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Pfeffer – Kupfer – Nachrichten

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Pfeffer – Kupfer – Nachrichten Pfeffer – Kupfer – Nachrichten Kaufmannsnetzwerke und Handelsstrukturen im europäisch-asiatischen Handel am Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademisches Grades doctor rerum politicarum (Dr. rer. pol.) vorgelegt dem Rat der Wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena am 8. Juli 2009 von Maximilian Kalus, M. A. & M. Comp. Sc. geboren am 28. April 1975 in München Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Rolf Walter, Jena Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Martin Krieger, Kiel Datum der Verteidigung: 02.12.2009 Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort vii 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Fragestellung und Aufbau der Arbeit .................... 1 1.2 Historischer Überblick ............................ 5 1.3 Zum Forschungsstand ............................ 15 1.3.1 Allgemeines .............................. 15 1.3.2 Überblicksliteratur und theoretische Grundlagen ......... 16 1.3.3 Darstellungen einzelner Handelszweige sowie der Kommunikation 19 1.3.4 Darstellungen zu europäischen Kaufleuten und deren Netzwerken 21 1.4 Quellen .................................... 25 2 Methodik 29 2.1 Überblick ................................... 29 2.2 Theoretische Basis .............................. 30 2.2.1 Netzwerk-basierte Theorien ..................... 31 2.2.2 Objektorientierte Ansätze ...................... 34 2.2.3 Objektrelationale und semantische Ansätze ............ 37 2.3 Historische Semantische Datenbanken ................... 39 2.4 Operationen auf die Datenbank ....................... 46 2.5 Der Nutzen einer historischen semantischen Datenbank .......... 59 3 Das Kontraktsystem der (spanisch-)portugiesischen Krone 61 3.1 Überblick ................................... 61 3.2 Die Kontraktoren ............................... 64 3.2.1 Deutsche ............................... 64 3.2.2 Italiener ................................ 66 3.2.3 Neuchristen .............................. 68 3.2.4 Sonstige ................................ 74 3.3 Die Kontrakte ................................. 75 3.3.1 Die Funktionsweise der Kontrakte .................. 75 3.3.2 Asien- und Europakontrakte ..................... 81 3.3.3 Ausstattungskontrakte ........................ 88 4 Fallstudie: Netzwerke im Europakontrakt 1591–93 91 4.1 Die Analyse des Netzwerks .......................... 91 4.2 Das Pfeffernetzwerk ............................. 99 4.3 Verbindungen zum Kupferhandel ...................... 103 4.4 Verbindungen zum Getreidehandel ..................... 113 4.5 Verbindungen zu Finanzgeschäften und zur Hochfinanz .......... 116 4.6 Nachrichten zwischen Europa und Asien .................. 121 5 Die Georg Fuggerischen Erben und ihr Netzwerk 127 5.1 Quellen und Korrespondenzen ........................ 127 5.1.1 Die Firma und ihr Schriftgut ..................... 127 i 5.1.2 Klassifizierung der Korrespondenten ................ 131 5.2 Die Firmenkommunikation .......................... 139 5.2.1 Routen ................................. 139 5.2.2 Art und Mittel der Kommunikation ................. 143 5.2.3 Intra-europäische Kommunikation ................. 146 5.2.4 Kommunikation mit Indien ..................... 154 5.3 Die kaufmännischen Strukturen ....................... 156 5.3.1 Die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Welsern und Fuggern ....... 156 5.3.2 Die Abwicklung des Handels in Europa ............... 161 5.3.3 Die Abwicklung des Handels in Asien ................ 168 6 Europäische und außereuropäische Netzwerke: Ein Ausblick 179 6.1 Gruppen und Akteure im Überblick ..................... 179 6.1.1 Europäische Kaufleute ........................ 181 6.1.2 Muslimisch-nahöstliche Kaufleute .................. 189 6.1.3 Indisch-asiatische Kaufleute ..................... 196 6.2 Übergänge des europäisch-asiatischen Handelssystems zu anderen ... 201 6.2.1 Der transatlantische Zucker- und Sklavenhandel .......... 203 6.2.2 Der Handel mit Textilien zwischen Europa, Afrika und Asien ... 204 6.2.3 Welthandelsströme der Metalle und Zahlungsmittel ........ 205 6.2.4 Der innerasiatische Handel ..................... 210 7 Fazit 217 Anhang 229 A Kürzel für Personen und Firmen ....................... 229 B Profile der Netzwerkakteure ......................... 231 C Währungen, Gewichte und Preise ...................... 265 D Karten ..................................... 267 Literaturverzeichnis 271 Schlagwortverzeichnis 289 ii Abbildungsverzeichnis 1.1 Handelszeichen der Fugger und Welser während des Europakontrakts .. 2 1.2 Anbaugebiete der Gewürze in Asien in ausgewählten Orten ....... 6 1.3 Pfeffer (schwarz) ............................... 8 1.4 Zimt ...................................... 8 1.5 Ingwer (getrocknet) ............................. 9 1.6 Kardamom, Gewürze der Molukken: Muskatnuss, Muskatblüte, Nelken . 9 1.7 Die wichtigsten Handelsrouten zwischen Europa und Indien während der Frühen Neuzeit ................................ 10 1.8 Seite eines Kopierbuchs des Fuggerarchivs in Dillingen .......... 26 2.1 Beispiel einer Soziomatrix und eines Soziogramms ............ 32 2.2 Ein ungerichteter Graph und seine Adjazenzmatrix ............ 33 2.3 Beispiel für Wissensrahmen ......................... 36 2.4 MultiNet-Repräsentation des Satzes „Das Erdbeben in Lissabon im Jahr 1755 zerstörte die Aufzeichnungen der Casa da Índia.“ .......... 38 2.5 Beispiel für zwei Knoten und eine Kante innerhalb eines historischen se- mantischen Netzwerks ............................ 40 2.6 Screenshot von histcross .......................... 41 2.7 Vereinfachtes Entity-Relationship-Modell der histcross-Datenbank ... 43 2.8 Teil des semantischen Netzes von histcross ................ 45 2.9 Eingabe einer Verknüpfung mit eingeschränkter Auswahl ......... 49 2.10 Editieren einer Kante in histcross ..................... 50 2.11 Ausschnitt aus einem Satz Inferenzregeln in histcross .......... 52 2.12 Liste der Kanten in histcross ........................ 53 2.13 Detailansicht eines Knotens in histcross ................. 54 2.14 Detailansicht eines Knotens in histcross (Administratorsicht) ...... 55 2.15 histcross-Darstellung von Amsterdam auf dem Globus ......... 56 2.16 Graphische Darstellung einer Schlagwortmenge .............. 57 3.1 Kontrakte und Kontraktoren zwischen 1575 und 1597 .......... 62 3.2 Deutsche Kontraktoren und ihre Verbindungen untereinander ...... 65 3.3 Verbindungen ausgewählter neuchristlicher Kontraktoren und Kaufleute 69 3.4 Anteilseigner des Asienkontrakts 1586–1591 ................ 84 3.5 Anteilseigner im Europakontrakt 1591 und 1592 ............. 84 4.1 Kontraktoren, Faktoren und Agenten zwischen 1591 und 1595 ...... 92 4.2 Wechselseitige Beteiligungsstruktur der Affaitati-Firma 1562 ....... 95 4.3 Fallstudie: Gesamtnetzwerk ......................... 96 4.4 Fallstudie: Pfeffernetzwerk .......................... 100 4.5 Fallstudie: Kupfernetzwerk .......................... 104 4.6 Fallstudie: Kupfer-zu-Pfeffer-Netzwerk ................... 110 4.7 Fallstudie: Getreide-zu-Pfeffer-Netzwerk .................. 114 4.8 Fallstudie: Verbindungen innerhalb der Hochfinanz ............ 118 4.9 Fallstudie: Europäisch-asiatisches Informationsnetzwerk von Sebastian Bader und Ferdinand Kron .......................... 123 iii 5.1 Ausschnitt aus dem Stammbaum der Fugger................. 128 5.2 Korrespondenten der Georg Fuggerischen Erben .............. 135 5.3 Kommunikationsschwerpunkte der Georg Fuggerischen Erben ...... 142 5.4 Briefe an Joseph Hartlieb und Philipp Krel nach Monaten ......... 148 5.5 Geheimkürzel in einem Kopierbuch der Georg Fuggerischen Erben ... 149 5.6 Gemeinsame und getrennte Agenten von Fuggern und Welsern in der Zeit des Europakontrakts (1591–93) .................... 158 5.7 Faktoren der Fugger und Welser in Lissabon ................ 158 5.8 Kommunikationsstruktur der Georg Fuggerischen Erben ......... 164 5.9 Firmenstruktur der Fugger .......................... 165 6.1 „Kaufmannskulturen“ im 16. Jahrhundert ................. 180 6.2 Strukturen des oberdeutschen Handelsnetzwerks ............. 184 6.3 Der afrikanische Handel und seine Verbindungen nach Asien und Amerika 202 6.4 Globale Metall- und Zahlungsmittelströme im 16. Jahrhundert ...... 205 6.5 Messingrelief eines portugiesischen Kanoniers mit fünf manillas aus Benin 208 6.6 Waren im Indischen Ozean .......................... 212 6.7 Handelsemporien im Indischen Ozean 1500 und 1600 .......... 214 D.1 Europa ..................................... 267 D.2 Afrika ..................................... 268 D.3 Anrainer des Indischen Ozeans ....................... 268 D.4 Indien ..................................... 269 iv Tabellenverzeichnis 2.1 Beispiel einer Kante in histcross ...................... 44 2.2 Typen und Klassen von Knoten in histcross in dieser Arbeit ....... 46 2.3 Typen und Klassen für Kanten innerhalb dieser Arbeit ........... 48 3.1 Pfefferimporte im Asienkontrakt 1586–91 ................. 76 3.2 Schiffe des Asienkontrakts 1586–91 ..................... 79 5.1 Korrespondenz der Georg Fuggerischen Erben nach Archivalien ..... 130 5.2 Korrespondenz der Georg Fuggerischen Erben nach Ort und Jahr, Anzahl der Briefe ................................... 132 5.3 Korrespondenz der Georg Fuggerischen Erben nach Ort und Jahr, Seiten- zahl der Briefe ................................ 133 5.4 Korrespondenz der Georg Fuggerischen Erben nach Ort und Seitenzahl . 134 5.5 Verteilung der Korrespondenz nach Monaten ................ 147 5.6 Typische Kommunikationszeiten zu verschiedenen Zielen von Augsburg aus ....................................... 151 5.7 Brieflaufzeiten bekannter Briefe von und nach Augsburg ......... 151
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