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Fortifications of St Eustatius: an Archaeological and Historical Study of Defense in the Caribbean" (1991)

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Fortifications of St Eustatius: an Archaeological and Historical Study of Defense in the Caribbean W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1991 Fortifications of St ustatius:E An Archaeological and Historical Study of Defense in the Caribbean Bryan Paul Howard College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Caribbean Languages and Societies Commons, History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, Latin American History Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Howard, Bryan Paul, "Fortifications of St Eustatius: An Archaeological and Historical Study of Defense in the Caribbean" (1991). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625659. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-q2sv-ae54 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FORTIFICATIONS OF ST. EUSTATIUS: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL STUDY OF DEFENSE IN THE CARIBBEAN. A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Anthropology The College of William and Mary In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Bryan Paul Howard 1991 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts T&islaM ft U&iJasLA- ~ J Author Approved, May 1991 Norman F. Bark'a Harley rown III Theodore R. Reinhart And they shall make a spoil of thy riches, and make a prey of thy merchandise: and they shall break down thy walls, and destroy thy pleasant houses: and they shall lay thy stones and thy timber and thy dust in the midst of the water. (Ezekiel 26:12) iii. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................ V LIST OF TABLES ............. .......................... vi LIST OF PLATES ........................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES...................................... viii ABSTRACT ............................................... xi INTRODUCTION.......................................... 2 CHAPTER 1. ST. EUSTATIUS........................ 7 CHAPTER 2. THE NEED FOR DEFENSE .............. 25 CHAPTER 3. FORTIFICATION THEORY ..... , ............. 31 CHAPTER 4. NAVAL WARFARE AND ISLAND DEFENSE ......... 66 CHAPTER 5. EUROPEAN WARS IN THE CARIBBEAN . 88 CHAPTER 6. WARFARE INTHE CARIBBEAN.................. 117 CHAPTER 7. THE MILITARY HISTORY OF ST. EUSTATIUS... 131 CHAPTER 8. THE FORTIFICATIONS SURVEY........... 160 CHAPTER 9. THE ARTILLERY SURVEY OF ST. EUSTATIUS... 330 CHAPTER 10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION................... 346 APPENDIX 1. THE FRENCH INVASION FORCE ........... 360 APPENDIX 2. SHIP LISTS.............................. 361 APPENDIX 3. A FRENCH ACCOUNT OF THE INVASION........ 362 APPENDIX 4. THE ARTILLERY OF ST. EUSTATIUS.......... 3 63 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................... 394 VITA ................................................... 401 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express his gratitude to all those who made this research possible. Included are the staff and students of The College of William and Mary archaeological field school (1990 season) on St. Eustatius, from whom I received assistance in the survey. I also wish to thank my parents, Michl and Sherlene, for their support on this project after my return from the field. LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Average bore diameters for c a nnons...................................... 339 2. Shot weights in inches for determining bore class ............... 339 LIST OF PLATES PLATE PAGE I. Photograph of Inventory of 1775 .......... 203 II. Photograph of 18th century plan of building in Fort Oranje .............. 203 v i i . LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Map of the Caribbean....................... 3 2. Bastion example............................ 34 3. Basic Four-Bastioned Fort................. 34 4. Detail of an Embrasure..................... 34 5. Fortifications Map of St.Eustatius ........ 161 6. Map of St. Eustatius, 1742................. 162 7. Map of St. Eustatius, 1775................. 163 8. Map of St. Eustatius, circa 1781/1782..... 164 9. Map of St. Eustatius, 1795................. 165 10. Map of St. Eustatius, 1830................ 166 11. Map of St. Eustatius, circa 1840......... 167 12. Map of St. Eustatius, 184 7............... 168 13. 19th century fortifications sketch....... 170 14. Plan of Fort Oranje, 1765................. 196 15. Cross-fire capability, Fort Oranje...... 197 16. Plan of Fort Oranje, 1787............... 204 17. Plan of the Waterfort..................... 211 18. Plan of the Waterfort, 1724............... 213 19. Plan of the Waterfort, 1726 ............... 213 20. Late 18th century plan of the Waterfort.. 217 21. Plan of Tumble Down Dick, 1740............ 222 viii. 22. Plan of Tumble Down Dick, 1990........... 223 23. Profile of Tumble Down Dick Wall ......... 225 24. Plan of Tumble Down Dick, 1981........... 229 25. Plan of Dollijn, 1990.................... 232 26. Detail of Fallen Bastion at Dollijn..... 233 27. Overall Plan of Fort Royal............ 238 28. Plan of Fort Royal, 1990.................. 239 29. Plan of Fort Royal Barracks, 1990........ 241 30. Plan of Fort de W i n d t ..................... 249 31. Plan of Battery Nassau,.1990............. 254 32. Plan of Fort Rotterdam,.1990............. 260 33. Overall map of Battery Bouille, 1990.... 264 34. Plan of Battery Bouille, 1990............ 265 35. 3D view of Battery Bouille, 1990......... 266 36. Late 18th century plan of Batteries Bouille and Montplaisant................. 268 37. Detail of Water Drain at Battery Bouille. 271 38. Military Buttons from the Batteries..... 275 39. Overall plan of Signal Hill, 1990....... 282 40. Plan of Fort Panga, 1990.................. 283 41. Plan of Fort Panga Barracks, 1990........ 285 42. Plan of Battery Jussac, 1990............. 289 43. Profile of Battery Jussac wall ........... 292 ix. 44. Plan of Battery Concordia, 1990........... 296 45. 3D view of Battery Concordia, 1990....... 297 46. Profile of Battery Concordia wall ........ 299 47. Battery Concordia Surface Collection Map. 3 01 48. Battery Concordia Excavations....... 302 49. Plan of Battery St. Louis (reconstruction) 309 50. Plan of Battery St. Louis, 1990........... 310 51. Plan of Battery Corre Corre, 1990........ 315 52. Overall map of Battery Corre Corre, 1990. 317 53. Cannon on a garrison carriage........... 341 54. Arsenal marking found on several cannon.. 341 55. Trunnion Marking, FO-1 .................... 342 56. Trunnion Marking, SE8-FDV-1............... 34 2 57. Trunnion Marking, SE69-BB-1............... 342 58. Trunnion Marking, SE69-BB-2.............. 342 59. Trunnion Marking, SE69-BB-3............... 342 60. Trunnion Marking, SE97-FP-1............... 342 61. Trunnion Marking, SE97-FP-4............... 342 x. FORTIFICATIONS OF ST. EUSTATIUS: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL STUDY OF DEFENSE IN THE CARIBBEAN. ABSTRACT The island of St. Eustatius developed into a major trade center during the 18th century. As such it played a major role in the conflicts of colonialist European nations, being situated in a convenient location for shipping both from and to Europe, as well as easily accessible as a trade and supply center to other islands of the West Indies. Over the course of two centuries the island changed hands repeatedly as result of its desirable geographic location and trade functions. In an effort to protect its interests, the island was fortified in several successive stages, beginning in the early 17th century, with the last major phase ending in 1816. The island was known to have had various defensive features constructed by Dutch, French, and English occupations. This thesis will examine and record the defenses and artillery of St. Eustatius based on fieldwork conducted on the island during the summer of 1990. Included will be sections on European wars affecting the Caribbean, background information on defensive theory relevant to the Caribbean, and the island's own fortifications, batteries and artillery. Bryan Paul Howard Department of Anthropology The College of William and Mary x i . FORTIFICATIONS OF ST. EUSTATIUS: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL STUDY OF DEFENSE IN THE CARIBBEAN. INTRODUCTION St. Eustatius is a small island in the Dutch Lesser Antilles (Figure 1) . Its environment was not especially suited to cultivation, but its position in the Caribbean, centrally located along the trade winds route from Europe to the New World, made it a desirable island. Functioning as a trade center, it attained a high degree of importance to the colonial world. All nations recognized its vital role in the development of the New World territories. As an island of value, the government which controlled the island would be expected to have paid considerable attention to its protection. Although St. Eustatius was provided with fortifications, even so, it surrendered nearly every time it came under attack. Preliminary examinations of the history of the island suggest it was reasonably well fortified. Although the effectiveness of the fortifications was important, this must be combined with information as to other defensive tactics employed by the Statians, especially the use of Naval 2 St. Tortola Thomas ^ ^ V irg in Gorda Anguilla ^ U “e3s, John^ ^ * cJSt. Martin Viaquas %St. Barthalamy s|\^* a s J * t St. Croix Barbuda {^Stntlgua ontsarrat Maria-Galant
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