Neighborhood Walkability and Pre-Diabetes Incidence in a Multiethnic Population
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Epidemiology/Health Services Research BMJ Open Diab Res Care: first published as 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000908 on 29 June 2020. Downloaded from Open access Original research Neighborhood walkability and pre- diabetes incidence in a multiethnic population Ghazal S Fazli ,1,2 Rahim Moineddin,3 Anna Chu,4 Arlene S Bierman,2 Gillian L Booth1,2,4,5 To cite: Fazli GS, ABSTRACT Moineddin R, Chu A, et al. Introduction We examined whether adults living in highly Significance of this study Neighborhood walkability walkable areas are less likely to develop pre-diabetes and and pre- diabetes incidence if so, whether this association is consistent according to What is already known about this subject? in a multiethnic population. immigration status and ethnicity. ► Growing evidence has shown that adults living in BMJ Open Diab Res Care Research design and methods Population- level health, neighborhoods that are highly walkable achieve 2020;8:e000908. doi:10.1136/ higher mean step counts per day and are more like- bmjdrc-2019-000908 immigration, and administrative databases were used to identify adults aged 20–64 (n=1 128 181) who had ly to meet recommended levels of physical activity normoglycemia between January 2011 and December than residents in less walkable areas. ► Additional material is 2011 and lived in one of 15 cities in Southern Ontario, ► However, because of residential self- selection, it is published online only. To view Canada. Individuals were assigned to one of ten deciles unclear if individuals living in more walkable neigh- please visit the journal online (D) of neighborhood walkability (from lowest (D1) to borhoods are healthier to begin with, resulting in (http:// dx. doi. org/ 10. 1136/ highest (D10)) and followed until December 2013 for the biased estimates of the potential benefits of walk- bmjdrc- 2019- 000908). development of pre- diabetes. ability. Prior studies have not examined the consis- Results Overall, 220 225 individuals in our sample tency of these associations across higher and lower Received 13 September 2019 developed pre- diabetes during a median follow- up risk populations. Revised 16 April 2020 of 8.4 years. Pre-diabetes incidence was 20% higher What are the new findings? Accepted 23 April 2020 among immigrants living in the least (D1) (adjusted HR Living in a walkable neighborhood may reduce the 1.20, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.25, p<0.0001) versus most (D10, ► burden of diabetes in certain populations by pre- referent) walkable neighborhoods after accounting for age, venting earliest stages of diabetes development. sex, and area income. Findings were similar among long- Residents living in the least walkable neighborhoods term residents and across sexes. However, susceptibility ► had a 15%–20% higher incidence of pre- diabetes to walkability varied by ethnicity where D1 versus D10 than those living in highly walkable areas. However, adjusted HRs ranged from 1.17 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.35, http://drc.bmj.com/ p=0.03) among West Asian and Arab immigrants to 1.32 this association varied substantially, in both magni- (95% CI 1.19 to 1.47, p<0.0001) in Southeast Asians. tude and direction, depending on the ethnicity of the © Author(s) (or their population. employer(s)) 2020. Re- use Ethnic variation in pre-diabetes incidence was more permitted under CC BY- NC. No marked in low walkability settings. Relative to Western ► Living in the least walkability neighborhood was as- commercial re- use. See rights Europeans, the adjusted HR for pre-diabetes incidence was sociated with a 17% to 32% higher incidence of pre- and permissions. Published 2.11 (95% CI 1.81 to 2.46, p<0.0001) and 1.50 (95% CI diabetes areas among immigrants from West Asia by BMJ. and Arab, Latin Americans, Sub-Saharan African and 1.27 to 1.77, p<0.0001) among Sub-Saharan African and on September 28, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. 1MAP- Centre for Urban Health the Carribean and Latin American immigrants, respectively, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asian populations, rel- Solutions, St Michael’s Hospital, living in the least walkable (D1) neighborhoods, but only ative to those living in high walkability. Toronto, Ontario, Canada 2 1.24 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.42, p=0.002) and 1.00 (95% CI Institute of Health Policy 0.87 to 1.15, p=0.99) for these same groups living in the Management and Evaluation, most walkable (D10) neighborhoods. University of Toronto, Toronto, Conclusions Pre-diabetes incidence was reduced in been particularly marked in low- income Ontario, Canada and middle- income countries where rapid 3Departmen of Family and highly walkable areas for most groups living in Southern Community Medicine, Ontario cities. These findings suggest a potential role for urbanization and economic development University of Toronto, Toronto, walkable urban design in diabetes prevention. have led to widespread changes in physical Ontario, Canada activity and diet.3 These trends create a chal- 4 ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada lenge for health systems worldwide and carry 5Keenan Research Centre & Li INTRODUCTION Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, The current wave of type 2 diabetes is substantial economic implications. Projec- St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, a global public health concern. Rapid tions suggest that diabetes will cost USD Ontario, Canada rises in obesity in many areas of the world $1.7 trillion to world economies between 2011 and 2030 through losses in GDP.4 Poli- Correspondence to combined with an aging population have Dr Ghazal S Fazli; contributed to an increase in the prevalence cies to address factors within the environ- ghazal. fazli@ utoronto. ca of type 2 diabetes.1 2 These changes have ment that perpetuate sedentary behaviors BMJ Open Diab Res Care 2020;8:e000908. doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000908 1 BMJ Open Diab Res Care: first published as 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000908 on 29 June 2020. Downloaded from Epidemiology/Health Services Research risk populations. The primary objective of this study Significance of this study was to examine whether neighborhood walkability is a How might these results change the focus of research or risk factor for pre- diabetes development in general, and clinical practice? among ethnic groups with varying levels of risk for type 2 ► Findings from this study suggest that urban designs that are more diabetes. Further, we sought to examine whether neigh- conducive for walking may be beneficial in slowing the progression borhood walkability modifies the effects of ethnicity on from early to later stages of diabetes development. pre- diabetes incidence.We hypothesized that highly walk- ► However, a one- size- fits- all solution is unlikely to be sufficient when able neighborhoods would be associated with a reduced considering interventions to reach all populations. incidence of pre-diabetes relative to less walkable areas ► Thus, further research should strive to understand the contex- and that differences between ethnic groups would vary tual factors contributing to diabetes development in high-risk more in low walkability settings than highly walkable populations. ones. ► What environmental or neighborhood factors offset the effects of walkability on pre- diabetes incidence among high-risk populations? ► What other social, cultural, and environmental factors may help to explain the differences in the propensity for different ethnic popula- METHODS tions to walk or not walk within residential areas? Study design Would policies and interventions focused on increasing neighbor- ► We used population-level data to study the association hood walkability in fact translate into fewer cases of pre- diabetes or diabetes? between neighborhood walkability and pre- diabetes inci- dence among residents of Southern Ontario, Canada, and to assess the consistency of its effects in higher and and unhealthy eating may help offset the burden and lower risk populations defined by their immigration costs associated with diabetes. status and ethnicity. Federal immigration records were Diabetes prevention trials have shown that intensive linked to administrative healthcare datasets to ascertain lifestyle interventions consisting of dietary changes and information about immigration status. All datasets were physical activity were highly effective in reducing the linked and analyzed at ICES, a research institute affiliated likelihood of transitioning from pre- diabetes to type 2 with the University of Toronto, using unique encoded diabetes.5 These interventions generally involved one- identifiers based on encrypted versions of each individ- on- one counseling by a team of experts and thus, were ual’s health card number to retain anonymity. The study associated with considerable costs and resources.6 There focused on residents living in one of 15 municipalities in are growing concerns regarding the feasibility of broadly Southern Ontario (the Greater Toronto–Hamilton Area, incorporating such interventions in real-world clinical London, and Ottawa) during the period from January 1, settings. In light of this, many governments are searching 2002 to December 31, 2011. for effective policies to promote physical activity and healthy eating in the general population. Study population http://drc.bmj.com/ A growing body of evidence suggests that residents Adults aged 20–64 with normal glucose values were living in older, more compact neighborhoods engage identified using a commercial laboratory database, in more physical activity than those living in sprawling, Dynacare Medical Laboratories (DML) and followed car- dependent areas.7 8 In the International