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Effect of Sowing Dates, Climatic Variables on Major Insect Pests And Effect of sowing dates, climatic variables on major insect pests and host plant resistance to pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.)”. Jaba Jagdish*, S.Vashisth, Suraj. M and Sharma.HC Email: [email protected] ICRISAT, India IPRRG 2018 To end of hunger and malnutrition and achieve food security and improve nutrition is at the heart of the sustainable development goals. Almost 800 million people still undernourished,and161million under-five year olds are stunted (FAO, 2016). It is estimated that 500 million smallholder farms in the developing world are supporting almost 2 billion people. In Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, these small farms produce about 80% of the food consumed (IFAD, 2011). Recent studies have indicated that a 2 degrees increase in global temperature will affect agricultural productivity, particularly in the tropical regions(Kirtman et al. 2013; Dinesh et al. 2015). The concentration of carbon dioxide has increased from 300 ppm to 405 ppm (Houghton et al. 1995; NOAA 2018). Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data Source: Boden et al., 2015. Source: IPCC (2014); Introduction •Pigeonpea, is one of the most important grain legumes in India, East and southern Africa and the West Indies. •Global area 7.033mha and production 4.89mt(FAO 2014) and In India, the area under Pigeonpea 5.39mha with production 4.60mt and average productivity 854kg/ha(DAC 2017) •Nearly 300 species of insects are known which infest on pigeonpea crop at its various growth stages in the world (Lal and Singh, 1998). •Pod borers caused 60 to 90 % loss, pod fly ranged from 14.3 to 46.6 % (Jaba et al 2017). Losses due to Insect Pests in Grain Legumes Of the total yield gap of US$43.3 billion, diseases account for $6.68 billion, insect pests for $6.38 billion and weeds $3.02 billion. Cost of insecticides used for pest control: US$ 500 million Country Losses (US$ Millions) Australia 250* Africa 500* Asia 2,000 Americas 2,000* Helicoverpa* 2,000 Grain legumes (25% loss) 16,500 Climate Change: Emerging Pest Problems in Pigeonpea Perennial Pests Leaf miner Maruca Emerging Pests Clavigralla Helicoverpa Melanagromyza Bruchid Mealy bug Perrenial and Emerging Pests in Chickpea The Perennial Pests Bemisia tabaci Aphis craccivora Helicoverpa Spodoptera exigua Bruchid Mealy bug Major pests of pigeonpea Common name Entomological name Plant parts damaged Flower beetle Mylabris spp. Flower/pod Spotted pod borer Maruca vitrata Pod LeafWebber Pammene critica Leaf/Flow er Gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera Pod Plume moth Exelastis atomosa Pod Blue butterfly Catochrysops cnejus Pod Pod wasp Tanaostigmodes cajaninae Pod Pod fly Melanagromyza obtusa Pod Pod bug Clavigralla gibbosa Pod Minor pests Common name Entomological name Plant parts damaged Leaf Roller Lobesia aeolopa Leaf Leaf Roller Moth Glyphodes bivitralis leaf Blue butterfly Lampides boeticus Flower/pod Spiny pod borer Etiella zinckenella Pod Pod weevil Apion clavipes Leaves, Flowers / Pod Bud weevil Indozocladius asperulus Flower buds Aphid Aphis craccivora Growing shoots Scales Ceroplastodes cajani Stem Mealybug Coccidohystrix insolita Leaves Jassids Empoasca kerri Leaves Red spider mite Schizotetranychus cajani`` Leaves Eriophyid mite Aceria cajani Leaves, SMD Climate Change and Geographical Distribution of Pests Helicoverpa and Maruca ` Climate change effects on geographical distribution of pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (pink dots) and spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (blue dots). (Sharma , 2014) Effect of Heat and Drought Stress in Pigeonpea on Expression of Resistance to Helicoverpa Weights of H. armigera larvae on different pigeonpea genotypes grown under greenhouse and heat and water stressed conditions. Population Dynamics of Helicoverpa 100 100.0 90.0 80 80.0 70.0 60 60.0 50.0 40 40.0 Population 30.0 Damage (%) 20.0 20 10.0 0.0 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 Extra early Ear ly Medium Late SMW Maturity Helicover… Pheromone trap data of H.armigera 1991- Variation in per cent of damage in varied 2017. plantings. population 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 Incidence of 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 Pod Borer 1999-00 H. 2000-01 Observed - population armigera 2001-02 Year 2002-03 Predicted 2003-04 population population 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 population 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 1991-92 Incidence of 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 H. 1997-98 armigera 1998-99 Pod Borer 1999-00 - 2000-01 at peak age crop Observed population population cropstageat 2001-02 Year 2002-03 Predicted 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Effect of Climatic Factors on Pest Incidence in Pigeonpea H. eggs H. larvae Leaf webber Maruca Beetle Rain Max Temp Min Temp Rel Humidity1 Rel Humidity2 25 100 20 80 15 60 10 40 Insect population Insect 5 20 Abiotic parameters Abiotic 0 0 First Second Third Sowings Fourth Fifth Sixth ICPL 87 Aphid Jassid Thrip Pod bug Sucking bugs Rain Max Temp Min Temp Rel Humidity1 Rel Humidity2 16 100 80 12 60 8 40 4 20 parameters Abiotic Insect population Insect 0 0 First Second SowingsThird Fourth Fifth Sixth ICPL 87 ICPL 87 Spider Coccinellids Rain Max Temp Min Temp Rel Humidity1 Rel Humidity2 9 100 80 6 60 40 3 Insect population Insect Abiotic parameters Abiotic 20 0 0 First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth ICPL 87 Sowings Effect of different plantings on the population natural enemies on ICPL 87 Effect of different sowing dates on host plant resistance of H. amrigera ICPL 87 ICPL 88039 ICPL 87 ICPL 88039 9 45 8 40 bioassy 7 bioassy 35 6 30 5 25 4 ) @ ) flower 20 3 15 Rating @ flower @ flower Rating 2 10 1 0 5 Damage First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth 0 First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Sowings (mg weight Larval -5 Sowings ICPL 87 ICPL 88039 70 60 50 (%) @ flower 40 30 bioassy 20 10 Larval survival 0 First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Sowings Correlation coefficient (r) between pigeonpea pod borer and prevailing weather parameters during crop growing seasons Pests Rain Evaporation (mm) Max T Min T RH 1 RH 2 WV(kmph) Solar (mm) (mj/m2) H. eggs -0.057 0.128 0.183 0.038 0.528** -0.098 -0.272 0.274 H. larvae -0.173 0.009 0.228 0.491** 0.135 -0.107 -0.176 0.234 Leaf Webber 0.071 0.139 0.449** 0.320 0.103 0.010 -0.504 0.533** Maruca 0.059 0.108 0.172 0.156 0.100 0.071 -0.102 0.296 Beetle 0.306* 0.206 0.258 0.265 0.045 0.050 -0.365 0.306* Aphid -0.155 -0.110 0.263 -0.086 0.444* -0.189 0.103 -0.222 Jassid -0.178 -0.036 0.082 0.036 0.198 -0.120 -0.096 0.056 Thrip -0.055 0.095 0.041 -0.097 -0.132 -0.216 -0.093 0.080 Pod bug -0.165 0.081 0.421** -0.039 0.198 -0.244 0.109 0.041 Sucking bugs -0.157 -0.030 0.122 -0.010 0.044 -0.155 -0.003 0.023 Spider 0.191 -0.011 0.259 0.219 0.075 0.046 -0.294 0.230 Coccinellids -0.146 -0.149 0.206 -0.045 0.188 -0.133 0.045 -0.162 Leaf Minor 0.020 0.154 0.241 0.354* 0.097 0.199 -306.0 0.368* Blister beetle 0.189 -0.051 0.123 0.237 0.063 0.171 -0.072 0.164 Mealybug -0.042 -0.060 0.085 0.121 0.169 0.038 -0.125 0.059 Conclusions • Temperature, Rain fall and RH showed a considerable effect on insect incidence and arthropod diversity across planting dates in pigeonpea. • Incidence of M. vitrata declined in crops planted late planting • Cropping patterns, climate change has resulted in emergence of serious pests such as spotted pod borer, M. vitrata, pod fly, pod sucking bug, Clavigralla spp. and mealy bug, Drepanococcus cajani • Heavy rains during October - November often result in outbreaks of H. armigera and M. vitrata in southern India, while early warming of weather in North India (3 – 5 ºC higher than the normal in March) result in heavy H. armigera damage in pigeonpea and chickpea in North India Future prospects • Development of forecast models for H. armigera and M. vitrata of pigeonpea • There is need to develop simulation, life cycle model to predict the likely changes in population dynamics of H. armigera and M. vitrata under global warming and climate change scenario Remember, without farmers there will be no food, and without food there will be no life. Thanks Entomology Staff ICRISAT.
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