: Three Forms of Individualism and Historical Understanding’, New German Critique, 37(1): 119–45. Poggi, G. (1993) Money and the Modern Mind: Georg Simmel’s Philosophy of Money, Berkeley, CA: California University Press. Popper, K. (1974) ‘ “Replies to My Critics” “Evolution and World 3” ’, in P. Schilpp (ed.) The Philosophy of Karl Popper,Vol.2,LaSalle,IL:OpenCourt. Power, M. (1997) The Audit Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Putman, H. (2002) The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy and Other Essays, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 314 Bibliographies and a Note on Translations

Pyyhtinen, O. (2009) Bringing the Social Alive; Essays on Georg Simmel’s Social Theory, PhD Dissertation, University of Turku. Pyyhtinen, O. (2010) Simmel and ‘the Social’, London: Palgrave Macmillan. Radkau, J. (2009) Max Weber – A Biography, Cambridge: Polity. Rammstedt, O. (1991) ‘On Simmel’s Aesthetics: Argumentation in Jugend, 1987– 1906’, Theory Culture and Society, 8(3): 125–46. Richards, R. (1987) Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behaviour, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Richards, R. (2005) ‘Darwin and Progress’, New York Review of Books, 52(20) 15 December. Ringer, F. (1997) Max Weber’s Methodology – The Unification of the Cultural and Social Sciences, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Ritzer, G. (1992) Classical Sociological Theory, New York, NY: McGraw Hill. Ritzer, G. (ed.) (2000) The Blackwell Companion to Major Social Theorists, Oxford: Blackwell. Ritzer, G. and Goodman, D. (2000) ‘Toward a More Open Canon’, in Ritzer (2000). Robertson, R. (1990) ‘Georg Simmel and Contemporary Sociology’ (review of Kaern, M. et al., 1990), Contemporary Sociology, 20(5): 806–7. Rorty, R. (1984) Historiography: Four Genres – Philosophy in History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rose, G. (1981/2009) Hegel Contra Sociology, London: Verso. Runciman, W. (1972) A Critique of Max Weber’s Philosophy of Social Science, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Runciman, W. (1983, 1989 and 1997) A Treatise on Social Theory, 3 vols., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Runciman, W. (1998) The Social Animal, London: Harper Collins. Runciman, W. (2009) A Theory of Cultural and Social Selection, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rustin, M. (1985) ‘The Social Organisation of Secrecy: Towards a Sociology of Psychoanalysis’, International Review of Psychoanalysis, 12: 143–60. Rustin, M. (1999) ‘A New Social Evolutionism?’ New Left Review, 234: 106–26. Salomon, A. (with an Introduction by G. Jaworski) (1995) ‘Georg Simmel Reconsidered’, International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, 8(3): 361–78 (previously 1963). Salz, A. (1959) ‘A Note from a Student of Simmel’s’, in 1959. Sanderson, S. (2001) The Evolution of Human Sociality – A Darwinian Conflict Perspective, Boston, MD: Roman and Littlefield. Scaff, L. (1988) ‘Weber and the Sociology of Culture’, Sociological Review, 36(2): 1–30. Scaff, L. (1990) ‘Georg Simmel’s Theory of Culture’, in Kaern, M. et al.(eds.) (1990). Scaff, L. (2000) ‘Georg Simmel’, in Ritzer (2000). Schaper, E. (1966) ‘The Philosophical “Thing-in-Itself” ’, Philosophical Quarterly, 16(64): 233–43. Schermer, H. (1988) The Stranger, Occasional Papers, Staffordshire Polytechnic, 9. Schermer, H. (1990) The Stranger and the Newcomer, Occasional Papers, Staffordshire Polytechnic, No. 12. Schermer, H. (1991) Georg Simmel’s Sociology of the ‘As If’, Occasional Papers, Staffordshire Polytechnic, No. 14. Bibliographies and a Note on Translations 315

Schnabel, P. (1974) Die Soziologische Gesamtkonzeption Georg Simmel, Stuttgart: Fischer. Schnabel, P. (1985) ‘Georg Simmel’, in A. Kuper and J. Kuper (eds.) The Social Science Encyclopedia, London: Routledge. Schoeck, H. (1969) Envy: A Theory of Social Behaviour, London: Liberty Press. Schrader-Klebert, K. (1968) ‘Der Begriff der Gesellschaft als regulative Idee’, Soziale Welt, 14: 97–118. Schutz, A. (1967) The Phenomenology of the Social World, London: Heinemann. Schutz, A. and Luckmann, T. (1974) The Structures of the Life World, London: Heinemann. Searle, J. (1971) The Philosophy of Language, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Searle, J. (1995) The Construction of Social Reality, New York: Free Press. Sellerberg, A.-M. (1992) A Blend of Contradictions, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. Sen, A. (2009) The Idea of Justice, London: Penguin Books. Small, A. (1925) ‘Review of Spykmann’, American Journal of Sociology, 31: 84–7. Smith, D. (1988) The Chicago School, London: Macmillan. Smith, G. (1989) ‘Snapshots “Sub Specie Aeternitatis”: Simmel, Goffman and Formal Sociology’, Human Studies, 12(1): 19–57. Smith, G. (2006) Erving Goffman, London: Routledge. Spencer, H. (1862) First Principles, London: Watts, 6th edition (1945). Spykman, N. (1925) The Social Theory of Geog Simmel, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Staubmann, H. (1998) ‘Overcoming Flawed Dichotomies: The Impact of Georg Simmel on American Sociology’, International Journal of Culture and Society, 11(3): 501–15. Stewart, J. (1999) ‘Georg Simmel at the Lectern: The Lecture as Embodiment of Text’, Body and Society, 5(4): 1–16. Tarde, G (1890) Le Lois de l’imitation, Paris: Alcan. Tenbruck, F. (1959) ‘Formal Sociology’, in Wolff Essays on Sociology. Tooby, J. and Cosmides, L. (1992) ‘The Psychological Foundations of Culture’, in Barkow et al. The Adapted Mind – Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Treviño, A. (2001) Talcott Parsons Today, Oxford: Rowman and Littleﬁeld. Troeltsch, E. (1922/1961) Der Historismus und seine Probleme; Gesammelte Schriften, Vol. 3, Tübingen: Mohr (1922 reprinted Scientia Aalen). Turner, B. (1991) ‘Review of Simmel’s Rembrandt: Ein kuntstphilosophischer Versuch, 1985’, Theory, Culture and Society, 8: 243–52. Tsuda, K. (2011) ‘Academicians of Legado? A Critique of Social and Cultural Evolutionism’, New Left Review, 72: 80–109. Unger, R. (2007) The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Vaihinger, H. (1924/1911) The Philosophy of ‘As If’ (Die Philosophie des ‘Als ob’, 1911) Kegan Paul, with an Introduction written for the English edition. Vandenberghe, F. (1995) ‘Georg Simmel: entre Marx and Weber: Dialectiques de la modernite’: Metacritique de la reiﬁcation, Vol. 1. These de doctorat, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Sociologie, Paris. Vandenberghe, F. (2009) A Philosophical History of German Sociology, London: Routledge. Van Vucht Tijssen, L. (1991) ‘Women and Objective Culture: Georg Simmel and Marianne Weber’, Theory Culture and Society, 8(3): 203–18. 316 Bibliographies and a Note on Translations

Vischer, F. (1879) Mode und Cynismus, Beiträge zur Kenntniss unsurer Culturform und Sienegriffe, Stuttgart: Wittwer. Vromen, S. (1990) ‘Georg Simmel and the Cultural Dilemma of Women’, in Kaern (1990). Wassermann, J. (1921) Mein Weg als Deutscher und als Jude, Berlin: Fischer Verlag. Watier, P. (1993) ‘Simmel and the Image of Individuality’, Current Sociology, 41(2): 70–5. Watson, P. (2010) The German Genius – Europe’s Third Renaissance, the Second Scientiﬁc Revolution, and the Twentieth Century, London: Simon & Schudter. Weber, A. (1910) ‘Der Beamte’, in Die neue Rundschau (S. Fischer) (Reprinted in A. Weber, Ideen zur Staats-und Kultursoziologie, Vol. 1, Karlsruhe, Braun 1927, 81–101). Weber, M. (1913) Die Frauen und die objektive Kultur (Women and Objective Culture), Tübingen: Mohr. Weber, M. (1930) The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, London: Allen and Unwin (Ger. 1904-5, rev. edition 1922). Weber, M. (1949) The Methodology of the Social Sciences, New York: Free Press. Weber, M. (1968) [1922] Economy and Society (Wirtschaft und Gessellschaft. Grundiss der versehenden Socioologie), Berkeley, CA: University of California Press (The 1968 English edition is a compilation of previous and new translations, including Parsons and Hendersons’ 1964 version). Weber, Max, (1971) ‘Georg Simmel as Sociologist’, Social Research: 38(1): 155–65 (with an Introduction by D. Levine). Weber, Marianne, (1975) Max Weber: A Biography, New York: Wiley (Ger. 1926). Weingartner, R. (1960) Experience and Culture: The Philosophy of Georg Simmel, Middleton, CT: Wesleyan U.P. Weinstein, D. and Weinstein, M. (1993) Postmodern(ized) Simmel, London: Routledge. Wessely, A. (1990) ‘Simmel’s Metaphysics’, in Kaern, M. et al.’ (1990). Whitehead, A. (1978) Process and Reality, New York: Free Press. Williams, G. (1996) Plan and Purpose in Nature, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Wilson, E. (1998) Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, London: Little Brown. Winch, P. (1959) The Idea of Social a Science and Its Relation to Philosophy, London: Routledge. Witte, K. (1975) ‘Introduction to Siegfried Kracauer’s “The Mass Ornament” ’, New German Critique, 5(Spring): 59–66. Wittgenstein, L. (1967) ‘Bemerkungen uber frazers “The Golden Bough” ’, Synthese, 17: 233–253. Witz, A. (2001) ‘Georg Simmel and the Masculinity of Modernity’, Journal of Classical Sociology, 1(3): 353–70. Wolff, K. (1950) ‘Introduction’ to 1950. ∗Wolff, K. (ed.) (1959) Georg Simmel 1858–1918s, Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press (selections from 1908, 1910a, 1911, plus commentaries). Zetterberg, H. (1965) On Theory and Veriﬁcation, in Sociology, Totawa, NJ: Bedminster Press, 3rd edition. Index

Note: Locators with letter ‘n’ refer to notes.

Abbott, Andrew, 43, 281 Aschheim, Steven, 295n Abel, Theodore, 18 ‘as if’, the, 1, 13, 14, 38, 202–3, 298n, absolute and relative, 3, 13, 32, 44, 65, 299n 133, 137–9, 161, 163, 165–95, in the construction of future 197, 207, 218, 250, 265 scenarios, 214–16 absolute and relative poverty, 109, the philosophy of, 196–223 119, 127, 297n and religion, 217–19 adornment, 52, 104, 131, 142, 150, ubiquity of the ‘as if’, 212–14 152 Vaihinger, 197–204 Adorno, Theodor, 11, 59, 62, 70, 72 see also ﬁctions aesthetics, 2, 33–6, 49, 51, 58, 103, Aulinger, Barbara, 5, 36, 208 200, 264, 291, 300n Austin, John, 176, 273 aesthetisation of everyday life, Avenarius, Richard, 299n 102–3 art and aesthetics, 32–8, 266–8 Backhaus, Gary, 197 the sociological aesthetic, 34–6 Barthes, Roland, 103 agency and structure, 25, 122, 126, Baudelaire, Charles, 11, 267 158, 275, 295–7 Baudelairean spectatorship, 57 alienation (and estrangement), 4, 9, 18, 23, 24, 66, 70–1, 82, 163, 244, Baudrillard, Jean, 103 264, 283, 294n Bauman, Zigmund, 281–2, 288 American Journal of Sociology, 84, 130, Becker, Howard, 159, 161 302 Benjamin, Walter, 11, 52, 70, 103, analogy, 40, 112, 171, 179, 194, 195, 195n 200, 220, 271, 282, 298n Bergson, Henri, 5, 12, 25, 68, 265, Année Sociologique,61 269, 295n anti-Semitism, 48, 51, 56–7, 61, 284, Berlin, Simmel’s, 11, 47–52, 54–8, 60, 295n 62, 69, 72 appearance and reality, 44, 85, 167, Bernstein, Richard, 268, 271, 273, 172, 178, 238, 248 282–3, 288, 301n Aron, Raymond, 73 betrayal, 57, 79–80, 129, 143–4, 218 art, 22, 24, 27, 32–8, 41, 48, 52, 58, Bhaskar, Roy, 252, 275–6 92, 160, 264, 266, 291 Bildung, 22, 79 Baroque architecture, 92 biography, 48–56, 74, 262 Classical art, 92, 291 blasé attitude, 8, 24, 95, 97, 267, 270 and fashion, 92 Blau, Peter, 5, 160, 173, 279–80 impressionism and sociological Bleicher, Joseph, 25, 59 impressionism, 11–12, 70, Bloch, Ernst, 52, 55, 69, 70, 239 267–8, 291 Blumer, Herbert, 103 see also aesthetics Bouglé, Celestin, 46, 54, 73, 195

317 318 Index

Bowles, Samuel and Gintis, Herbert, Collingwood, Richard, 60 228 Collins, Randall, 11 Bryant, Christopher and Jary, David, comparative advantage, 227, 253, 255, 286 283 Buber, Martin, 73–4 comparative analysis and comparative bureaucracy, 66, 157, 295n method, 36, 66, 104, 158 Burger, Thomas, 63 Comte, Auguste, 47, 53, 58 Buxton, William, 72 conceptual model, 3, 4, 10, 13, 17, 38, 40–5, 131, 220, 250, 263, 277, Camic, Charles, 225 294n Campbell, Donald, 250–1 evolutionary conceptual model, capital and capitalism, 9, 63, 71, 230, 222, 227 256, 278, 285 configuration and constellation, see Castells, Manuel, 286 form(s) and content categorical imperative, 221 conflict, 5–6, 9, 20–1, 44, 45, 72, 73, categories, 4, 8, 28, 32, 37, 41, 43, 70, 154, 160, 195, 232, 244, 253, 254, 75, 110, 169, 172, 189, 203, 250, 279, 284, 285, 299n 263 Conflict of Modern Culture, The,8 sociological, 29 continua (and scales), see dualities causality and determination, 8, 79, (also polarities) 115, 220, 234 cooperation, 20, 44, 87, 131, 227, 228, in evolutionary accounts, 245–6 253, 273 Caygil, Howard, 33, 45, 197 Coser, Lewis, 5, 73, 80, 107, 126, 153, centre and periphery, 40, 210 160, 254, 279, 292 and friendship, 144–5, 180 Functions of Social Conflict, The,5, of personality, 88–9 279 chance and necessity, 44, 76, 226, Critical Realism, 275 228–9, 232–4, 246, 267 Critical Theory, see Frankfurt School characterological issues, 59–61, 70 Croce, Benedetto, 60 Chicago and Chicago School, 72, 160, Cronan, Todd, 291 268, 281 cross-cutting ties, 299n Chomsky, Noam, 300n culture, 8–9, 11, 18, 22–6, 52–3, 57–8, circle and social circles, 29, 83, 113, 60, 67, 69, 71, 94–5, 98, 103, 126, 114, 130, 170–1, 214 144, 146, 162, 209, 212, 231, 235, circle as metaphor, 97–8 238, 241, 254, 265, 266, 269, 279, enlargement of social circles, 223 286, 295n, 299n intersection of, 29, 302 cultural forms, 4, 12, 14, 19, 21, 24, and part and whole, 139–40 41, 43–6, 157, 160, 264, 276, civilization, 67, 95 290 Kultur and Zivilization,22 cultural theory, 283–4 Clark, Tim, 267 culture industries, 97 Clark, T. J., 286 culture and objective spirit, 22–4, class and class conflict, 9, 29, 48, 53–4, 73, 179 69, 71, 84, 85, 86, 94, 97, 103, feminine culture (Weibliche Kultur), 104, 109, 114, 118, 124, 201, 214, 166, 178, 180–6, 196, 215–16 235, 276–8, 295n Kultur and Zivilisation,22 coevolution, 253, 300n material culture, 8, 22 Coiffi, Frank, 158 see also objective and subjective collectivism, 53, 71, 87, 176–7 culture Index 319

Dahme, Heinz-Jürgen, 198 Dickens, Peter, 302 Darwin, Charles, 3, 46, 52, 222–35, differentiation, 8, 10, 78, 124, 133, 246 227, 230, 236–8, 243–4, 253, 255, Descent of Man The, 224, 239 279, 292, 300n Origin of Species, The, 222 and energy saving, 223, 237–41 on progress, 252–3 and fashion, 80, 85–6, 89, 91, 94–5, Darwinian theory; Darwinism, 12, 46, 99, 104 59, 67, 68, 210, 220, 223–35, 240, Über soziale Differenzierung, 223–4, 248–53, 256 235, 237–9, 263 as a materialist teleology, 225–6 Dilthey, Wilhem, 48–9, 59, 62–4 natural selection, 125, 151, 171, Ding an sich, 201, 206 224–5, 227–9, 232 distance (and proximity), 6–8, 59–60, neo-Darwinian synthesis, 227 72, 90, 112, 129, 131, 140–1, 150, see also Simmel-Darwin conceptual 175, 209, 212, 267 model see also space and time Davis, Fred, 104, 105, 302n division of labour, 61, 211, 223, 235, Davis, Murray, 35–6, 157 239, 242, 244 Dawkins, Richard, 226, 256 DNA, 256, 287, 299n Deleuze, Gilles, 271, 295n, 300n Dollo’s Law, 226 Dennett, Daniel, 226–7, 251 Doyal, Len, and Gough, Ian, 283 Darwin’s Dangerous Idea, 226 dramaturgical sociology, 78, 208 evolution as an algorithmic process, dualism, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 85, 99–100, 226–7 153, 187, 249–51 evolution as a universal acid, 251, see also fundamental dualism 299n dualities (also polarities), 3–4, 6, 20–2, Freedom Evolves, 257 25, 38, 42–5, 62, 66, 75, 86, 155, Derrida, Jacques, 291, 300 158–9, 203, 220, 243, 264, 267, Dewey, John, 27, 60, 282 277, 281, 291, 293, 300n diagnosis of the times, 14, 278, 281–2 continua and scales, 4, 42, 250, 269 dialectic and dialectical approach, and social forms, 78–81, 87, 105, 2–11, 20–3, 29n, 35, 38, 42–3, 59, 108, 113, 121, 136 62–3, 66, 68, 73, 75, 78–80, 175, Durkheim, Emile, 3, 9, 43, 49, 61–2, 203–6, 220, 224, 226, 231, 233, 73 237–8, 250–1, 255, 263, 266, dyad and triad, 3, 20, 44–5, 245, 280 270–1, 273, 279, 281–4, 286, 289, 290–1, 293, 298n and absolute and relative, 165–72 Einleitung in die Moralwissenshat,64 dialectofsubjectiveandobjective élan vital,68 culture, 22–5 emancipation and emanicpatory, 4, 9, and epistemology and relationism, 216 25–7, 170–2, 204 energy saving, principle of, 237–41 and fashion, 83–90, 98, 103–5 economy of effort, 93 key concepts in, 17–18 Law of Least Effort, 254 and life and death, 193–4 Enlightenment, the, 4, 67, 177, 255, and Marxism, 69–71 282 and the poor, 109–10, 123–4, 126, epistemology, 13, 25–7, 30, 37, 39, 41, 128, 153–4 46, 65, 68, 159, 161, 163, 168, and the secret, 129, 132–4, 139–40 170, 195–6, 195, 199, 202, 215, and Structuration Theory, 275–7 218–19, 263, 269, 290 320 Index epistemology – continued the dandy, a subtype of the form of evolutionary epistemology, 227–8, fashion, 80, 90–2, 103, 149, 264 296n feminine epistemology, 180, 185 the demi-monde, 91 relational epistemology, 4, 9, 204, and envy, 103–4 219, 234, 246–9, 273 gender and fashion, 10–43, 94–5 see also science as a mask, 89, 97, 100, Erikson, Bonnie, 153 103–5 ethics, 2, 9, 50, 54, 75, 108, 110, 117, modesty and shame assuaged by 163, 199, 200, 217, 264, 271, fashion, 89 283 objects becoming the content of epistemological and ethical fashion, 92–3 world-view, 160–1 the polarity of beginning and ethical involvement and ethical ending in fashion, 88 neutrality, 7, 54, 59–61, 63, rejecters of fashion, 91, 149 65–6, 67, 109, 119, 127, 185, social class and fashion, 94, 103–4 253, 273, 301n as Tun and Gershehen,99 evolutionary ethics, 30, 286–8 Featherstone, Mike, see Frisby and see also value(s) Featherstone evolutionary epistemology, see fetish and festishisation, 23, 102–3 epistemology Feuerbach, Ludwig, 294 evolution and evolutionary theory, see Feyerabend, Paul, 271–2, 282 Darwin; and Darwinian Fichte, Johann, 9, 199, 234 exchange, 15, 78, 101, 118, 132, 153, fictions (and the ‘as if’), 14, 68, 172–3, 177–8, 213–14 196–221, 244, 250–1 and cosmopolitanism, 243 and epistemology, 196, 205–6 exchange value, 238 and hypotheses and dogma, 199, gift exchange, 109, 117 201, 203, 218–19 and power, 279–80, 301n and metaphor, 200 unequal exchange, 285, 297n and operational definitions, 197 see also money; reciprocal effect and a relativistic world view, 205 exemplification(s), 4, 38–40, 77–8, and religion, 202 126, 138–40, 153, 157 and social forms, 208–12, 217 explanation and interpretation, 13, in social life, 197, 207 17, 31–3, 37–9, 63, 153–4, 157 socially necessary fictions, 68, 111, forms as interpretation and 196 explanation, 37, 79–81, 294n finite and infinite, 45, 85, 86, 207 Verstehen (meaningful flirtation, 12, 79, 104–5, 148, 178, 197, understanding), 31–3, 43, 64, 203, 209–11, 256, 299n, 301n 166, 261, 294n Flugel, John, 201 Fodor, Jerry, 300n facts and values, see values Forberg, Karl, 29, 199–200, 217 fan of possibilities, 187, 192, 228–9, form(s) and content, 1, 4, 10, 19–21, 251, 274, 287, 293 32, 36, 45–6, 61, 66 fashion as a form, 19, 83–105 analytical and synthetic features (of abstract polarities as vital conditions the form of money), 161–3 of fashion, 85–6 configurations and constellations, and aesthetic judgement, 102–3 21, 79–80 Index 321

constitutive and contingent gender, 13, 38, 43, 94–5, 103, 119, aspects of forms, 79–81, 160, 165–6, 178, 180–7, 210, 90–1 215 cultural forms, 70 George, Stefan, 52 multiplicity of forms, 36–7 Gephart, Werner, 62 social forms/forms of social Germany interaction German Sociological Association, (Socialisierrungformen), 4, 13, 51, 54–5, 59 19–21, 28, 44, 77–81, 91, 113, Simmel’s Germany, 47–8, 53, 55–6 116, 126, 129, 135, 137, 141, Sonderwag and German 145, 150, 157, 159, 174, 193, exceptionalism, 74 222, 289, 294n and the USA, 72, 146 world-forms, 27, 32–8, 263–5, Geschehen, see Tun and Geschehen 272–3, 300n Giddens, Anthony, 154, 275–9, 282, Foucault, Michel, 282, 301n 285–6, 292, 300n fractals, 43, 281 gift, the, 44, 109, 117–18, 297n Glasser, Barney and Strauss, Anslem, Frankfurt School (of Critical Theory), 159 60, 70, 97, 103, 278 global society, 283 Freyer, Hans, 73 Goethe, Johan, von, 1, 23, 33, 49–50, Friedman, Maurice, 73 68, 74, 88, 101, 202, 262 friendship and acquaintanceship, 130, Goffman, Erving, 157–60, 192–3, 208, 144–5 280–1, 290, 301n, 330n Frisby, David, 11, 18, 22, 49–50, 52, Goodstein, Elisabeth, 70, 269–70 54, 57, 60–2, 70–1, 73, 160–1, Gould, Stephen, 300n 224, 291, 295n Graeber, David, 128, 285 and Featherstone, 84, 261, 283 Grimm, Hermann, 36 Fukuyama, Francis, 242, 254–5 Gronow, Jukka, 102, 104 function(alism), 5, 28, 115, 144, groups, group formation and group 152, 160, 224, 232, 234, 237, 239, preservation, 20, 72–3, 91, 93–4, 241–3, 245, 253–5, 282, 301n 101, 103, 113, 115, 118, 123, fundamental dualism (polarity as 125–6, 130, 134, 137–9, 149, 162, such), 21, 26, 42–4, 86–7, 96, 98, 175, 187, 228, 242–3, 280–1, 284, 100–1, 110, 131, 264 296n, 298n, 302n and gender, 152, 188 group leadership, 245 mind-body dualism, 225 individual and group, 214, 223–4, and monism, 205 233, 235, 240–1 see also subject-object interest groups, 149 future scenarios, 24, 86, 98, 214–16, quantitative aspects of, 29, 142, 220, 255, 261, 274, 278, 281–2, 145, 242 286, 288 Habermas, Jürgen, 27–9, 30, 251, 271–3, 282–3, 288, 292, 295n, Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 271, 273 300n Gallie, W. B., 282 habit, 225, 237 Gangas, Spiros, 61 and culture, 231 Garﬁnkfel, Harold, 108 links nature and society, 225 Gassen, Kurt and Landmann, Und, 41, Hall, Stuart and Jefferson, Tony, 103 48, 69, 224 Hardt, Michael and Negri, Antoni, 284 322 Index

Harré, Rom, 160 individual, the, 19, 79 Harvey, David, 230, 256 alienation and estrangement, 1, 8, Harvey, David L., 276 23, 97 Hegel, George, 2, 4–5, 9, 43, 62, 67, autonomy and creativity of, 23, 28, 141, 166, 228, 276, 291, 294n 30, 59, 100–3 Hegelianism (and neo-Hegelianism), dialectic of individual and 5, 22, 40, 43, 59, 62, 193 society, 8–9, 14, 24–5, 60, 74, master and slave relation, 141 78, 83, 87, 96, 99, 106, 109, objective spirit, 22, 73 111, 113 Hennis, Wilhelm, 63, 67 individualism, 53, 72, 87, 129, 139, Heraclitus, 2 152, 176–7, 238–9 hermeneutics, 271 individual lives as forms, 12, 21–2 heuristic fictions, 9, 63–4, 198, 201, the inner self, 24 203, 207, 220 methodological individualism, 18 history, 11, 31, 215, 240, 252, 264, psychology, 86 299n see also agency and structure; group; art history, 36, 41 life; objective and subjective as a form, 27 culture; self (and soul) historical interpretation and intelligent design, 223, 226, 253 sociology, 32–3, 214–15, 276, interpretation, 17, 31, 42–3, 50, 74, 281, 294n, 295n 78, 149, 151, 154, 166, 261–3, historical realism rejected, 31, 265 270–2, 287, 290–1, 293, 295n history of philosophy, 205 see also explanation and interpretation philosophy of history, 184 ‘iron cage’, 66, 70 Problems of the Philosophy of History, I–thou, 8, 25, 78 27–8, 30, 37, 51 see also subject and object; see also explanation and epistemology interpretation Hodgson, Geoffrey, 246 Jablonka, Eva, 287 Homans, George, 301n and Lamb, Marion, 256 homeostasis and teleonomy, 227–8, Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung,53 286, 299n James, William, 27, 72, 268–70, see also teleology 288 honour, 44, 57, 78–9, 83, 118, 127, Jary, David, 158–60, 272 141, 196, 208, 239 see also Bryant and Jary Hughes, Everett, 57, 72, 107, 126 Jary, David and Smith, Gregory, 158, Hungarian Soviet Republic, 69 160 Husserl, Edmund, 52, 269–70 Jaworski, Garry, 62, 269, 291 Hvinden, Bjørn, 126 Kaern, Michaael, 197, 199 ideal type, 63, 66, 72, 157, 159, 203, Kant, Immanuel, 2, 4–5, 26, 28, 33, 295n 43, 49, 62, 67, 84, 102, 177, 188, imitation, 9, 78, 83, 84–5, 87, 98–9, 217–19, 246–7, 249, 265 102 Kant-Studien, 198 immediacy and mediation, 87, 133–4, neo-Kantianism, 12, 40, 59, 62 267 Vaihinger and fictions, 196–9, incommensurability, 38, 268, 272–3, 201–3, 218–19, 269, 299n 287, 294–5n Kaye, Richard, 302n Index 323 knowledge, 8, 18, 24–7, 30, 39, 59, 78, Lebensanschauung, 12, 67, 300n 153, 165–71, 186, 192–4, 195, life and death, 166, 193–5 199, 202, 204–7, 211–12, 215, life style (habitus), 134 218–19, 246–50, 273 life-world, 135, 150, 162, 269, 277–8 historical knowledge, 30 lived experience (Erleben), 8, 210, mutual knowledge and disclosure, 298n 79–80, 130, 132–3, 136, 138, more-life and more-than-life, 24, 141–3, 148, 171 264 specialist knowledge, 148, 153–4 philosophy of life/life-philosophy unity of, 253 (Lebensphilosophie), 12, 25, 59, see also epistemology; secrecy 265, 269 Köhnke, Klaus, 49, 50–1, 55, 62, see also alienation (and 234 estrangement); individual; Kornhauser, William, 299n objective and subjective culture; Kracauer, Siegried, 39, 70–1, 295 tragedy of culture Lockwood, David, 65–6, 277 Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 234 Lofland, John, 158 Langbehn, Julius, 56 logic of situation, 242–3 Lash, Scott, 25, 253 Loisklandl, Helmut, 302, 306 Latour, Bruno, 18, 292 Luhmann, Niklas, 251, 292 Laurence, A. E., 60 Lukács, Georg, 11, 52, 55, 59–60, 69, law, 9, 22, 32, 102, 108, 112, 114, 116, 267, 276, 278, 291 127, 180, 199, 238–9, 278, 297n Lukes, Steven, 282 Lawrence, Peter, 5, 108 Lazarus, Moritz, 43, 50, 235 Mach Ernst, 299 Leakey, Richard, 230, 234 MacIntyre, Alisdair, 273 Lechner, Frank, 5, 10 Magee, Bryan, 67 Leck, Ralph, 49, 51, 58–9, 65 Malinowski, Bronislaw, 254 Leibniz, Gottfried, 26, 286 Malthus, Thomas, 231, 234 Lennox, James, 225–6 Mannheim, Karl, 26, 71 Lepsius, Karl, 52 Marcuse, Herbert, 27 Levine, Donald, 1, 5, 6, 12, 19, 27, 29, Marcuse, Ludwig, 7 40, 46, 49, 72, 75, 80, 84, 107, marginality, 20, 56–8 195, 273, 282 marginality within the academy, Levitas, Ruth, 284 56–8 Lewontin, Richard, 227 Martindale, Don, 73 Lichtblau, Klaus, 35, 63–4 Marx, Gary and Muschert, Glen, 153 lie, the, 79–80, 130–1, 136, 138, 208, Marx, Karl, (and Marxism), 2, 4, 5, 9, 209–10, 235 23, 37, 40, 41, 56, 59, 66, 67, 163, Liebersohn, Harry, 26, 267 172, 178, 255–6, 276, 277, 293, life, 12, 14, 21, 23–5, 29–31, 35, 66, 294n 69, 71, 75, 86, 129, 131, 169, 184, Marxism and socialism, 216 264, 288, 298n Theses on Feuerbach, 294n dialect of life and social forms, 83, Western Marxism, 58–9, 62, 69–71, 85, 288 see also Frankfurt School of forms of life, 38, 46, 99, 113, 160, Critical Theory 210, 232, 264, 266, 272–3, 277, materialism, 165, 222, 225, 252, 287, 278 291, 294n inner life, 33, 88, 91, 164, 291 historical materialism, 66, 69 324 Index

Mauss, Marcel, 53 Morris-Reich, Amos, 295n Mead, George Herbert, 27, 52, 160, Musil, Robert, 60 268, 292 means and ends, 45, 108–9, 114–15, natural selection, see Darwinian 148, 161, 176, 182, 199 theory Mellor, Mary, 160 nature, 28, 35, 225, 232, 236–8, 250, Menger, Carl, 54, 62, 295n 252–3 Merton, Robert, 73, 245 and the fundamental dialectic, 3, Mestrovic, Stjepan, 67–8 25, 28, 44 Metaphor, 6, 29, 71, 97, 113, 220, 225, Nedelmann, Birgitta, 5–7, 36, 64, 97, 271 153–4, 160, 274 method, 1–4, 6, 10–14, 27, 32–6, network society, 286 39–46, 70, 74–5, 78, 157–63, 274, Nietzsche, Friedrich, 527, 67–8, 202, 284 255, 262, 293n see also conceptual model; dialectic Beyond Good and Evil,68 and dialectical approach Nietzsche’s Übermensch as a Methodenstreit, 62, 295n heuristic-pedagogic-Utopian metropolis, 61, 161, 267, 270–1, fiction, 200 286 Schopenhauer und Nietzsche, 27, 67, metropolis and mental life, 8, 57, 202, 294n, 302 71–2 will for life, the, 67–8 Mills, C. Wright, 302n Nisbet, Robert, 280 Mills, Theodore, 280 Nissen, Ingjald, 202–3 Mizruchi, Susan, 108, 126, 159 normative integration and systems modalities, 4, 43–4, 85, 143, 203, 211, integration, 277 246 money, 3, 13, 44–5, 54, 58, 61, 66, 69, Oakes, Guy, 3, 10, 31–3, 36–8, 41, 51, 71, 78, 84, 98, 104, 107, 118, 62–4, 160, 209, 294–5n 120, 143, 154, 160–1, 166–78, objective and subjective culture, 2, 4, 195, 203, 213, 247, 266, 270, 22–4, 45, 102, 104, 145, 166, 263, 278 282 as abstract exchangeability, 162 Oliver, Ivan, 27 analytical and synthetic aspects operational definitions, 197, 220 of the form of money, ownership and property, 44, 71 161–3 and honour, 118–19 crisis tendencies, 283–5 and energy saving, 237 Parkins, Ilya, 104 exchange and exchange value, 71, Park, Robert, 52, 72, 104 173– 4, 238 Parsons, Talcott, 39, 41, 43, 72–3, gift exchange, 109, 117 80, 242, 251, 254, 281, 292, Philosophie des Geldes, 3, 8, 13, 53, 301n 63, 78, 161, 166–7, 170, 173, pattern variables, 72 223, 249 The Structure of Social Action,72 as pure relativity, 172–4 type atomism, 72 monism, 26, 165, 168, 172, 205, 207, past, present and future, 22, 44, 88, 222, 238–9 171, 187, 262 Moore, Barrington, 283 Peirce, Charles, 268, 271 more-life, and more-than-life, phenomenology, 269–70 see life eidetic science, 293 Index 325 philosophy, 2, 10, 12, 25, 27, 30, 31, progress (and regression), 223–4, 227, 33, 36, 40, 50, 54, 62, 74, 176, 240, 242–5, 250–3, 255 184, 187, 192, 255, 265–6, 289, and regression, 252–3 291–2 psychology, 2, 50, 64, 80, 86, 135, Hauptprobleme der Philosophie, 38, 145, 235, 266, 288, 297n 265–6, 294n Putman, Hilary, 283 and sociology, 2, 12, 25, 191, 208, Pyyhtinen, Olli, 5, 16, 62, 67, 74, 263, 266, 271, 274, 289 271, 274–5 Plotkin, Henry, 250–1 Podoksik, Efrain, 22 Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred, 254 Poggi, Gianfanco, 5, 22, 24, 73, 81, Radkau, Joachim, 51, 52, 127 161 Rammstedt, Otthein, 33–4, 58, 244, polarities, see dualities 278 political economy, 231 rationality, 65, 283, 300n poor, the, 106–25 instrumental rationality, 66, 71 absolute and relative poverty, 109, Ravaison, Felix, 295n 119 realism, 272 and the gift, 117–18 Critical Realism, 275, 276 historical development in care of utopian realism, 285 the poor, 113–14 reciprocal effect (Wechselwirkung), 2–4, main polarities, 109–10 10, 17, 79, 110, 124, 133–4, 137, means and ends, 114 142, 155, 225, 227–8, 242, 267 ownership and the gift, and dialectical approach, 61, 66, 117–18 171, 173, 195, 204, 274, 288 ownership and honour, 119 see also exchange; relativism and the poor man as citizen, 112 relationism rational-bureaucratic welfare reification/objectification provision, 117 (Versachlichung), 8–9, 23, 145, rights over duties, 110–15, 121 206, 228, 263 Popper, Karl, 27, 250–1 relativism and relationism, 3, 26, 27, post-modern, 270–1, 275, 284, 38, 68, 119–20, 179, 199, 204, 293 206, 249, 255, 272, 292, 299n Pragmatism, 27, 197, 268, 271, 282, cultural relativism, 249, 255, 299n 283 and knowledge, 204–20 process, 3–4, 8, 18, 19, 33, 64, 99, see also process, reciprocal effect 103–4, 124, 135, 150, 158, 170–1, religion, 22, 23, 66, 67, 73, 93, 197, 178–9, 226, 233, 249, 287, 300n 199, 201–3, 217–19, 223, 239, and dialectical approach, 3–4, 26, 255, 263–4, 266, 268, 272, 284, 61, 66, 171, 173, 181, 184, 298n 194–5, 204–7, 213, 235–6, 239, Christianity, 35, 57, 67, 114, 175, 251, 256, 274–5, 288, 298n 176–7 life process, 49 Rembrandt, 33, 34, 56, 194 social process, 3–4, 18, 84, 94, 98, Richards, Robert, 241, 252 116, 121, 123–4, 138, 158, 191, Rickert, Heinrich, 7, 52, 65 213–14, 225, 278, 290 Ringer, Fritz, 62, 63, 64, 294n see also epistemology; reciprocal Ritzer, George, 5–6, 280 effect; relativism and and Goodman, Douglas, 288 relationalism Rodin, 33, 50, 68–9, 291 Process Philosophy, 26 Rorty, Richard, 271, 289, 301n 326 Index

Runciman, W.G., 64, 65, 251, 253 secret societies, 80, 130–1, 136–40, Rustin, Michael, 153, 253 144, 148, 151–2 and social evolution, 152 Salomon, Albert, 270, 291 and trust, 141, 154 Sanderso, Stephen, 254 self (and soul), 8, 22–3, 25, 28, 44, 66, Santayana, George, 72, 268 69, 78–80, 83, 86, 89–90, 100–2, Scaff, Lawrence, 5, 180 104, 111, 141–2, 150, 157, 170–1, Schaffle, Friedrich, 53 176, 179, 186, 192–3, 201, 203, Schelling, Friedrich, 234 208, 218, 221, 228, 239, 255, 264, Schmoller, Gustav, 53, 54, 61, 62, 65 270, 275–6, 278, 291 Schnabel, Ernst, 10, 11, 39, 40, 59, 63, self-disclosure and 79 self-concealment, 132–5, 138 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 5, 12, 67–8, see also individual; subject and 200, 265–6, 295 object Schopenhauer und Nietzsche, 27, 67, Sellerberg, Ann-Marie, 10 222–3, 266, 291, 294n, 302 Sen, Amartya, 28 Schrader-Klebert, Karin, 10, 39–40, Simmel-Darwin conceptual model, 251 13–14, 46, 223, 227 Schutz, Alfred, 269 and Luckmann, Thomas, 269–79, Darwin blended with Kant, 248–9 299n Simmel’s 1895 statement on science, 24, 36, 37, 39, 61, 170, 197–9, selection and the theory of 245, 252, 264, 269, 292 knowledge, 246–9 Geisteswissenschaften, 59, 62 Simmel (Kinel), Gertrude, 48, 52 human and social sciences, 28, 29, slavery, 174, 176 30, 36, 41, 51, 53, 63, 64, 247, Small, Albion, 52, 72, 130, 302 251, 268, 271, 277, 282 Smith, Adam, 202 normal science, 272 Smith, Dennis, 72 positivism, 273 Smith, Gregory, 157, 281 science as a vocation, 268 see also Jary and Smith standard social science model, sociability, 2, 19–20, 44, 148, 197, 299n 203, 208–9 Searle, John, 159, 273 social change, 78, 85, 91, 95, 98, 150, secret, secrecy, 13, 17, 29, 44, 80, 241, 279, 288 129–64, 242, 297n, 298n social, etymological root, 18 and betrayal, 80, 129, 130, 136, social forms, see form(s) and content 143–4 social institutions, 21, 35, 74, 87, 152, Druids, 130, 138, 145–6 162, 232, 253, 264, 292 form and content, 147–51 social interaction, 3–4, 40, 43–5, 65, Freemasons, 130, 146 72, 75, 77, 80, 132, 138, 264 and friendship, 144–5, 298n inclusion and exclusion, 136–8 see also form(s) and content; and individualism, 139–40 reciprocal effect and the letter, 146, 153 socialism, 9, 35, 53, 73, 177, 216, 285 and the lie, 80 see also collectivism as means and end, 147–8 social life, 17, 23, 29, 78, 87, 101, 113, ritual, 139–40, 151 125, 158, 245, 279, 281 the secret and adornment as the role of fictions in, 196–7, 207–12 analogous structures, 142 social types, 21, 79, 296n Index 327 sociation, 8, 18–19, 18–19, 28, 81, structuration theory, 275–9 105, 121, 124, 132–3, 188 structure, 18, 25, 28, 44, 54, 113, 149, definitional issues, 13, 18, 294n 158, 179, 189, 214, 254, 281–2, forms of, see form(s) and content 290, 292 societalization (Vergesellschaftung), and constellation, 147–50 18, 194n subject and object (and self and see also reciprocal effect other), 3, 8, 23–6, 43, 59, 69, society, 3, 8–9, 18, 26, 28, 30, 39–40, 104, 108, 110, 112, 165, 179, 53, 63, 77–8, 80, 96, 106, 108, 183, 188, 207, 237, 246, 264, 109–10, 125, 214, 277, 280, 291–2 290 as association, 18 see also agency and structure as a higher unity, 18 subordination and superordination, 4, ‘How is Society Possible?’, 27–8, 41, 44–5, 130, 146, 209, 231 81, 269 and structure, 18, 25, 54 Tarde, Gabriel, 84 as a work of art, 35, 208 teleology, 8, 116, 223, 225–7, 236–7, sociological revolving point(s), 190–2 252–3, 257 sociology objective teleology, 151, 225, 228, formal (or pure), 28, 61, 72, 73, 208 241–5, 254, 286 general, 13, 25, 77, 81, 125, 131, 290 Tenbruck, Friedrich, 77 interstitial, 75 tendencies and counter-tendencies, philosophical, 29 80, 98, 102, 152, 154, 160, 168, ‘Problem of Sociology,’ the, 27–30, 231–2 64, 126, 251 third categories/terms, 7–8, 9, 45, 80, Soziologie, Die, 13, 20, 21, 28–30, 63, 88, 206 73, 77, 83, 106–7, 112, 118, Toennies, Ferdinand, 53 130, 149, 224, 242, 297n, 302 space and time, 4, 44, 74, 84, 188–94, Gemeinschaft und Gesselschaft,53 220, 222, 227–30, 246, 251, 255, Tooby, John and Cosmides, Leda, 256, 265, 274, 278, 286 299n boundaries, 6, 7–8, 38, 42, 138–9 totality, 12, 71, 74, 116–17, 123–4, bridge and door, 6, 280 139, 176–7, 214, 277 Soziologies des Raumes, 166, 188 of being, 265 see also distance of life, 21, 31, 33, 84, 113 Spencer, Herbert, 46, 47, 53, 198, of self, 130 253–4, 284 society, as, 39, 53 evolutionism, 12, 46, 49, 62, 233, tragedy of culture, see culture 234–5, 241, 268 Trevino, A. Javier, 72 on progress, 223 Troeltsch, Ernst, 39 Spencerian influence on Simmel, trust and mistrust, 44, 79, 131, 143, 12 154–5, 162, 211, 255, 293 Spinoza, Baruch, 168, 172, 176 truth (and truth claims), 3, 11, 22, 27, Spykman, Nicholas, 45, 302n 67–8, 132, 165, 167–8, 170–2, stage actor, the, 54, 78, 196, 203, 208 195, 199, 201–2, 247–50, 265, Steinthal, Heymann, 43, 50, 295n 273, 282, 292 Stewart, Janet, 11 see also knowledge stranger, the, 20–1, 79, 95, 109, 113, Tun and Geschehen, 45, 66, 69, 121–5, 295n 274, 290 Strasburg, 50–1, 55, 198 and Handlung, 121–2 328 Index unequal exchange, 285, 297n war, 31, 75, 195, 285 see also value First World War, 56, 69–70, 73 Unger, Roberto, 284 and peace, 195, 212 Utopia(n), 203, 216, 276, 284–6, 300n Second World War, 72–3 utopian realism, 285 Watson, Peter, 74 Weber, Marienne, 38, 51, 54, 187, 302 Vaihinger, Hans, 12, 27, 196–204, Weber, Max, 9, 51–3, 55, 61–73, 83, 206, 217–19, 268, 298n, 299n 157, 255, 276–7, 281, 295, 302n value(s), 1, 8, 13, 27, 42, 45, 68, Weingartner, Rudolph, 11, 12, 19, 21, 143, 144, 166–7, 184, 193–5, 24, 31, 36, 43, 58, 60, 264, 265, 214, 218, 267, 279, 295n, 296n, 266, 268, 273, 288, 291, 292, 297n, 300n 294n, 300n, 301n cultural values, 22 Weinstein, Deana and Weinstein, facts and values, 66, 282–3 Michael, 60, 163, 270–1, 293, 302 labour theory of value, 71, 110 Wells, H.G., 284 monetary (and exchange) value, Wessely, Anna, 5, 7, 25, 55, 263 161–3, 167, 172–6, 191, 213, Whitehead, Alfred, 26 238 Williams, George, 253 truth and value, 171–2 Winch, Peter, 160, 264, 295n value relativity, 63, 65 Windelband, Wilhelm, 48 values and futurology, 281–3 Wirth, Louis, 160 see also aesthetics; ethics Witte,Karsten,71 Vandenberghe, Frédérick, 5, 9, 10, 12, Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 38, 264, 295n 18, 28, 219, 277, 278 Witz, Anne, 182, 299n Veblen, Thorstein, 246 Wolf, Kurt, 18, 46, 48, 302 and Darwin, 246 world-view, 27, 35, 127–9, 172, 205, Vierkandt, Alfred, 73 249–50 Vischer, Friedrich, 84 written communication, 130, 133–4, vitalism, 25, 253 145, 149 Von-Bawerk, Eugen, 54 Von Wiese, Leapold, 73 Zetterberg, Hans, 153