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9.4 What Is the Contribution of Hobbyist Metal Detecting To

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9.4 What Is the Contribution of Hobbyist Metal Detecting To Ferguson, Natasha (2013) An assessment of the positive contribution and negative impact of hobbyist metal detecting to sites of conflict in the UK. PhD thesis http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4370/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] An assessment of the positive contribution and negative impact of hobbyist metal detecting to sites of conflict in the UK Natasha Ferguson, MA (Hons), MA, FSA Scot Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Humanities College of Arts University of Glasgow 2 Abstract In the UK sites of conflict, in particular battlefields, are becoming more frequently associated with the label ‘heritage at risk’. As the concept of battlefield and conflict archaeology has evolved, so too has the recognition that battlefields are dynamic, yet fragile, archaeological landscapes in need of protection. The tangible evidence of battle is primarily identified by distributions of artefacts held within the topsoil, such as lead projectiles, weapon fragments or buttons torn from clothing; debris strewn in the heat of battle. Much of the battlefield therefore remains as a faint footprint, and where it survives, may provide valuable information, if recorded accurately. Drawing evidence from numerous sources, including a two year monitoring programme of the auction site eBay, from October 2008 until November 2010 and data produced by the heritage sector, this research intends to highlight the activities of hobbyist metal detectorists as a key issue in the conservation and management of sites of conflict. Whist the research recognises the positive contribution of hobbyist metal detecting through engagement with archaeologists, responsible practice and the discovery of previously unknown sites of conflict, it also identifies the negative impact of this activity through the unrecorded removal of battle-related material resulting in the erosion of artefact scatters and ultimately the loss of important national heritage. Another important element of this research has been to further understand the nature of this activity and the motivation to metal detect on sites of conflict, achieved through the presentation of detailed case studies and the application of sociological frameworks such as ‘serious leisure’ (Stebbins 1992). Overall, the fundamental aim of the research has been to inform heritage management strategies to ensure the future protection of landscapes of conflict in the UK. 3 Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 2 List of Tables...................................................................................................................... 8 List of Plates ..................................................................................................................... 12 Acknowledgement............................................................................................................ 16 Author's declaration ......................................................................................................... 18 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter One ......................................................................................................................... 20 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 20 1.1 Research background ............................................................................................ 20 1.2 Thesis Structure ..................................................................................................... 21 1.3 Research questions ................................................................................................ 22 1.3.1 Research aims and objectives........................................................................ 23 1.4 Definitions ............................................................................................................. 26 1.5 A brief history of metal detecting in the UK ......................................................... 37 1.5.1 A brief history of Battlefield Archaeology and the use of metal detecting ... 42 1.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 45 Chapter Two ..................................................................................................................... 46 Legislation, metal detecting and sites of conflict ............................................................. 46 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 46 2.2 Legislation dealing with portable antiquities in the UK ........................................ 46 2.2.1 Treasure Trove in Scotland ................................................................................. 47 2.2.2 Treasure Act of 1996 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland ..................... 49 2.3 Heritage laws and metal detecting in the UK ........................................................ 52 2.3.1 Northern Ireland ............................................................................................. 56 2.4 Guidance and support available for metal detecting in the UK............................. 57 2.5 Legal outline and structures for the management and protection of battlefields, and other fields of conflict in the UK .............................................................................. 60 2.5.1 Registering battlefields........................................................................................ 61 2.5.2 English Heritage Historic Battlefield Register .................................................. 61 2.5.3 Historic Scotland Inventory of Historic Battlefields ........................................... 63 2.6 Comparison of legal frameworks relating to battlefields and metal detecting in Europe and the USA......................................................................................................... 64 2.6.1 Metal Detecting and Battlefields in the USA ................................................ 66 2.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 69 4 Chapter Three ................................................................................................................... 74 Methodology and Ethical Considerations ........................................................................ 74 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 74 3.2 Research ethics ..................................................................................................... 74 3.2.1 Consent and confidentiality ........................................................................... 75 3.2.2 Information held within databases ................................................................. 75 3.2.3 Data extracted from internet forums ................................................................... 76 3.2.4 Seeking contributor approval ........................................................................ 76 3.3 Ethnographic techniques and issues ...................................................................... 77 3.3.1 Gaining access: gatekeepers and social capital ................................................... 77 3.3.2 Questionnaires ..................................................................................................... 79 3.3.3 Issues of identity and balance ............................................................................. 79 3.4 Data Sources and Data Collection ......................................................................... 81 3.4.1 Archaeological Data from Projects and Private Collections .......................... 81 3.4.2 Analysis of assemblages from archaeological projects and private collections 83 3.5 Using eBay as a data resource ............................................................................... 84 3.5.1 eBay Format ...................................................................................................... 87 3.5.2 Data selection ...................................................................................................... 89 3.5.3 Data recording ................................................................................................... 90 3.6 Historic Environment Record ................................................................................ 92 3.7 Treasure Trove in Scotland ................................................................................... 93 3.8 Portable Antiquities Scheme database as a national resource ..............................
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