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Goa Inquisition Anant Kakba Priolkar

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Goa Inquisition Anant Kakba Priolkar THE GOA INQUISITION Bei.no A QUATERCENTENARY COM31EMOR VTIOX STUDY Op toe Inquisition in I' BY An ant Kakba Priolkar with Accounts Given by Dr. Deleon and Dr. Buchanan BOMBAY 1961 0 A. K. PRIOLKAR, loot first published loot rsivtrn nv r. g. MrvMt, at Tnr tioxhat vnitemity tout, bouhat avi> rt BU'iim nr a. k. r-t!oix.ab , bvujuno, urornr r*irx.r, pomiiat 4 CONTENTS Pages DEDICATION. • mi INTRODUCTION.ix PART I. THE GOA INQUISITION • • ■ 1—189 Chapter I The Spanish Inquisition • - 3 II The Portuguese Inquisition • 11 III Advent of the Inquisition in India 22 IV Dellon’s Account of the Inquisi¬ tion of Goa: A Fabrication ? * 35 V Conversions—From Conviction, n ' for Convenience or by Force? * 50 VI Evolution of the Policy of Religious Persecution in India * 60 VII Organisation and Procedures of the Inquisition of Goa • • 87 VIII Anti-Hindu Laws in Goa ■ • 114 IX Use of Torture by the Inquisition and the Palace of the Goa Inquisition .... 150 X The Jurisdiction and Authority of the Inquisition of Goa • • 163 PART II. ACCOUNTS GIVEN BY DELLON AND BUCHANAN OF THE INQUISITION AT GOA.1—101 Dellon’s Account of the Inquisition at Goa 3 Dr. Buchanan’s Account of the Inquisition at Goa in 1808 8G SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY.103 INDEX.105 ERRATA. 110 ^ i CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS No 1 Standard of the Goa Inquisition (Frontispiece) No 2 Hall of the Inquisition No 3 Torture by Fire No 4 Torture of Potro or Water Torture No 5 Water Torture and Torture of Pulley (Pole) No C Samarra and Carocha Dress worn by Prisoner condemned to be burnt ali\ e No 7 Sambenito with the Cross of St Andrew Dress worn by Prisoner who had avoided death by self accusation No 8 Procession to the Auto de Fe No 9 Celebration of the Auto de F6 No 10 Campo Santo Lazaro where condemned prisoners were burnt Illustrations Nos 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 are taken from Picard’s Exact description of outward Rifes, Ceremonies and Customs of the Peoples of the World (Amsterdam 1727 88), Nos 3, 4 from real’s Mysteres of L'Inqutsihon (Pans 1845), and Nos 8, 9, 10 from Voyages de Dellon avec la Relation de L'lnquisitton de Goa, (A Cologne 1709) Dr. J. H. Cuniia Rivara (The Late Chief Secretary to the Government of Goa, 1855-1870} Liberal Portuguese savant whose example served as inspiration to many contemporary Indians to undertake research into the activities of the Portuguese in Asia and who facilitated the work of succeeding generations of research-m orkcrs by publishing documents available in the official archives of Goa. INTRODUCTION THE Inquisition was established in Goa in 1560 Although known as the Goa Inquisition, its jurisdiction extended to all the Portuguese colonial possessions to the East of the Cape of Good Hope Four hundred years have now elapsed since its establisliraent and the present v olume, therefore, has been described as a Quater Centenary Commemoration Study It is more than two decades since I first thought of writing an account of the Goa Inqmsitio i A volume on the early history of the Printing Press in India, intended to commemorate the quater centenary of the establishment of the first printing press in Goa by the Portuguese in 1556, which was planned much later, was pubbshed three > ears ago It is true that the establishment of the printing press in India took place earlier than that of the Inquisition But the book on the Inquisition was not deliberately delayed to make its publication coincide with the quater centenary of its establishment The delay in its publication is in a large measure due to the fact that the task of writing a history of the Inquisition was more difficult and much less pleasant and it was undertaken after considerable hesitation The history of the printing press m India is a record of achiev ement and progress and an Indian writer who traces it is called upon to discharge the pleasant duty of acknowledging with gratitude the debt which India owes to the pioneering work of the Portuguese and other Europeans On the other hand, the story of the Inquisition is a dismal record of callousness and cruelty, tyranny and injustice, espionage and blackmail, avarice and corruption, repression of thought and culture and promotion of obscurantism and an Indian writer who undertakes to tell it can easily be accused of being in¬ spired b> ulterior motiv es From this point of view, it would hav e been appropriate if the task had been undertaken bj a Portuguese historian of the stature of Oliveira Martins, Pinheiro Chagas, Alexandre Herculano or Cunlia Riv ara Such a writer would also liavc done fuller justice to the subject But in the present circumstances there is little cliance that a popular work of this nature from the pen of a Portuguese writer would be forthcoming m the near future Works of historical research like those b> Antonio Baiao, which have been drawn upon in the preparation of the present volume, are likely to interest the student of historj INTRODUCTION rather than the general reader In the present \ olume scrupulous care has been taken to eschew bias and present a dispassionate and objectnc account of the working of the Goa Inquisition Ihspite of this, the picture which emerges is undoubtedly grim But this could not be helped as truth had to be told In situa tions of this nature the historian should be guided hy the follon mg memorable words of Pope Leo XIII “Endeavour most earnestly to refute all forgeries and false statements, after 1m estigatmg the sources of the subject matter The historians should keep foremost m their minds the fact that the first law of history is that no one should dare to utter falsehood and hesitate to state the truth ” (“ Emtendum magnopere, ut omnia emcntiia et falsa, adeundis rerum fontibus, refutentur, et xlltid mprtmts scribentium obsenetur ammo, pnmam esse historiae legem, ?ie quid falsi dxcere audeat, demde nc quid veri non audeat " —Letter of Leo XIII of 18th August 1883 to the Cardinals De Luca, Pitra Hergeuraetlier) The records of the Inquisition should ha\ e formed the most important source of information for writing an account of its working Unfortunately, they arc not available either in Goa or m Portugal and there is reason to belie\e that they were destroyed In the absence of these, it became necessary to draw mamlj upon the documents in the official archives m Goo, and published contemporary correspondence of Inquisitors and Jesuit mission aries Some information relating to the Goa Inquisition which is available in the records of the Inquisition of Portugal has also been published Occasional references to it ore also found in the accounts of contemporaryEuropean travellers to India Another major source of information is the Relation de V Inquisition de Goa by Dr C Dellon (Pans, 1688) in which the writer gives an account of his own sufferings as a prisoner of the Inquisition of Goa An English translation of this work is reprinted in the second part of this \ olume It will be seen that the account give i m this \ olume is to a large extent presented m the words of the original documents on which it is based In my new this procedure not only adds INTRODUCTION xi to the accuracy and authenticity of the narrative but also helps to recapture the contemporary atmosphere. An extract from the Christian Researches in, Asia by Dr. Buchanan, who visited the Inquisition of Goa in 1808, is also printed in Part II. Dr. Buchanan's writings contributed to bring about the abolition of the Inquisition of Goa. Some particulars about Dr. Dellon and his account of the Inquisition of Goa are given in Chapter IV of Part I of this volume. I have also shown in the same chapter that doubts about the authenticity of Dr. Delion’s account raised by some scholars in India are baseless. The English translation of Dr. Dellon’s account which P reprinted in Part II was published in 1812. u/The immediate cause of the establisliment of the Inquisitional tribunals in Spain and Portugal was the tendency to apostasy noticed among the enforced converts to Christianity from Judaism. These were known as New’ Christians and the slightest suspicion of adherence to any of the ancestral customs of Judaism on their part, whether of religious significance or not, sufficed to justify arrest and trial. The story of the Inquisition, which forms an integral part of the age-long heroic struggle of Judaism for survival in the face of pitiless persecution and countless miseries, will, therefore,* always prove of special interest to the Jews. In the sixteenth century the New Christians of Portugal largely availed themselves of the opportunities provided by the colonial trade in the East and established themselves in Goa and its dependencies. The atmosphere of comparative freedom there encouraged them to observe less caution in their day to day life than at home. Scandal¬ ised at this laxity, the Portugudse missionaries demanded the establishment of a Holy Tribunal in the Eastrind it was, therefore, natural that the New Christians should have been the objects of the solicitude of the Goa Inquisition also. In the East there w’ere also the native converts, a large majority of whom hadbeen brought within the Christian fold by threat of force or lure of material rewards. It was inevitable that many of these should also con¬ tinue to adhere in secret to their ancestral beliefs and practices and the energies of the Inquisition of Goa were also directed to¬ wards the prevention, detection and punishment of these heretical tendencies.
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