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An Asexual Flower of Silene Latifolia and Microbotryum Lychnidis-Dioicae

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An Asexual Flower of Silene Latifolia and Microbotryum Lychnidis-Dioicae bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/634725; this version posted May 10, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 An asexual flower of Silene latifolia and Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae promoting its 2 sexual-organ development 3 4 Authors： Hiroki Kawamoto1 , Kaori Yamanaka1, Ayako koizumi1, Kotaro Ishii2, Yusuke 5 Kazama2, Tomoko Abe2, Shigeyuki Kawano1 * 6 7 1, Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The 8 University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, FSB-601, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562 9 Japan 10 2, RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan 11 12 *Present address: Functional Biotechnology PJ, Future Center Initiative, The University of 13 Tokyo, Wakashiba 178-4-4, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0871, Japan 14 15 *Corresponding author: Shigeyuki Kawano 16 E-mail: [email protected] 17 TEL: +81 471 36 3673 18 FAX: +81 471 36 3674 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/634725; this version posted May 10, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Abstract 2 Silene latifolia is a dioecious flowering plant with sex chromosomes in the family 3 Caryophyllaceae. Development of a gynoecium and stamens are suppressed in the male and 4 female flowers of S. latifolia, respectively. Microbtryum lychnidis-dioicae promotes stamen 5 development when it infects the female flower. If suppression of the stamen and gynoecium 6 development is regulated by the same mechanism, suppression of gynoecium and stamen 7 development is released simultaneously with the infection by M. lychnidis-dioicae. To assess 8 this hypothesis, an asexual mutant, without gynoecium or stamen, was infected with M. 9 lychnidis-dioicae. A filament of the stamen in the infected asexual mutant was elongated at 10 stages 11 and 12 of the flower bud development as well as the male, but the gynoecium did 11 not form. Instead of the gynoecium, a filamentous structure was suppressed as in the male 12 flower. Developmental suppression of the stamen was released by M. lychnidis-dioicae, but 13 that of gynoecium development was not released. It is thought, therefore, that the suppression 14 of gynoecium development was not released by the infection of M. lychnidis-dioicae. M. 15 lychnidis-dioicae would have a function similar to SPF since the elongation of the stamen 16 that is not observed in the healthy asexual mutant was observed after stage 8 of flower bud 17 development. Such an infection experiment also that the Y chromosome of the asexual 18 mutant has genes related to the differentiation of archesporial cells, but none related to 19 maturation of the tapetal cells. 2 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/634725; this version posted May 10, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 2 Introduction 3 The basidiomycetous genus Microbotryum contains a species-rich member of smut 4 fungi that infects a wide range of the host plant belonging to Caryophyllaceae, Dipsacaceae, 5 Lamiaceae, and Lentibulariaceae in the dicotyledonous plants [1]. The smut fungus M. 6 lychnidis-dioicae was isolated from S. latifolia [2]. M. lychnidis-dioicae has long been used 7 as a model for the study of ecology, genetics, and the propagation of sexual infection [3], [4], 8 [5]. Smut disease is transmitted by smut spores attached to the insect [6]. Spore germination, 9 meiosis, and mating of paired basidiospores of smut fungi occurs on the host cell surface [7]. 10 The basidiospores of smut fungi form a secondary mycelium after mating, which penetrates 11 into the host plant. The secondary mycelium of smut fungi is observed in intercellular regions, 12 vascular bundles, and apical meristem after invasion of the host plant. Subsequently, the 13 secondary mycelia of smut fungi form smut spores in the pollen sacs at the blossom of host 14 plants [8]. 15 S. latifolia is a dioecious flowering plant with sex chromosomes in the family 16 Caryophyllaceae; individual plants have male and female flowers. The female flowers 17 blossom with 22 autosomes and two X chromosomes, and the male flowers blossom with 22 18 autosomes, one X chromosome, and one Y chromosome. It is known that S. latifolia is a 19 model for the study of the evolution of plant sex chromosomes and ecology [9]. We require 3 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/634725; this version posted May 10, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 sex-chromosome-linked markers to better understand plant sex chromosomes. Therefore, 2 several Y chromosome-linked markers were made using Amplified Fragment Length 3 Polymorphism (AFLP) [10], Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) [11], and a 4 technique that combines laser microdissection and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [12]. 5 The male flowers of S. latifolia with Y chromosomes were irradiated with γ rays or heavy ion 6 beams to produce hermaphrodites, an asexual mutant, and a pollen-defect mutant with 7 deletions to a part of the Y chromosome [13], [14], [15]. Using the deletion status of these 8 mutants, a map of the S. latifolia Y chromosome was created [10], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], 9 [21]. Phenotypes differ between smut infected-male and female hosts. M. lychnidis-dioicae 10 forms a smut spore instead of pollen in the pollen sac in the infected male. In contrast, stamen 11 formation is promoted in the infected female. Smut spores are then formed instead of the 12 pollen in anthers [22], [23]. 13 It is thought that three male factors: gynoecium suppression factor (GSF), stamen 14 promoting factor (SPF), and male fertility factor (MFF), exist on the Y chromosome of S. 15 latifolia. The asexual mutant was first isolated by Donnison et al. [14]. The asexual mutant 16 has X and Y chromosomes, but the SPF region is deleted on the Y chromosome. The flowers 17 of asexual mutants have a filamentous structure instead of the gynoecium in the center of the 18 flower (as observed in males), as well as developmentally suppressed stamens at the early 19 developmental stages [14], [24]. Sporogenous cells in developmentally suppressed anthers of 4 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/634725; this version posted May 10, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 the asexual mutant form in the flower buds at very early developmental stages, but parietal 2 cell layers are absent [25]. 3 What happens when M. lychnidis-dioicae infects asexual mutants with parietal 4 deletions in the Y chromosome? In asexual mutants, development of the stamen and 5 gynoecium is suppressed. If suppression of stamen and gynoecium development results from 6 the same mechanism, then suppression of gynoecium development should be released when 7 suppression of stamen development is released by M. lychnidis-dioicae infection. In addition, 8 what differences exist in stamens between the infected asexual mutant, the infected male, and 9 the infected female? We infer that we are able to search for genes related to the anther 10 development, which should exist in the deleted region of the Y chromosome, by comparing 11 pollen sacs of stamens in the infected male, infected female, and infected asexual mutant. 12 In this study, progeny of the asexual mutant could be successively produced by 13 crossing the female-like flowers in the asexual mutant with the male flower in the wild-type 14 male [24]. The infected asexual mutant was found as 5 individuals due to inoculation with M. 15 lychnidis-dioicae and PCR screening. We especially focus on gynoecium development in the 16 infected asexual mutant and successively compared the morphological changes in floral 17 organs caused by all M. lychnidis-dioicae infection among males, females, and asexual 18 mutants using scanning electron microscopy and tissue section analysis. 19 5 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/634725; this version posted May 10, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 2 Materials and Methods 3 4 Plant materials and plant growth conditions 5 S. latifolia seeds were obtained from the inbred line (K-line) and stored in our 6 laboratory. The K-line was propagated for 17 generations of inbreeding to obtain a 7 genetically homogeneous population. We also used asexual mutants obtained from crossing 8 the inbred K-line with an asexual mutant (ESS1), which was originally one of heavy-ion 9 beam irradiation-induced Y-deletion mutants identified by Fujita et al. [20]. Plants were 10 grown from vernalized seeds in pots in a regulated chamber at 23C with a 16-h light/8-h 11 dark cycle.
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