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Effect of sowing dates, climatic variables on major insect pests and host plant resistance to pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.)”. Jaba Jagdish*, S.Vashisth, Suraj. M and Sharma.HC Email: [email protected] ICRISAT, India IPRRG 2018 To end of hunger and malnutrition and achieve food security and improve nutrition is at the heart of the sustainable development goals. Almost 800 million people still undernourished,and161million under-five year olds are stunted (FAO, 2016). It is estimated that 500 million smallholder farms in the developing world are supporting almost 2 billion people. In Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, these small farms produce about 80% of the food consumed (IFAD, 2011). Recent studies have indicated that a 2 degrees increase in global temperature will affect agricultural productivity, particularly in the tropical regions(Kirtman et al. 2013; Dinesh et al. 2015). The concentration of carbon dioxide has increased from 300 ppm to 405 ppm (Houghton et al. 1995; NOAA 2018). Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data Source: Boden et al., 2015. Source: IPCC (2014); Introduction •Pigeonpea, is one of the most important grain legumes in India, East and southern Africa and the West Indies. •Global area 7.033mha and production 4.89mt(FAO 2014) and In India, the area under Pigeonpea 5.39mha with production 4.60mt and average productivity 854kg/ha(DAC 2017) •Nearly 300 species of insects are known which infest on pigeonpea crop at its various growth stages in the world (Lal and Singh, 1998). •Pod borers caused 60 to 90 % loss, pod fly ranged from 14.3 to 46.6 % (Jaba et al 2017). Losses due to Insect Pests in Grain Legumes Of the total yield gap of US$43.3 billion, diseases account for $6.68 billion, insect pests for $6.38 billion and weeds $3.02 billion. Cost of insecticides used for pest control: US$ 500 million Country Losses (US$ Millions) Australia 250* Africa 500* Asia 2,000 Americas 2,000* Helicoverpa* 2,000 Grain legumes (25% loss) 16,500 Climate Change: Emerging Pest Problems in Pigeonpea Perennial Pests Leaf miner Maruca Emerging Pests Clavigralla Helicoverpa Melanagromyza Bruchid Mealy bug Perrenial and Emerging Pests in Chickpea The Perennial Pests Bemisia tabaci Aphis craccivora Helicoverpa Spodoptera exigua Bruchid Mealy bug Major pests of pigeonpea Common name Entomological name Plant parts damaged Flower beetle Mylabris spp. Flower/pod Spotted pod borer Maruca vitrata Pod LeafWebber Pammene critica Leaf/Flow er Gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera Pod Plume moth Exelastis atomosa Pod Blue butterfly Catochrysops cnejus Pod Pod wasp Tanaostigmodes cajaninae Pod Pod fly Melanagromyza obtusa Pod Pod bug Clavigralla gibbosa Pod Minor pests Common name Entomological name Plant parts damaged Leaf Roller Lobesia aeolopa Leaf Leaf Roller Moth Glyphodes bivitralis leaf Blue butterfly Lampides boeticus Flower/pod Spiny pod borer Etiella zinckenella Pod Pod weevil Apion clavipes Leaves, Flowers / Pod Bud weevil Indozocladius asperulus Flower buds Aphid Aphis craccivora Growing shoots Scales Ceroplastodes cajani Stem Mealybug Coccidohystrix insolita Leaves Jassids Empoasca kerri Leaves Red spider mite Schizotetranychus cajani`` Leaves Eriophyid mite Aceria cajani Leaves, SMD Climate Change and Geographical Distribution of Pests Helicoverpa and Maruca ` Climate change effects on geographical distribution of pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (pink dots) and spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (blue dots). (Sharma , 2014) Effect of Heat and Drought Stress in Pigeonpea on Expression of Resistance to Helicoverpa Weights of H. armigera larvae on different pigeonpea genotypes grown under greenhouse and heat and water stressed conditions. Population Dynamics of Helicoverpa 100 100.0 90.0 80 80.0 70.0 60 60.0 50.0 40 40.0 Population 30.0 Damage (%) 20.0 20 10.0 0.0 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 Extra early Ear ly Medium Late SMW Maturity Helicover… Pheromone trap data of H.armigera 1991- Variation in per cent of damage in varied 2017. plantings. population 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 Incidence of 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 Pod Borer 1999-00 H. 2000-01 Observed - population armigera 2001-02 Year 2002-03 Predicted 2003-04 population population 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 population 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 1991-92 Incidence of 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 H. 1997-98 armigera 1998-99 Pod Borer 1999-00 - 2000-01 at peak age crop Observed population population cropstageat 2001-02 Year 2002-03 Predicted 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Effect of Climatic Factors on Pest Incidence in Pigeonpea H. eggs H. larvae Leaf webber Maruca Beetle Rain Max Temp Min Temp Rel Humidity1 Rel Humidity2 25 100 20 80 15 60 10 40 Insect population Insect 5 20 Abiotic parameters Abiotic 0 0 First Second Third Sowings Fourth Fifth Sixth ICPL 87 Aphid Jassid Thrip Pod bug Sucking bugs Rain Max Temp Min Temp Rel Humidity1 Rel Humidity2 16 100 80 12 60 8 40 4 20 parameters Abiotic Insect population Insect 0 0 First Second SowingsThird Fourth Fifth Sixth ICPL 87 ICPL 87 Spider Coccinellids Rain Max Temp Min Temp Rel Humidity1 Rel Humidity2 9 100 80 6 60 40 3 Insect population Insect Abiotic parameters Abiotic 20 0 0 First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth ICPL 87 Sowings Effect of different plantings on the population natural enemies on ICPL 87 Effect of different sowing dates on host plant resistance of H. amrigera ICPL 87 ICPL 88039 ICPL 87 ICPL 88039 9 45 8 40 bioassy 7 bioassy 35 6 30 5 25 4 ) @ ) flower 20 3 15 Rating @ flower @ flower Rating 2 10 1 0 5 Damage First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth 0 First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Sowings (mg weight Larval -5 Sowings ICPL 87 ICPL 88039 70 60 50 (%) @ flower 40 30 bioassy 20 10 Larval survival 0 First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Sowings Correlation coefficient (r) between pigeonpea pod borer and prevailing weather parameters during crop growing seasons Pests Rain Evaporation (mm) Max T Min T RH 1 RH 2 WV(kmph) Solar (mm) (mj/m2) H. eggs -0.057 0.128 0.183 0.038 0.528** -0.098 -0.272 0.274 H. larvae -0.173 0.009 0.228 0.491** 0.135 -0.107 -0.176 0.234 Leaf Webber 0.071 0.139 0.449** 0.320 0.103 0.010 -0.504 0.533** Maruca 0.059 0.108 0.172 0.156 0.100 0.071 -0.102 0.296 Beetle 0.306* 0.206 0.258 0.265 0.045 0.050 -0.365 0.306* Aphid -0.155 -0.110 0.263 -0.086 0.444* -0.189 0.103 -0.222 Jassid -0.178 -0.036 0.082 0.036 0.198 -0.120 -0.096 0.056 Thrip -0.055 0.095 0.041 -0.097 -0.132 -0.216 -0.093 0.080 Pod bug -0.165 0.081 0.421** -0.039 0.198 -0.244 0.109 0.041 Sucking bugs -0.157 -0.030 0.122 -0.010 0.044 -0.155 -0.003 0.023 Spider 0.191 -0.011 0.259 0.219 0.075 0.046 -0.294 0.230 Coccinellids -0.146 -0.149 0.206 -0.045 0.188 -0.133 0.045 -0.162 Leaf Minor 0.020 0.154 0.241 0.354* 0.097 0.199 -306.0 0.368* Blister beetle 0.189 -0.051 0.123 0.237 0.063 0.171 -0.072 0.164 Mealybug -0.042 -0.060 0.085 0.121 0.169 0.038 -0.125 0.059 Conclusions • Temperature, Rain fall and RH showed a considerable effect on insect incidence and arthropod diversity across planting dates in pigeonpea. • Incidence of M. vitrata declined in crops planted late planting • Cropping patterns, climate change has resulted in emergence of serious pests such as spotted pod borer, M. vitrata, pod fly, pod sucking bug, Clavigralla spp. and mealy bug, Drepanococcus cajani • Heavy rains during October - November often result in outbreaks of H. armigera and M. vitrata in southern India, while early warming of weather in North India (3 – 5 ºC higher than the normal in March) result in heavy H. armigera damage in pigeonpea and chickpea in North India Future prospects • Development of forecast models for H. armigera and M. vitrata of pigeonpea • There is need to develop simulation, life cycle model to predict the likely changes in population dynamics of H. armigera and M. vitrata under global warming and climate change scenario Remember, without farmers there will be no food, and without food there will be no life. Thanks Entomology Staff ICRISAT.
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    Template B v3.0 (beta): Created by J. Nail 06/2015 Phylogeny of Tortricidae (Lepidoptera): A morphological approach with enhanced whole mount staining techniques By TITLE PAGE Christi M. Jaeger AThesis Submitted to the Faculty of Mississippi State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Agriculture and Life Sciences (Entomology) in the Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, & Plant Pathology Mississippi State, Mississippi August 2017 Copyright by COPYRIGHT PAGE Christi M. Jaeger 2017 Phylogeny of Tortricidae (Lepidoptera): A morphological approach with enhanced whole mount staining techniques By APPROVAL PAGE Christi M. Jaeger Approved: ___________________________________ Richard L. Brown (Major Professor) ___________________________________ Gerald T. Baker (Committee Member) ___________________________________ Diana C. Outlaw (Committee Member) ___________________________________ Jerome Goddard (Committee Member) ___________________________________ Kenneth O. Willeford (Graduate Coordinator) ___________________________________ George M. Hopper Dean College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Name: Christi M. Jaeger ABSTRACT Date of Degree: August 11, 2017 Institution: Mississippi State University Major Field: Agriculture and Life Sciences (Entomology) Major Professor: Dr. Richard L. Brown Title of Study: Phylogeny of Tortricidae (Lepidoptera): A morphological approach with enhanced whole mount staining techniques Pages in Study 117 Candidate for Degree of Master of
  • Alien and Invasive Species Lists, 2014

    Alien and Invasive Species Lists, 2014

    STAATSKOERANT, 1 AUGUSTUS 2014 No. 37886 3 GOVERNMENT NOTICE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS No. 599 1 August 2014 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: BIODIVERSITY ACT 2004 (ACT NO, 10 OF 2004) ALIEN AND INVASIVE SPECIES LISTS, 2014 I, Bomo Edith Edna Molewa, Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs, hereby publishes the following Alien and Invasive Species lists in terms of sections 66(1), 67(1), 70(1)(a), 71(3) and 71A of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act No. 10 of 2004) as set out in the Schedule hereto. MS. BOMO EDITH EDNA MOLEWA MINISTER OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS This gazette is also available free online at www.gpwonline.co.za 4 No. 37886 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 1 AUGUST 2014 NOTICES AND LISTS IN TERMS OF SECTIONS 66(1), 67(1), 70(1)(a), 71(3) and 71A Notice 1:Notice in respect of Categories 1a, 1 b, 2 and 3, Listed Invasive Species, in terms of which certain Restricted Activities are prohibited in terms of section 71A(1); exempted in terms of section 71(3); require a Permit in terms of section 71(1) Notice 2:Exempted Alien Species in terms of section 66(1). Notice 3:National Lists of Invasive Species in terms section 70 1 . 559 species /croups of species List 1: National List of Invasive Terrestrial and Fresh-water Plant Species 379 List 2: National List of Invasive Marine Plant Species 4 List 3: National List of Invasive Mammal Species 41 List 4: National List of Invasive Bird Species 24 List 5: National List of Invasive Reptile Species 35 List 6: National List of Invasive Amphibian
  • Pterophoridae Von Den Kapverden (Lepidoptera)

    Pterophoridae Von Den Kapverden (Lepidoptera)

    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen Jahr/Year: 2006 Band/Volume: 58 Autor(en)/Author(s): Arenberger Ernst Artikel/Article: Pterophoridae von den Kapverden (Lepidoptera). 67-76 ©Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen, Wien, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Z.Arb.Gem.Öst.Ent. 58 67-76 Wien, 6. 12. 2006 ISSN 0375-5223Z. Pterophoridae von den Kapverden (Lepidoptera) Ernst ARENBERGER Abstract Ten species of Pterophoridae from Cabo Verde are listed. Hellinsia aistleitneri sp. nov. is new to science. The genitalia of most species are illustrated as well as the imago of the new species. Two taxa are represented by only one specimen each, and therefore their identity can not be determined satisfactorily. Keywords: Lepidoptera. Pterophoridae. Hellinsia aistleitneri sp. n. Fauna of Cabo Verde. Zusammenfassung Insgesamt werden 10 Arten der Familie Pterophoridae aufgelistet, wovon Hellinsia aist- leitneri sp. n. als neue Art in die Wissenschaft eingeführt wird. 2 Taxa liegen nur jeweils in einem Exemplar vor. Ihre Identität konnte bisher nicht geklärt werden. Von allen Arten werden, soweit vorhanden, die Genitale abgebildet, von Hellinsia aistleitneri sp. n. auch die Imago. Einleitung ARECHAVALETA, M., ZURITA, N., MARRERO M. C. & MARTIN J. L. (Hrsgb.) 2005 führen in ihrer Liste der Pterophoridae von den Kapverden insgesamt vier Arten an: Agdistis tama- ricis (ZELLER, 1847), Marasmarcha pumilio ZELLER, 1873, Sphenarches anisodactylus (WALKER, 1864) und Trichoptilus congrualis WALKER, 1864. Hierzu ist eine systemati- sche Korrektur notwendig. Der derzeit gültige Name für Marasmarcha pumilio ZELLER, 1873 lautet Hepalastis pumilio (ZELLER, 1873), für Trichoptilus congrualis WALKER, 1864 steht Megalorhipida leucodactyla (FABRICIUS, 1794).