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HEMIPTERA: REDUVIIDAE) SOBRE Tetranychus Urticae KOCH (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE)

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HEMIPTERA: REDUVIIDAE) SOBRE Tetranychus Urticae KOCH (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) DEPREDACIÓN DE Pseliopus (HEMIPTERA: REDUVIIDAE) SOBRE Tetranychus urticae KOCH (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) Sulpicio Vázquez-Baxcajay, Agustín Hernández-Juárez, Omegar Hernández-Bautista, Epifanio Castro-Del Ángel, Jerónimo Landeros-Flores y Salvador Ordaz-Silva. Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Departamento de Parasitología. Calzada Antonio Narro # 1923, Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila, México, CP 25315. [email protected] RESUMEN. Pselliopus sp. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) ha sido muy poco investigado respecto a la depredación sobre alguna especie de artrópodo, por lo que se realizaron observaciones de la capacidad depredadora del primer instar de este género sobre hembras adultas del ácaro T. urticae bajo condiciones de laboratorio, colocando un ejemplar del depredador en cajas de Petri con ácaros como presa, observándose que el depredador consume un gran número de ácaros, esta información valiosa es útil para realizar posteriores estudios sobre su comportamiento de depredación donde se pueda evaluar su capacidad depredadora sobre diversas plagas de importancia económica. Palabras clave: Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Pselliopus, Depredación, Tetranychus urticae. Depredation of Pselliopus sp. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) versus Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychiidae) ABSTRACT. Pselliopus sp. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) has been very little research regarding predation role on some species of arthropod, the predatory capacity of the first instar of this genera was observed versus T. urticae adult female under laboratory conditions. A first instar bug was placing in a petri dish with mite as a prey; predator consumed a large number of mites, this information is valuable for posterior studies over predator behavior where we can assessment their predatory capacity on some pests of economic importance. Key words: Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Pselliopus, Depredation, Tetranychus urticae. Introducción La familia Reduviidae en su mayoría son depredadores generalistas que se alimentan sobre una amplia variedad de presas (Miller, 1971) tales como insectos y otros artrópodos terrestres, para capturar su presa estos insectos se posan sobre la planta a la espera de la misma, capturándola con sus patas anteriores para de inmediato insertar su rostro y paralizarlas (Brailovsky et al., 2007), llegando a suprimir más de 18 plagas del orden Lepidoptera, Coleoptera y Hemiptera, tanto en laboratorio como en campo (Ambrose, 1999; Sahayaraj, 2003;2006); por su parte Sahayaraj y Sujatha (2011) mencionan que estos depredadores polífagos son poco específicos en la selección de la presa, sin embargo, sí podrían ser de utilidad para reducir el brote de muchas especies plaga incluyendo a los ácaros fitófagos, como es el caso del ácaro de dos manchas (Tetranychus urticae Koch) plaga muy importante para la agricultura en México que ataca al tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.), fresa (Fragaria vesca L.), papaya (Carica papaya L.), cítricos (Citrus sinensis Osb.), rosal (Rosa spp) y clavel (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) entre otros (Rodríguez, 2012); para buscar contrarrestar los daños producidos por estos en los cultivos agrícolas, por lo que Sahayaraj (2004, 2006) señala que podrían desempeñar un papel vital dentro de un programa de Manejo Integrado de Plagas (MIP). Dentro del contexto del MIP, uno de los componentes principales es el control biológico, donde los enemigos naturales (depredadores, parasitoides y patógenos) juegan un papel importante, la adaptación de esta estrategia ayuda a reducir el uso de insecticidas; lo que hace al control más económico, ecológico y socialmente aceptable (De Bach y Hagen, 1991), sin embargo, su valor como regulador de poblaciones de insectos plaga raramente ha sido 410 investigado, por lo que existe un interés por el descubrimiento de depredadores generalistas que no sean denso-dependientes para la búsqueda de su presa (Murdoch et al., 1985). Dentro de esta familia se encuentra el genero Pselliopus, el cual se caracteriza por tener en el hemiélitro una areola cuadrangular, el artejo rostral I es más corto que el II, y el fémur anterior es más corto que el posterior (Brailovsky y Barrera, 2004), y el primer segmento del labium más corto que el segundo (Slater y Baranowski, 1978) Desafortunadamente, el potencial biológico de este género no ha sido investigado en cuanto a su capacidad de depredación con ácaros fitófagos y en estudios de liberación a gran escala no existen reportes de su potencial como agente de control biológico. Por lo antes mencionado, se hicieron observaciones de la depredación de ninfas de primer instar de chinches del genero Pselliopus sobre hembras adultas del ácaro T. urticae en condiciones de laboratorio. Materiales y Método La presente investigación se realizó en la Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro (UAAAN), en el laboratorio de Taxonomía de insectos del Departamento de Parasitología en Buenavista, Saltillo, Coahuila. Las especies que se utilizaron para el estudio de depredación fueron T. urticae como presa y Pselliopus sp., como depredador. La colonia de Tetranychus urticae se inició con material biológico colectado en huertas de manzano en Huachichil, Municipio de Arteaga, Coahuila. Los ácaros de campo fueron puestos en plantas de frijol para incrementar la colonia bajo condiciones controladas de invernadero (27±2°C; 70±5% H. R.). Para este trabajo se utilizaron solo hembras adultas. Las chinches depredadoras del genero Pselliopus fueron obtenidas directamente de campo en la Sierra de Álvarez, San Luis Potosí que constituye un área natural protegida (16,900 ha), y se b p 22° 00’ 22° 21’ 48” N m 100° 31’ 36” 100° 46’ 05” W (G í et al., 1999) Se colectaron masas de huevos (Fig. 1) y se trasladaron al Departamento de Parasitología, para su posterior eclosión; de las cuales se utilizaron ninfas de primer instar (recién emergidas para la realización de las observaciones). Figura 1. Masas de huevos de Pselliopus sp en campo. Se colocaron en cajas de Petri de diámetro de 5.5 cm un individuo depredador con ácaros de T. urticae como presa única bajo condiciones de laboratorio (25 ± 2 °C y60 ± 5 % H. R.) y 411 mediante un microscopio estereoscopio se realizaron las observaciones de la depredación cada ocho horas. Resultados y Discusión De acuerdo a las observaciones hechas en este trabajo podemos afirmar que el depredador Pselliopus sp., consume un gran número de ácaros de T. urticae, plaga importante en una diversidad de cultivos. Estas observaciones concuerdan con lo mencionado por Brailovsky y Barrera (2004), quienes indican que la mayoría de los redúvidos son depredadores de insectos y otros artrópodos terrestres, los cuales capturan con sus patas anteriores para de inmediato insertar el rostro y paralizarlos (Fig. 2), así como también es reportado en estudios realizados por Ambrose y Sahayaraj (1993); Sahayaraj y Ambrose (1994); Sahayaraj (1995); Sahayaraj y Ambrose (1995) Cogni et al., (2002); Claver y Ambrose (2002), quienes mencionan que la familia Reduviidae se caracteriza por ser depredadora y destacan que el tamaño del depredador en los primeros instares prefieren presas de tamaño pequeño y al aumentar de tamaño cambian sus preferencias a presas de mayor tamaño. Aunque en este trabajo solo se alimentó al depredador con Tetranychus urticae sin la oportunidad de darle preferencia hacia alguna otra presa, Foglar et al. (1990) mencionan que Macrolophus caliginosus (Hemiptera: Miridae) tiene efecto de depredación sobre T. urticae y al evaluar este mirido con el ácaro y el pulgón Myzus persicae tuvo mayor preferencia por este último, confirmando los resultados obtenidos por Fauvel et al. (1987). El presente trabajo aporta información valiosa concerniente a la capacidad de depredación de Pselliopus sp., durante las etapas tempranas de su ciclo de vida para regular poblaciones de ácaros plaga y además su importancia radica en el hecho de que no hay informes precedentes sobre la depredación de alguna especie de este género, aunque si bien se sabe que la familia Reduviidae es depredadora. Este resultado indica que el género Pselliopus puede ser una nueva opción en el control biológico de esta especie. Figura 2. Chinche de Pselliopus sp., depredando T. urticae 412 El presente trabajo constituye la primera observación de la depredación de los redúvidos consumiendo ácaros tetraniquidos; es importante hacer una identificación taxonómica de la especie en trabajos posteriores y también se precisa de la evaluación de su comportamiento depredador para establecer la estrategia de uso de sus características en el control biologico de ácaros fitófagos y plagas. Conclusión El género Pselliopus tiene la capacidad de alimentarse de T. urticae, y dado que no es conocido su hábito depredador sobre este grupo de organismos, la incipiente investigación de este organismo determinara si este es un posible candidato a agente de control biológico. Literatura Citada Ambrose, D. P. 1999. Assasin Bugs. Science publishers. Inc. Enfield New Hampshire: USA. 337 pp. Ambrose, D. P. and K. Sahayaraj. 1993. Predatory potential and stage preference of reduviid predator, Allaeocranum quadrisignatum (Reuter) on Dysdercus cingulatus Fabricius. J Biol. Cont.7: 12-14. Brailovsky, H. y E. Barrera. 2004. Especies nuevas de Pselliopus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) de México. Anales del Instituto de Biología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Serie Zoología. 75 (1): 313-330. Brailovsky, H., Mariño R. y E. Barrera. 2007. Cinco especies nuevas de Pselliopus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae: Harpactorini)
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