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Die Unterstützung Der USA Durch Die EU-Mitgliedstaaten in Der Irak-Krise 2003

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Die Unterstützung Der USA Durch Die EU-Mitgliedstaaten in Der Irak-Krise 2003 Die Unterstützung der USA durch die EU-Mitgliedstaaten in der Irak-Krise 2003 Eine Untersuchung der vergleichenden Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie am Fachbereich Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt von Cornelia Künzel Berlin 2014 Erstgutachter: Privatdozent Dr. Christian Tuschhoff Zweitgutachterin: Prof. Lora Anne Viola Ph.D. Tag der Disputation: 29. Januar 2015 II Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung zu meiner Dissertation mit dem Titel: „Die Unterstützung der USA durch die EU-Mitgliedstaaten in der Irak- Krise 2003 - Eine Untersuchung der vergleichenden Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik“ Hiermit erkläre ich, dass ich die beigefügte Dissertation selbstständig verfasst und keine an- deren als die angegebenen Hilfsmittel genutzt habe. Alle wörtlich oder inhaltlich übernom- menen Stellen habe ich als solche gekennzeichnet. Ich versichere außerdem, dass ich die beigefügte Dissertation nur in diesem und keinem anderen Promotionsverfahren eingereicht habe und, dass diesem Promotionsverfahren kei- ne endgültig gescheiterten Promotionsverfahren vorausgegangen sind. _____________________ ______________________________ Ort, Datum Unterschrift III IV VORWORT Die Recherche und das Verfassen der vorliegenden Arbeit haben alles in allem rund sieben Jahre gedauert. Dass ich in den vergangenen Jahren neben der Arbeit an der Dissertation ein ganz normales Leben führen und mich beruflich weiterentwickeln konnte und viel Tages- licht abseits des Schreibtisches abbekommen habe, liegt unter anderem an einigen Men- schen, die mir dies durch ihre Geduld und ihre Unterstützung ermöglicht haben. Schwarz auf weiß möchte ich hier daher nochmal ein paar Leuten danken: - PD Dr. Christian Tuschhoff, meinem Doktorvater. Ihre konstruktiven Ratschläge sind immer Gold wert gewesen. Danke für Ihre unglaubliche Geduld. - Prof. Dr. Lora Viola. Vielen Dank für die Bereitschaft, als Erstgutachterin zur Verfü- gung zu stehen. - Meiner Familie und meinen Freunden. Danke für die Unterstützung in den letzten Jahren. - Wolfgang Runknagel. Danke für das Geschenk zu meinem dreißigsten Geburtstag. - Dem American Institute of Contemporary German Studies (AICGS), an dem ich nette Leute und ein tolles Umfeld zum Arbeiten fand. - Carl Lankowski, Deputy Director for Area Studies and Coordinator for European Area Studies, Foreign Service Institute, U.S. State Department. - Leo Michel, Distinguished Research Fellow, Institute for National Strategic Studies der National Defense University, Washington, D.C. - Dr. Daniel Hamilton, Director, Center for Transatlantic Relations an der Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), Johns Hopkins University, Wash- ington, D.C. - Dr. Stephen F. Szabo, Executive Director, Transatlantic Academy des German Mar- shall Fund of the United States in Washington, D.C. - Dr. Jackson Janes, President, American Institute for Contemporary German Studies der Johns Hopkins University in Washington, D.C. - Meinen Arbeitgebern der letzten 7 Jahre, die mir und meinem Promotionsvorhaben durchweg Verständnis entgegen gebracht haben und mich moralisch und organisato- risch unterstützt haben. Cornelia Künzel V VI Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einführung in Problemstellung und Methodik ..................................................................... 1 1.1. Fragestellung .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Forschungsdesign ....................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Beweisführung und Schlussfolgerung ....................................................................... 4 1.3 Vorstellung der Abhängigen Variablen ......................................................................... 5 1.4 Erläuterung des theoretischen Analysemodells ........................................................... 6 1.4.1 First image: Individuelle Analyse-Ebene ................................................................... 7 1.4.2 Second image: Staatliche Analyse-Ebene ................................................................ 8 1.4.3 Third image: Internationale Analyse-Ebene .............................................................. 8 1.5 Vorstellung der fünf Unabhängigen Variablen .............................................................. 8 1.5.1 Ideologische Ausrichtung der Regierung .................................................................. 8 1.5.2 Machtausstattung der Parlamente ............................................................................ 9 1.5.3 Einfluss der öffentlichen Meinung auf das Regierungshandeln ................................10 1.5.4 Machtressourcen der einzelnen Staaten im Internationalen System („Gleichgewichtspolitik“)....................................................................................................11 1.5.5 Wirtschaftliche Verflechtungen mit den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika ...............12 2. Außenpolitisches Verhalten von Staaten ..........................................................................13 2.1 Begriff der Außenpolitik ..............................................................................................13 2.2 Instrumente der Außenpolitik von Staaten ..................................................................14 2.3 Integration versus nationale Interessen: Gemeinsame Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik der EU ..............................................................................................................................17 3. Theoretischer Rahmen zur Erklärung von Interessen .......................................................19 3.1 Außenpolitik-Analyse im Überblick ..............................................................................20 3.2 „Mehrebenen-Modelle“ in der Außenpolitikforschung ..................................................22 3.2.1 Analyse-Ebene: Staat und Gesellschaft ...................................................................24 3.2.1.1 Theoretischer Kontext zur ideologischen Ausrichtung der Regierung: Liberalismus .........................................................................................................................................25 3.2.1.2 Theoretischer Kontext zur Machtausstattung der Parlamente: Gewaltenteilung ....26 VII 3.2.1.3 Theoretischer Kontext zum Einfluss der öffentliche Meinung auf das Regierungshandeln: Liberalismus .....................................................................................28 3.2.2 Analyse-Ebene: System ..........................................................................................30 3.2.2.1 Theoretischer Kontext zu den Machtressourcen der Staaten im internationalen System: Neorealismus und struktureller Realismus ..........................................................30 3.2.2.2 Theoretischer Kontext zur wirtschaftlichen Verflechtung mit den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika: Ökonomischer Liberalismus und Internationale Politische Ökonomie .........................................................................................................................................33 4. Empirische Überprüfung des Entscheidungsverhaltens ....................................................34 4.1 Methodik .....................................................................................................................34 4.1.1 Fall-Auswahl ............................................................................................................35 4.1.2 Verwendete Methoden .............................................................................................35 4.2 Operationalisierung der Abhängigen Variablen „Ausmaß der Unterstützung für die USA in der Irak-Krise durch die Regierungen der Staaten der Europäischen Union“ ................36 4.2.1 Beitragsgewichtung .................................................................................................37 4.2.2 Grundsätzliche Art der Unterstützung der USA durch die EU-Mitgliedstaaten ..........38 4.2.3 Zeitpunkt der Positionierung der EU-Staaten ...........................................................45 4.2.4 Verfahren zur Ermittlung des Beitragswertes ...........................................................46 4.2.5 Visualisierung der Abhängigen Variablen ................................................................48 4.3 Operationalisierung der Unabhängigen Variablen und Untersuchung möglicher Erklärungskraft der Abhängigen Variablen .......................................................................50 4.3.1 Untersuchung der Unabhängigen Variablen auf der staatlichen Analyse-Ebene („second image“) ..............................................................................................................50 4.3.1.1 Ideologische Ausrichtung der Regierung ..............................................................50 4.3.1.2 Machtausstattung der Parlamente ........................................................................64 4.3.1.3 Einfluss der öffentlichen Meinung auf das Regierungshandeln .............................77 4.3.2 Untersuchung der Unabhängigen Variablen auf der internationalen Analyse-Ebene („third image“) ...................................................................................................................90 4.3.2.1 Machtressourcen der Staaten im internationalen System .....................................90 4.3.2.2 Wirtschaftliche Verflechtungen mit den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika..........
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