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Relative Toxicity of Cow-Urine and Indigenous Plant Extracts on the Population of Predatory Coccinellid, Coccinella Septempunctata Linnaeus in Cabbage Var

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Relative Toxicity of Cow-Urine and Indigenous Plant Extracts on the Population of Predatory Coccinellid, Coccinella Septempunctata Linnaeus in Cabbage Var Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2019; 7(6): 543-546 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Relative toxicity of cow-urine and indigenous JEZS 2019; 7(6): 543-546 © 2019 JEZS plant extracts on the population of predatory Received: 09-09-2019 Accepted: 13-10-2019 coccinellid, Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus in H Bideshwori Devi cabbage Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Manipur, India H Bideshwori Devi, KI Singh and I Yimjenjang Longkumer KI Singh Abstract Department of Entomology, A field experiment for two years was conducted during Rabi seasons of 2016-17 and 2017-18 at the College of Agriculture, Central Vegetable Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Iroisemba, Imphal to Agricultural University, Manipur, India evaluate the combination of relative toxicity of cow-urine and indigenous plant extracts on the population of predatory Coccinellid, Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus in cabbage var. “Pride of India” crop. I Yimjenjang Longkumer Overall, the highest population of Coccinella septempunctata was recorded in the plot treated with fresh Department of Entomology, Dr. cow-urine with a maximum population of 2.32 followed by cow-urine + Melia azedarach treatment with Rajendra Prasad Central mean population of 1.92 on the first year (2016-17). Similar trend was recorded on the second year Agricultural University, Bihar, (2017-18) in which the maximum population of 3 was recorded in the plot treated with fresh cow-urine India followed by plot treated with cow-urine + Melia azedarach treatment with a mean population of 2.07. Keywords: Coccinella septempunctata, toxicity, plant extracts, cabbage Introduction Cabbage is a popular leafy green vegetable and is considered as one of the most important vegetable crop grown extensively in the whole wide world due to their high nutritional and economical values. Its edible part is the enlarged terminal buds called head and is known for its rich source of vitamins viz. Vitamin A, B1 and C containing 2000 I.U, 50 I.U and 124 mg/100mg respectively. China is the largest producer of cabbage followed by India accounting [3] a total production of 16.66 million tons in a total area of 95.75 million ha . Many abiotic and biotic factors contribute to the reduction of its yield. Of which cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) is considered as one of the major key pest around the world, it has been reported that in an untreated crop the aphid can damage and cause a yield reduce to even 70-80% [26]. They are also known to transmit viral disease such as turnip mosaic and cauliflower mosaic. The naturally available predators in the cropping system play a pivotal role in reducing the population of pests present in the agrosystem. Coccinella septempunctata which is one of the common predator present in almost all crop cultivation are known to devour on aphids, scales etc. C. septempunctata is a cosmopolitan beetle native to Europe, North Africa and Asia [11]. They are highly mobile and are eurytopic in nature due to which these factors are responsible [8] for its wide geographic distribution . Twosubspecies have been recognized within the species C. septempunctata viz. Coccinella septempunctata brucki Mulsant, 1866 and Coccinella septempunctata septempunctata Linnaeus, 1758, according to the Integrated Taxonomic Information System [9]. They voraciously feed on both the immature and adult stages of the aphids and can consume more than 100 aphids per day [1, 6, 22] and a single female can lay [19] around 177 eggs during her entire life . C. septempunctata plays a promising role as a predator for the control of aphid and are widely introduced and employed in Integrated Pest Management [23]. Their ability to regulate and manage aphid in the field are well documentedas a part of a natural enemy complex [20]. They are also reported as anatural enemies in various agroecosystem such aspomegranate orchards [16] sour cherry orchards (Prunus cerasus) [15], Corresponding Author: [17] [25] [4] H Bideshwori Devi mustard fields and ground nut . According to Arshad et al. (2017) the predatory Department of Entomology, potential of C. septempunctata L. against four aphid species was significantly higher and College of Agriculture, Central concluded that the 3rd and 4th instar of C. septempunctata adults consumed more number of Agricultural University, aphids than early stages. The mean number of aphid population consumed was 77.647, 66.276, Manipur, India 66.14 and 61.48 of Acyrtho siphonpisum, Aphis fabae, Hyadaphis coriandri and Brevicoryne ~ 543 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies http://www.entomoljournal.com brassicae aphid population respectively. On contrary to the the mean sea level. The soil of the experimental site was clay impact of chemical insecticide imposing a hazard to the loam in texture and acidic in reaction with 5.5 pH. The environment, life cycle of natural enemies etc. the botanicals, experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) insecticides of animal; microorganism origins has no ill with cabbage var. “Pride of India”. Nursery raised seedlings effects on both environment as well as the natural enemies of 4-leaf stage were transplanted in the last week of October which eventually leads to the reduction of pest population by for the experiment at a spacing of 45 cm × 50 cm in plot size the natural enemies in the long run. Vanlaldiki et al. (2013) measuring 2 m x 3 m. All the recommended package of [24] reported that plant product of neem @ 1 l/ha have proved practices was followed except for the plant protection to be safe against the population of C. septempunctata measures. There were 9 (nine) treatments including one accounting for highest population of 1.20/plant. Kibrom et al. untreated control and each treatment was replicated thrice. (2012) [12] also concluded that the population of C. The parts of six wildly grown indigenous plant species were septempunctata increased after six weeks of spray with collected (Table 1). The washed dried plant parts were ground aqueous extract of need kernel extract at the maximum of 2 as in electrical grinder. Five hundred (500) gram of ground against first week of spray on first week (1.2) in treated plots. material of each plant sample is to be weighed and soaked in Neem extracts has also been well documented about its safe one litre of fresh cow urine using earthen pot for 21 days, and application for the natural enemies, M. azedarach @ 5% then mixture was filtered. The filtrate one of each sample was conc. proved to be the safest treatment which was at par with considered as stock solution. A. nilagirica, C. tamala and A. armata (Singh et al. 2015) [21]. Its compatibility with other management component greatly Details of treatment: The treatments consisted of Cow-urine increases the efficiency of management tactics, formulations + Goniothalamus sesquipedalis extract @ 1500 ml/ha, Cow- of bacterial and fungal products when employed with the urine + Lantana camara extract @ 1500 ml/ha, Cow-urine + predators has shown a null or low toxicity against the Cyndropogon nardus extract @ 1500 ml/ha, Cow-urine + predators as well as to parasitoids such as Encarsia formosa Ageratum conyzoides extract @ 1500 ml/ha, Cow-urine + [21] and Trichogramma pintoi . Keeping this scenario at hand, a Melia azedarach extract @ 1500 ml/ha, Cow-urine + two year experimental field was carried out to evaluate the Artemisia nilagirica extract @ 1500 ml/ha, Fresh cow-urine relative toxicity of several plant species against the population @ 500l/ha, Neemazal T/S (Azadirachtin 1500 ppm) @ 1500 of C. septempunctata. ml/ha and Untreated Control in T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8 and T9 respectively. The toxic effect of insecticidal Materials and Methods treatments on predating activity of C. septempunctata were The field experiments were conducted in the Research Farm determined by recording the surviving predator of College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, which is situated at latitude of 24° 45’ N, and population/plant at 1 day before, and 3, 5, 7 and 10 days after longitude of 93° 56' E with an elevation of 790 meters above each application of insecticides. Table 1: List of indigenous plant species evaluated in the experiment and its dose applied Sl. no. Common Scientific name Local name Family Part used 1 Goniothalamus Goniothalamus sesquipedalis Leikham Annonaceae Leaves 2 Red sage Lantana camara Nongbal-lei Compositae Leaves 3 Lemon grass Andropogon nardus Haona Graminaceae Leaves 4 Goat weed Ageratum conyzoides Khongjai- napi Compositae Leaves 5 China tree Melia azedarach Linn. Seijrak Meliaceae Leaves 6 Indian worm wood Artemisia nilagirica Laibakngou Compositae Leaves Results spray also, the plots treated with Neemazal T/S exhibited the Effect of insecticides on beetle population in Rabi, 2016 - lowest mean population (0.78 beetles/five plants) as against 2017 3.95 beetles/five plants in untreated control. The treatment The average aphid population data recorded during the first fresh cow-urine recorded the maximum average beetle spray revealed that the minimum population (1.56 beetles/five population of 2.61 per five plants. The mean data of three plants) was noticed in Neemazal T/S treated plots as against sprays presented in Table 2 revealed that Neemazal T/S 3.11 beetles/five plants) in untreated control and was found to (Azadirachtin 1500 ppm) @ 1500 ml/ha proved to be the most be statistically at par with treatment with cow-urine + G. toxic insecticide predatory population recording minimum sesquipedalis (1.61 beetles/five plants). Among the cow-urine population of 0.98 beetles/five plants as against 3.39 plant extract, treatment with cow-urine + M. azedarach beetles/five plants in untreated control, closely followed recorded the maximum number beetles of (2.07 beetles/five bycow-urine + G.
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