Flora and Fauna of Wollongong Campus

University of Wollongong Facilities Management Division

Prepared by Alison Scobie Environmental Officer, Facilities Management Division Assistance from Mark Haining, Landscape Supervisor, Anthony Wardle Landscape Horticulture and Fauna, Aaron McGrath and Melanie Foster, Landscape Team Leader, Facilities Management Division Approved by: David Low Senior Manager Environment, Facilities Management Division

Contents 1.0 Introduction ...... 3 2.0 Background ...... 4 3.0 Fauna Species...... 5 3.1 Bird species ...... 5 Table 3.1 Bird species ...... 5 3.2 Amphibian species ...... 9 Table 3.2: Amphibian species ...... 9 3.3 Reptile species ...... 9 Table 3.3: Reptile species ...... 9 3.4 Mammal species ...... 10 Table 3.4: Mammal species ...... 10 3.5 Fish and crustacean species ...... 11 Table 3.5: Fish and crustacean species...... 11 3.6 Introduced and pest fauna species ...... 11 Table 3.6: Introduced and pest fauna species ...... 11 3.7 Threatened fauna species (known to occur on site) ...... 13 Table 3.7: Threatened fauna species (known to occur on site) ...... 13 3.8 Threatened fauna species (that potentially occur or visit the site) ...... 15 Table 3.8: Threatened fauna species (that potentially occur or visit the site) ...... 15 4.0 Flora Species ...... 16 4.1 Native flora species ...... 16 Table 4.1 Native flora species...... 16 4.2 Threatened flora species ...... 33 4.3 Threatened flora species ...... 33 4.3 Weed and introduced flora species ...... 33 4.3 Weed and introduced flora species ...... 33 5.0 References ...... 39

2 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

1.0 Introduction Wollongong Campus occupies a site of 82.4 hectares beside the escarpment of Mount Keira. The campus now occupies what was once a cleared farm. Before it was cleared for farming it would have contained rainforest as well as moist and dry sclerophyll forest. When the University first commenced building on the site in 1962 there was very little vegetation present. Existing vegetation was located in the riparian corridors and on the escarpment as well as a few isolated trees. In the 1970s the University commenced transforming the site by planting local native species. Approximately 50,000 trees and shrubs have been planted on campus since 1975. Ponds and water features have also been built.

The campus has two management zones: Landscaped areas and Natural areas refer to Figure 1. The landscaped areas are located within the built areas of the campus and contain lawns, sport fields as well as the managed gardens. The natural areas are the riparian corridors and the escarpment lands that contain the remnant vegetation that was present onsite before the University was built.

Figure 1 Campus Landscape Management Zones (red shading natural areas, blue shading landscaped areas) This document outlines the flora and fauna species that are known or potentially occur on the Wollongong Campus and associated habitat information and threatening processes. This document should be considered as a starting point for understanding biodiversity and ecological values and

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issues on the campus. It has been prepared based on desktop review and should not be used as the sole basis for decision making.

2.0 Background Biodiversity conservation and protection is outlined in National and State level legislation and a range of policies, plans and agreements exist at all levels of government. The following summary has been prepared to provide context to the status of the species listed in Section 3 and 4 of this document. At a national level is the Commonwealth Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) outlines approval and assessment requirements for activities that impact on matters of national environmental significance. These matters include threatened species and endangered communities, migratory species listed in international agreements (JAMBA, CAMBA, ROKAMBA) as well as places such as World Heritage Places and Marine Areas. At a state level the Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 (BC Act) and the Fisheries Management Act 1994 (FM Act) identify threatened species, communities and populations, critical habitat. This legislation also outlines mechanisms for managing and protecting them such as recovery plans, priority action statements and threat abatement plans. Key Threatening Processes (KTPs) are also listed. Threatened species and community listings in NSW and the Commonwealth are based on the best practice standard developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), as used to create the Red List of Threatened Species, with some amendments to suit the Australian context using IUCN criteria. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is a critical indicator of the health of the world’s biodiversity. It is also important to note that all native flora and fauna is protected under the NSW Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 (BC Act). The Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity, or IGAB, (Council of Australian Governments 2012) is an agreement between the Commonwealth, State and Territory governments (with the exception of Tasmania) that aims to improve shared management of risks posed by pests and diseases entering, emerging, establishing or spreading in Australia. The Australian Pest Animal Strategy 2017 -2027 and the Australian Weeds Strategy 2017-2027 outline the framework for managing weeds and pests in Australia. In NSW weeds and pest animals are managed under the NSW Biosecurity Act 2015. A biosecurity risk exists where weed or pest has the potential to negatively impact on agriculture, industry, the liveability of our city, human health or the environment. Landowners or land managers have a general biosecurity duty to prevent, eliminate or minimise the biosecurity risk posed or likely to be posed. Under the NSW Biosecurity Act 2015, pest and weed species can be considered as any species (other than native species excluding wild dogs) that present a biosecurity threat. The NSW Biosecurity Strategy sets the overall direction for the management of animal and plant pests, diseases and weeds in NSW terrestrial and aquatic environments. South East Regional Strategic Plans for weeds and pest animals outline the priority pest animals and state and regional priority weeds to be managed in the South East region of NSW (which includes the Wollongong Campus). Weeds of National significance (WoNS) are also identified in the Australian Weeds Strategy 2017-2027.

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3.0 Fauna Species 3.1 Bird species Table 3.1 Bird species

IUCN Common Name Species Name EPBC BC Presence onsite Red list Australasian bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus EN EN EN Visitor Australasian darter Anhinga novaehollandiae LC Visitor Australasian grebe Tachybaptus novaehollandiae LC Visitor Australian king parrot Alisterus scapularis LC Common Australian pelican Pelecanus conspicillatus LC Visitor Australian magpie Cracticus tibicen LC Common, Resident Australian raven Corvus coronoides coronoides LC Common, Visitor Australasian reed-warbler Acrocephalus australis LC Visitor Australian white ibis Threskiornis molucca M LC Visitor

Australian wood duck Chenonetta jubata LC Common, Resident

Azure kingfisher Ceyx azureus LC Visitor Basian thrush Zoothera lunulata LC Resident Barn owl Tyto alba LC Visitor Barred cuckoo shrike Coracina lineata LC Potential Black cormorant Phalacrocorax fuscescens M LC Visitor Black falcon Falco subniger VU LC Visitor Black- shouldered kite Elanus axillaris LC Visitor Black –faced cuckoo shrike Coracina novaehollandiae M LC Resident Black-faced monarch Monarcha melanopsis M LC Visitor Boobook owl Ninox novaeseelandiae M LC Resident Brown cuckoo-dove Macropygia amboinensis LC Resident Brown thornbill Acanthiza pusilla LC Resident (escarpment) Brush cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus LC Visitor Visitor, Resident Brush turkey Alectura lathami LC (escarpment) Buff-banded rail Gallirallus philippensis M LC Resident Cattle egret Ardea (Bubulcus) ibis M LC Visitor Channel- billed cuckoo Scythrops novaehollandiae LC Visitor Chestnut teal Anas castanea LC Common, Resident Collared sparrowhawk Accipiter cirrocephalus LC Visitor Common bronzewing Phaps chalcoptera LC Visitor Crimson rosella Platycercus elegans LC Resident Crested shrike-tit Falcunculus frontatus LC Visitor Crested pigeon Ocyphaps lophotes LC Resident

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IUCN Common Name Species Name EPBC BC Presence onsite Red list Dollar bird Eurystomus orientalis M LC Visitor Crimson rosella Platycercus elegans LC Resident Common, Resident, Dusky moorhen Gallinula tenebrosa LC Breeding Common, Resident, Eurasian coot Fulica atra LC Breeding Eastern great egret Ardea modesta LC Visitor Eastern yellow robin Eopsaltria australis LC Resident, Breeding Eastern rosella Platycercus eximius LC Common Eastern spinebill Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris LC Common, Resident Eastern whipbird Psophodes olivaceus LC Common, Resident Fan-tailed cuckoo Cacomantis flabelliformis LC Visitor Common, Resident, Galah Eolophus roseicapillus LC Breeding Gang gang cockatoo Callocephalon fimbriatum LC Potential Golden whistler Pachycephala pectoralis LC Resident Common, Resident, Green catbird Ailuroedus crassirostris LC Breeding Common, Resident, Grey butcherbird Cracticus torquatus LC Breeding Common, Resident, Grey fantail Rhipidura albiscapa LC Breeding Grey goshawk Accipiter novaehollandiae LC Resident (escarpment) Common, Resident, Grey teal Anas gracilis LC Breeding Common, Resident, Grey shrike-thrush Colluricincla harmonica LC Breeding Eastern koel Eudynamys orientalis LC Visitor, Migratory Common, Resident, Laughing kookaburra Dacelo novaeguineae LC Breeding Lewin's honeyeater Meliphaga lewinii LC Common, Resident Little corella Cacatua sanguinea LC Visitor Little black cormorant Phalacrocorax sulcirostris LC Visitor Little egret Egretta garzetta M LC Visitor Little lorrikeet Glossopsitta pusilla VU LC Visitor Little pied cormorant Microcarbo melanoleucos LC Resident Anthochaera (Anellobia) Common, Resident, Little wattlebird LC chrysoptera Breeding Long-billed corella Cacatua tenuirostris LC Visitor Common, Resident, Magpie-lark Grallina cyanoleuca M LC Breeding

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IUCN Common Name Species Name EPBC BC Presence onsite Red list Masked lapwing (or Spur- Common, Resident, Vanellus miles LC winged Plover) Breeding Mistletoe bird Dicaeum hirundinaceum LC Visitor Musk lorikeet Glossopsitta concinna LC Visitor Nankeen kestrel Falco cenchroides M LC Visitor Nankeen night- heron Nycticorax caledonicus M LC Visitor Phylidonyris (Meliornis) New holland honeyeater LC Visitor novaehollandiae Noisy miner Manorina melanocephala LC Common, Resident Olive-backed oriole Oriolus sagittatus LC Resident Pacific baza Aviceda subcristata LC Migratory Common, Resident, Pacific black duck Anas superciliosa LC Breeding Common, Resident, Pied currawong Strepera graculina LC Breeding Peregine falcon Falco peregrinus LC Visitor Powerful owl Ninox strenua VU LC Visitor Common, Resident, Purple Swamp hen Porphyrio porphyrio M LC Breeding Common, Resident, Rainbow lorikeet Trichoglossus haematodus LC Breeding Red-browed finch Neochmia temporalis LC Resident (escarpment) Red wattlebird Anthochaera carunculata LC Common, Resident Regent honeyeater Anthochaera phrygia CR CR CR Potential Rose-crowed fruit dove Ptilinopus regina VU LC Potential Rose robin Petroica rosea LC Visitor Royal spoonbill Platalea regia LC Visitor Rufous fantail Rhipidura rufifrons M LC Resident Sacred kingfisher Todiramphus sanctus M LC Common, Visitor Ptilonorhynchus violaceus Common, Resident, Satin bowerbird violaceus Breeding Scaly-breasted lorikeet Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus LC Visitor Scarlet honeyeater Myzomela sanguinolenta LC Visitor Silvereye Zosterops lateralis M LC Common, Resident Silver gull Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae M LC Common, Visitor Striated thornbill Acanthiza lineata LC Visitor Straw-necked ibis Threskiornis spinicollis M LC Visitor Spangled drongo Dicrurus bracteatus LC Visitor Spotted pardalote Pardalotus punctatus LC Resident Superb fairy wren Malurus cyaneus LC Resident

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IUCN Common Name Species Name EPBC BC Presence onsite Red list Superb fruit dove Ptilinopus superbus VU LC Potential Superb lyrebird Menura novaehollandiae LC Resident (escarpment) Sulphur-crested cockatoo Cacatua galerita LC Common, Resident Common, Resident, Tawny frogmouth Podargus strigoides LC Breeding Topknot pigeon Lopholaimus antarcticus LC Common, Resident Variegated fairy wren Malurus lamberti LC Common, Resident Common, Resident Wonga pigeon Leucosarcia picata LC (escarpment) Common, Resident, Welcome swallow Hirundo neoxena M LC Breeding Wedged-tailed eagle Aquila audax LC Visitor White –bellied sea eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster M VU LC Visitor Common, Resident, White-browed scrubwren Sericornis frontalis LC Breeding White-eyed duck Aythya australis LC Visitor (Hardhead) White-faced heron Egretta novaehollandiae LC Visitor White headed pigeon Columba leucomela LC Resident (escarpment) White-necked heron Ardea pacifica LC Visitor White throated tree creeper Cormobates leucophaea LC Resident (escarpment) White-plumed honeyeater Lichenostomus penicillatus LC Visitor Whistling kite Haliastur sphenurus M LC Visitor Rhipidura (Sauloprocta) Common, Resident, Willie wagtail LC leucophrys Breeding Yellow-faced honeyeater Lichenostomus chrysops LC Visitor Yellow-tailed black Calyptorhynchus (Zanda) LC Visitor cockatoo funereus Yellow-throated scrubwren Sericornis citreogularis LC Resident (escarpment) Yellow thornbill Acanthiza nana LC Resident Common, Resident, Yellow robin Eopsaltria australis LC Breeding EPBC, BC, Redlist: M – Migratory, CR – Critically Endangered, EN – Endangered, VU – Vulnerable. LC- Least Concern, DD – Data Deficit, NT- Near Threatened, VU- Vulnerable

Note: Species list based on personal observations of FMD staff, information from Illawarra Bird Observers members and NSW BioNet Atlas search (www.environment.nsw.gov.au/atlaspublicapp/UI_Modules/ATLAS_/AtlasSearch.aspx).Species status taken from the relevant legislation and search of the IUCN Red list (https://www.iucnredlist.org/)

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3.2 Amphibian species Table 3.2: Amphibian species

IUCN Common Name Species Name EPBC BC Red Presence onsite list Bleating tree frog Litoria dentata LC Resident Eastern dwarf tree frog Litoria fallax LC Resident Eastern froglet Crinia signifera LC Common, Resident Leaf green tree frog Litoria nudidigita LC Resident Perons tree frog Litoria peronei LC Resident Striped marsh frog Limnodynastes peronei LC Resident Tylers tree frog Litoria tyleri LC Resident Verreaux’s tree frog Litoria verreauxi LC Resident Redlist: LC- Least Concern

Note: Species list based on personal observations of FMD staff and NSW BioNet Atlas search (www.environment.nsw.gov.au/atlaspublicapp/UI_Modules/ATLAS_/AtlasSearch.aspx). Species status taken from the relevant legislation and search of the IUCN Red list (https://www.iucnredlist.org/)

3.3 Reptile species

Table 3.3: Reptile species

IUCN Common name Species name EPBC BC Red Presence onsite Notes list Common garden Lampropholis LC Common, Resident skink guichenoti Diamond python Morelia spilota LC Resident Eastern blue tongue Tilliqua scincoides Common, Resident lizard Eastern long-necked Chelondina Resident turtle longicollis Eastern small–eyed Cryptophis LC Resident snake nigrescens Regionally rare, declining Resident overall and locally (WCC Eastern tiger snake Notechis scutatus LC (escarpment) 2011, DECC 2007a, NPWS 2002b) Physignathus Eastern water dragon Common, Resident lesurerii Eastern water skink Eulamprus quoyii LC Common, Resident Amphibolurus Jacky dragon LC Resident muricatus

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IUCN Common name Species name EPBC BC Red Presence onsite Notes list Regionally rare, southern limit Golden crowned Cacophis LC Resident of distribution (WCC 2011, snake squamulosus NPWS 2002b) Macquarie turtle Emydura macquarii LC Resident Marsh (swamp) snake Hemiaspis signata LC Resident Drysdalia Mustard bellied snake LC Resident rhodogaster Red-bellied black Pseudechis Resident snake porphriacus Three toed skink Saiphos equalis LC Resident Saproscincus Weasel skink LC Resident mustelinus Cyclodomorphus Sheoak skink LC Resident michaeli Redlist: LC- Least Concern

Note: Species list based on personal observations of FMD staff and NSW BioNet Atlas search (www.environment.nsw.gov.au/atlaspublicapp/UI_Modules/ATLAS_/AtlasSearch.aspx). Species status taken from the relevant legislation and search of the IUCN Red list (https://www.iucnredlist.org/).

3.4 Mammal species

Table 3.4: Mammal species

IUCN Red Common Name Species Name EPBC BC Presence onsite list Bush rat Rattus fuscipes LC Resident Brown antechinus Antechinus stuartii LC Resident LC Common Resident Brush-tailed possum Trichosurus vulpecula Breeding Miniopterus Eastern bent-wing bat schreibersii oceanensis Resident Goulds wattled bat Chalinolobus gouldii Resident Pteropus VU VU Grey-headed flying fox VU Visitor poliocephalus Koala Petaurus norfolcensis VU VU LC Potential Large bent-wing bat (Eastern Miniopterus orianae VU Resident bent-wing bat) oceanensi Lesser long-eared bat Nyctophilus geoffroyi LC Visitor Little bent-wing bat Minopterus australis VU Resident Pseudocheirus LC Common Resident Ring-tailed possum peregrinus Breeding Tachyglossus Short-beaked echidna Visitor aculaetus

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IUCN Red Common Name Species Name EPBC BC Presence onsite list Sugar glider Petaurus breviceps LC Resident, Breeding Swamp rat Rattus lutreolus LC Resident LC Resident Swamp wallaby Wallabia bicolor (escarpment) Squirrel glider Petaurus norfolcensis VU Resident EPBC & BC: VU – Vulnerable. Redlist: LC- Least Concern, DD – Data Deficit, CR –Critically Endangered, NT, Near Threatented, VU- Vulnerable, EN – Endangered

Note: Species list based on personal observations of FMD staff and NSW BioNet Atlas search (www.environment.nsw.gov.au/atlaspublicapp/UI_Modules/ATLAS_/AtlasSearch.aspx). Species status taken from the relevant legislation and search of the IUCN Red list (https://www.iucnredlist.org/)

3.5 Fish and crustacean species

Table 3.5: Fish and crustacean species

IUCN Red Presence Common Name Species Name EPBC FM list onsite Common yabby Cherax destructor VU Resident Cox’s gudgeon Gobiomorphis coxxi Resident Flathead gudgeon Philypnodon grandiceps LC Resident Freshwater glass shrimp Paratya australasiensis Resident Short finned eel Anguilla australis NT Resident Striped gudgeon Gobiomorphis australis Resident Long finned eel Anguilla reinhardii Resident Redlist: LC- Least Concern, DD – Data Deficit, CR –Critically Endangered, NT, Near Threatented, VU- Vulnerable, EN – Endangered

Note: Species list based on personal observations of FMD staff. Species status taken from the relevant legislation and search of the IUCN Red list (https://www.iucnredlist.org/)

3.6 Introduced and pest fauna species

Table 3.6: Introduced and pest fauna species

Common Name Species Name Impacts Status Presence onsite NSW & Commonwealth - Impacts associated with Cats are listed as a Key threatening process Preys on native animals Listed a Priority Pest in Cat Felis cattus South East NSW (asset Visitor based protection management category) Listed a priority (moderate) pest species in the Illawarra Common blackbird Turdus merula Resident

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Common Name Species Name Impacts Status Presence onsite Common mouse Mus musculus Resident

Potential competition for nesting Listed a Priority Pest in Common myna/ South East NSW Acridotheres tristis sites and hollows Resident Indian Myna (Limited action management category) Common rat Rattus rattus Resident Common starling Sturnus vulgaris Visitor Domestic duck Reduced water quality in ponds (Muscovy, Khaki and wetlands due to increased Resident, Breeding Campbell, Indian nutrient load runner, pekin) Domestic pigeon Resident, Breeding NSW & Commonwealth - Impacts associated with Foxes are listed as a Key threatening process Preys on native animals Listed a Priority Pest in European fox Vulpes vulpes South East NSW (asset Visitor based protection management category) Listed a priority (High) pest species in the Illawarra European Carduelis carduelis Visitor goldfinch NSW & Commonwealth - Impacts associated with Deer are listed as a Key Herbivory, trampling, threatening process overgrazing, dispersal of weeds, Listed a Priority Pest in Fallow deer Dama dama acceleration of erosion, South East NSW(asset Visitor concentration of nutrients and based protection degradation of water quality management category) Listed a priority (High) pest species in the Illawarra Listed a Priority Pest in Impact on native fish species, South East NSW Koi carp Cyprinus carpio water quality impacts from Resident (Limited action increased turbidity. management category) NSW & Commonwealth Mosquito fish - Impacts associated with Gambusia affinis Preys on tadpoles Mosquito fish are listed Resident (Plague minnow) as a Key threatening process Water quality impacts Northern mallard Anas platyrhynchos associated with increased Resident nutrient levels

Land degradation through NSW & Commonwealth Oryctolagus - Impacts associated with Rabbit grazing, ring barking of trees, Resident coniculus construction of burrows, soil Rabbits are listed as a erosion. Competition with Key Threatening process

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Common Name Species Name Impacts Status Presence onsite native fauna for food and Listed a Priority Pest in resources. South East NSW(asset based protection management category) Listed a priority (moderate) pest species in the Illawarra Red-whiskered Pycnonotus jocosus Common, Visitor bulbul NSW & Commonwealth - Impacts associated with Deer are listed as a Key Herbivory, trampling, Threatening process overgrazing, dispersal of weeds, Listed a Priority Pest in acceleration of erosion, Visitor, Resident Rusa deer Rusa timorensis South East NSW(asset concentration of nutrients and (escarpment) degradation of water quality based protection management category)

Listed a priority (high) pest species in the Illawarra Streptopelia Spotted dove Resident chinensis Note: Species list based on personal observations of FMD staff. Status information from NSW BC Act, FM Act, Commonwealth EPBC Act, South East Regional Strategic Pest Animal Plan 2018-2023, Wollongong City Council (2011) Illawarra Biodiversity strategy Vol2.

3.7 Threatened fauna species (known to occur on site)

Table 3.7: Threatened fauna species (known to occur on site)

Species Status Habitat requirements Threats Favours permanent freshwater Reduced water quality Australasian bittern wetlands with tall, dense vegetation, Predation by foxes and cats NSW and particularly bullrushes (Typha spp.) (Botaurus poiciloptilus) Commonwealth – and spikerushes (Eleocharis spp.) Use of herbicides and pesticides near endangered wetland areas Feeds on frogs, fish, yabbies, spiders, insects and snails Loss of habitat Loss of large old trees from the landscape, a resource that is critical for Feeds on birds, small mammals, nesting and hunting. Black falcon (Falco insects and reptiles and sometimes NSW - vulnerable Potential for secondary poisoning via subniger) carrion (dead animals eating poisoned prey.

Disturbance to nesting activity from over-abundant ravens and cockatoos Feeds on the nectar and pollen of Loss of roost and forage sites native trees, in particular Grey-headed flying fox Heat stress NSW - vulnerable Eucalyptus, Melaleuca and Banksia, (Pteropus poliocephalus) Entanglement with powerlines and Feeds on fleshy fruit food trees of netting rainforest trees and vines

Large bent-wing bat Hunt in forested areas, catching Loss of high productivity foraging (Miniopterus orianae NSW Vulnerable moths and other flying insects above habitat. oceanensis) the tree tops Predation by cats

13 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

Species Status Habitat requirements Threats Hazard reduction and wild fires during breeding season Predation from foxes and cats Little bent-wing bat Trees with hollows and loose bark Loss of foraging habitat NSW - vulnerable (Minopterus australis) Feeds on insects Use of insecticides Loss of trees with hollows Trees with hollows, nests in Loss of trees with hollows proximity to feeding areas if Competition with the introduced possible, most typically selecting honeybee for both nectar and hollows hollows in the limb or trunk of smooth-barked Eucalypts. Entrance Habitat alteration due to weed invasion, is small (3 cm) and usually high high frequency fire and clearing Little lorrikeet above the ground (2–15 m). Exclusion from habitat from aggressive NSW - vulnerable (Glossopsitta pusilla) Riparian trees often chosen, Noisy miners including species like Allocasuarina Nectar food trees, forages primarily in the canopy of open Eucalyptus forest and woodland, yet also finds food in Angophora, Melaleuca and other tree specie Loss of forest and woodland habitat affecting prey species Trees with hollows Loss of hollow bearing trees affecting Powerful owl NSW - vulnerable Feeds on Common Ringtail Possum nest sites and affecting prey species (Ninox strenua) and Sugar Glider, Flying foxes and Secondary poisoning via eating other mammals and birds poisoned prey Predation by foxes, dogs and cats Trees with hollows and future Loss of hollow bearing trees hollow bearing trees Loss of foraging habitat Squirrel glider (Petaurus NSW - vulnerable Nectar food trees norfolcensis) Sap feeding trees Acacia and Banksia, Eucalypt Breeding habitat consists of mature Secondary poisoning via eating tall open forest, open forest, tall poisoned prey woodland, and swamp sclerophyll Habitat alteration forest close to foraging habitat.

Nest trees are typically large White –bellied sea eagle NSW - vulnerable emergent eucalypts and often have (Haliaeetus leucogaster) emergent dead branches or large dead trees Feeds mainly on fish and freshwater turtles, but also waterbirds, reptiles, mammals and carrion Note: Species list prepared based on personal observations by FMD staff and NSW BioNet Atlas search (www.environment.nsw.gov.au/atlaspublicapp/UI_Modules/ATLAS_/AtlasSearch.aspx). Habitat and threat information provided has been summarised from the Threatened Species profiles (https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/).

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3.8 Threatened fauna species (that potentially occur or visit the site) Table 3.8: Threatened fauna species (that potentially occur or visit the site)

Species Status Habitat requirements Threats Barred cuckoo shrike Habitat alteration due to weed invasion, NSW Vulnerable Feeds on rainforest fruit bearing trees (Coracina lineata) high frequency fire and clearing Old growth forest and woodland for nesting and roosting. Habitat alteration due to weed invasion, Gang gang cockatoo high frequency fire and clearing NSW Vulnerable (Callocephalon fimbriatum) Nests are located in hollows that are Exclusion from habitat from aggressive 10 cm in diameter or larger and at Noisy miners least 9 m above the ground in eucalypts. Habitat alteration due to weed invasion, NSW and Feeds on the foliage of more than 70 high frequency fire and clearing Koala (Phascolarctos Commonwealth eucalypt species and 30 non-eucalypt Predation by dogs cinereus) Vulnerable species Vehicle strikes Heat stress in drought and heatwaves Feeds mainly on the nectar from a relatively small number of eucalypts that produce high volumes of nectar.

Key eucalypt species include Mugga Ironbark, Yellow Box, White Box and Swamp Mahogany. Competition from larger aggressive Flowering of associated species such honeyeaters, particularly noisy miners, NSW critically as Thin-leaved stringybark and other noisy friarbirds and red wattlebirds endangered, Stringybark species, and nectar and Regent honeyeater Habitat alteration due to weed invasion, Commonwealth fruit from the mistletoes are also (Anthochaera phrygia) high frequency fire and clearing critically utilised. endangered Drought limiting availability of free standing water (key for optimal nesting) When nectar is scarce lerp and honeydew can comprise a large proportion of the diet. Insects important components of the diet of nestlings

Usually nest in horizontal branches or forks in tall mature eucalypts and Sheoaks.

Feed entirely on fruit from vines, Habitat alteration due to weed invasion Rose - crowned fruit dove shrubs, large trees and palms, and are NSW Vulnerable and high frequency fire (Ptilinopus regina) thought to be locally nomadic as they follow the ripening of fruits.

Feeds on rainforest fruit bearing trees. Habitat alteration due to weed invasion Superb fruit dove It may also forage in eucalypt or NSW Vulnerable and high frequency fire (Ptilinopus superbus) acacia woodland where there are fruit-bearing trees

NSW – Feeds on eucalypts that are flowering Predation from cats Endangered Swift parrot (Lathamus profusely including Collisions with human made structures

discolour) Eucalyptus robusta Habitat alteration due to weed invasion Commonwealth - Corymbia maculata and high frequency fire Critically

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Species Status Habitat requirements Threats Endangered, Corymbia gummifera Exclusion from habitat from aggressive Marine listed Eucalyptus tereticornis Noisy miners Eucalyptus sideroxylon Eucalyptus albens

Feeds where there is abundant lerp infestations including on trees Eucalyptus microcarpa Eucalyptus moluccana Eucalyptus pilularis Eucalyptus melliodora. Note: Information sourced is from a NSW BioNet Atlas search (www.environment.nsw.gov.au/atlaspublicapp/UI_Modules/ATLAS_/AtlasSearch.aspx) that indicates that these species have been recorded in areas neighbouring the campus. Habitat and threat information has been summarised from the Threatened Species profiles on https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/.

4.0 Flora Species 4.1 Native flora species Table 4.1 Native flora species

Presence IUCN Scientific name Common name Origin Type Significance onsite Red list Abutilon oxycarpum Straggly Lantern Bush IN S L, N Acacia binervata Two-veined Hickory IN T L, N Acacia binervia Coast Myall IN T L Acacia cognata (Dwarf) NC S L Acacia cognata 'Lime Magic' NC S L Acacia cognata 'Limelight' NC S L Acacia decurrens Sydney Green Wattle IN T L, N Acacia filicifolia Fern-leaved Wattle IN T L, N Acacia fimbriata Fringed Wattle IN T L LC Acacia fimbriata dwarf Dwarf Fringed Wattle NC S L Acacia floribunda Gossamer Wattle IN S L, N Lightwood, Weetjellan Acacia implexa IN T L, N (D'harawal) Acacia irrorata Greenwattle IN S L, N Acacia longifolia Sydney Golden Wattle IN S L, N Acacia maidenii Maiden’s Wattle IN T L, N Acacia mearnsii Black Wattle IN T L, N Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood IN T L, N Acmena ‘Firescreen’ NC S L Acmena 'Allyn Magic' NC S L Acmena 'Cherry Suprize' NC S L

16 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

Presence IUCN Scientific name Common name Origin Type Significance onsite Red list Acmena smithii Lilly Pilly IN T L, N Whte Aspen, Acronychia oblongifolia IN T L, N Yellowwood Regionally rare in Actephila lindleyi Coast Canthium IN S L, N Illawarra, Southern limit (Mills 1988) Adiantum formosum Giant Maidenhair Fern IN F L, N Adiantum hispidulum Rough Maidenhair Fern IN F L, N Regionally rare in Alchornea ilicifolia Native Holly IN S L, N Illawarra, Southern limit (Mills 1988) Alectryon subcinereus Native Quince IN T L, N Allocasuarina torulosa Forest She-oak IN T L, N Alocasia brisbanensis Cunjevoi IN G L, N Alphitonia excelsa Red Ash IN T L, N Alternanthera denticulata Lesser Joyweed IN G L, N Aneilema acuminatum Aneilema IN G L, N Regionally rare in Aneilema biflorum Mini Aneilema IN G L, N Illawarra (Mills 1988) Narrow-leaved Apple Angophora bakeri IN T L LC Myrtle Angophora bakeri subsp N T L crassifolia Smooth-barked Apple Angophora costata IN T L, N LC Myrtle Rough-barked Apple Angophora floribunda IN T L, N NT Myrtle Anigozanthos 'Bush NC S L Endeavour' Anigozanthos 'Bush Pioneer' NC S L Anigozanthos 'Bush NC S L Revolution' Anigozanthos cultivars Kangaroo Paw NC G L Anigozanthos humilus N G L Aphanopetalum resinosum Gum Vine IN C L, N Araucaria cunninghamii Hoop Pine N T L LC Archontophoenix alexandrae Alexandra Palm N T L Archontophoenix Regionally rare in Bangalow Palm IN T L, N cunninghamiana Illawarra( Mills 1988) Arthropteris tenella Climbing Fern IN F L, N Asplenium australasicum Birds Nest Fern IN F L, N Asplenium australasicum Crested Birds Nest Fern N F L cristatum

17 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

Presence IUCN Scientific name Common name Origin Type Significance onsite Red list Asplenium flabellifolium Necklace Fern IN F L, N Regionally rare in Austromyrtus acmenoides Scrub Ironwood IN S N Illawarra( Mills 1988) Austromyrtus dulcis Midgen Berry N S L Backhousia citriodora Lemon Myrtle N S L Backhousia myrtifolia Grey Myrtle IN S L, N Baeckea (Babingtonia) NC S L virgata Dwarf Baeckea linifolia Weeping Baeckea IN S L Baloghia inophylla Brush Bloodwood IN T L, N Banksia 'Birthday Candles' NC S L Banksia Bush Candles NC S L Banksia ericifolia Heath Banksia IN S L LC Banksia integrifolia Coast Banksia IN T L, N LC Banksia paludosa IN S L Banksia robur IN S L Banksia Roller Coster NC S L Banksia serrata Old Man Banksia IN T L Banksia spinulosa IN S L Banksia spinulosa var. collina Hairpin Banksia IN S L Bauera rubioides River Rose, Dog Rose IN S L Beckea vergata 'nana' NC S L Billardiera scandens Apple Berry IN C L, N Blechnum cartilagineum Water Fern IN F L Brachychiton acerifolius Illawarra Flame Tree IN T L, N Brachychiton discolour Lacebark Tree N T L, N Brachychiton populneus Kurrajong IN T L, N Brachychiton rupestris Queensland Bottletree N T L Brachyscome multifidia Swan River Daisy NC G L 'Break o Day' Breynia oblongifolia Coffee Bush IN S L, N Buckinghamia celsissima Ivory Curl Flower N S L Australian Blackthorn, Boxthorn, Sweet Bursaria spinosa IN S L, N Bursaria, Kurwan (D'harawal) Callicoma serratifolia Callicoma IN T L Captain Cook Callistemon 'Captain Cook' NC S L Bottlebrush

18 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

Presence IUCN Scientific name Common name Origin Type Significance onsite Red list Lemon-scented Callistemon citrinus IN S L Bottlebrush Callistemon Endeavour NC S L Callistemon 'Kings Park NC S L Special' Callistemon linearifolius Bottle Brush IN S L, N Narrow-leaved Callistemon linearis IN S L Bottlebrush Callistemon 'Little John' NC S L Callistemon 'Mauve Mist' NC S L Callistemon pinifolius Pine-leaved Bottlebrush IN S L Callistemon 'Reeves Pink' NC S L Callistemon salignus Willow Bottlebrush IN T L, N Callistemon 'Taree Pink' Taree Pink Bottlebrush NC S L Callistemon viminalis Weeping Bottlebrush N T L, N White Dwarf Callistemon 'White Anzac' NC S L Bottlebrush Calystegia marginata Bindweed IN C L, N Carex appressa Carex IN G L, N Carex brunnea Greater Brown Sedge IN G L Carex fascicularis Tassel Sedge IN G L Carex longebrachiata Drooping Carex IN G L, N Carpobrotus glaucescens Pigface IN G L Castanospermum australe Black Bean N T L Casuarina cousin it NC S L Casuarina cunninghamiana River Oak IN T L, N Casuarina glauca Swamp she-oak IN T L, N Casuarina glauca NC S L 'Greenwave' Cayratia clematidea Native Grape IN C L, N Celastrus australis Staff Vine IN C L, N Centella asiatica Indian Pennywort IN G L, N Ceratopetalum gummiferum Christmas Bush IN S L Chloris truncata Rhodes Grass IN G N Christella dentata Christella IN F L, N Billy Buttons, Yellow IN Chrysocephalum apiculatum G L Buttons IN Regionally rare in Cinnamomum oliveri Oliva's sassafras T L Illawarra (Mills 1988) Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle IN C N

19 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

Presence IUCN Scientific name Common name Origin Type Significance onsite Red list Cissus antarctica IN C L, N Cissus hypoglauca Water Vine IN C L, N Cissus rhombifolia Grape Ivy IN C N Citronella moorei Churnwood IN T L, N Claoxylon australe Brittle Wood IN S L, N Clematis aristata Australian Clematis IN C L, N Clerodendrum tomentosum/ IN Hairy Clerodendrum T L tomentosa Commelina cyanea Native Wandering Jew IN G L, N Commersonia fraseri Brush Kurrajong IN T L, N Cordyline Electric Pink NC S L Cordyline Electric Star NC S L Cordyline petiolaris Broad-leaved Palm Lily N S L Narrow-leaved Palm Cordyline stricta N S L Lily Correa alba White Correa N S L Correa baeuerlenii Chef's Hat Correa N S L Correa 'Dusky Bells' NC S L Corymbia citriodora Lemon-scented Gum N T L Corymbia eximia Yellow Bloodwood IN T L LC Corymbia ficifolia Red Flowering Gum N T L West Aust. Red Corymbia ficifolia (hybrid) NC T L Flowering Gum Corymbia ficifolia 'Snowflake' NC T L Corymbia ficifolia 'Summer NC T L Snow' Corymbia ficifolia 'Wild Fire' NC T L Corymbia ficifolia 'Wild NC T L Sunset' Corymbia gummifera Red Bloodwood IN T L Corymbia maculata Spotted Gum IN T L LC Corymbia torelliana Cadaghi N T L Crinum pedunculatum Swamp Lily N G L, N Croton verreauxii Green Native Cascarilla IN T L, N Cryptocarya glaucescens Jackwood IN T L, N Cryptocarya laevigata var Glossy Laurel N T S L, N .boweii Cryptocarya microneura Murrogun IN T L, N IN Regionally rare in Cupaniopsis anacardioides Tuckaroo T L Illawarra (Mills1988)

20 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

Presence IUCN Scientific name Common name Origin Type Significance onsite Red list Cyathea australis Rough Tree Fern IN F L, N IN Regionally rare in Cyathea cooperi Soft Tree Fern F L, N Illawarra (Mills1988) Cyclophyllum longipetalum Coast Canthium IN S L, N Cymbopogon refractus IN G L Cyperus imbecilis Cyperus IN G L, N Cyperus tetraphyllus Cyperus IN L, N Dampiera diversifolia N G L LC Dendrocnide excelsa Giant Stinging Tree IN T L, N Dennstadtia davalliodes N F L, N Desmodium varians Slender Tick-trefoil IN G L, N Dianella brevipedunculata N G L Dianella caerulea Blue Flax Lily IN G L, N Dianella caerulea 'Breeze' NC G L Dianella caerulea 'Lucia' NC G L Dianella ensiformis Flax Lily N G N NT Dianella longifolia var. IN G L, N LC longifolia/ Dianella laevis Dianella revoluta Blueberry Lily IN G L, N NT Dianella revoluta 'Little Rev' Blueberry Lily NC G L Dianella 'Tas Red' Tas Red NC S L Dianella tasmanica Tasman Flax Lily IN G L LC Dianella tasmanica Variegated Flax Lily NC G L 'Variegata' Dichelachne crinita Longhair Plumegrass IN Gr L VU Dichondra repens Kidney Weed IN G L, N Dicksonia antactica Brown Tree Fern IN F L Diospyros australis Black Plum IN S L, N Diplazium australe Lady Fern IN F L, N LC Diploglottis australis/ IN Native Tamarind T L, N LC Diplogottis cunninghamii Diploglottis campbellii Small-leaved Tamarind N T L, N CR Dodonaea viscosa Sticky Hop bush IN S L LC Doodia aspera Rasp Fern IN F L, N LC Doodia caudata Small Rasp Fern IN F L, N Doryanthes excelsa Gymea Lily IN G L LC Doryanthes palmeri Spear Lily N G L LC Doryphora sassafras Sassafras IN T L, N LC Echinopogon ovatus Hedgehog Grass IN G L, N

21 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

Presence IUCN Scientific name Common name Origin Type Significance onsite Red list Ehretia accuminata Koda IN T L, N Einadia hastata Saloop IN G L, N Saloop Bush, Climbing IN Einadia nutans S L, N Saltbush Smooth-leaved Elaeocarpus eumundii N T L LC Quandong Elaeocarpus grandis (syn. E. Blue Quandong N T L LC angustifolius) Elaeocarpus kirtonii White Quandong IN T L, N LC Elaeocarpus reticulatus Blueberry Ash IN T L Elaeodendron IN Red Fruit Olive-plum T L australe/Cassine australis Emmenosperma IN Bonewood T L, N alphitonioides Endiandra sieberi Hard Corkwood IN T L LC Bordered Panic, Wiry IN Entolasia marginata G L, N Panic Eucalyptus amplifolia Cabbage Gum IN T L, N Eucalyptus baueriana Blue Box IN T L VU Eucalyptus beyeriana Beyer's Ironbark N T L

Eucalyptus bicostata Southern Blue Gum N T L LC

Eucalyptus bosistoana Coast Grey Box IN T L, N Eucalyptus botryoides Bangalay IN T L Eucalyptus botryoides x Sydney Blue Gum/ IN T L, N NT saligna Bangalay hybrid Eucalyptus canaliculata Large-fruited Grey Gum N T L LC Eucalyptus cinerea Argyle Apple N T L VU Eucalyptus cladocalyx Sugar Gum N T L LC Eucalyptus crebra Narrow-leaved Ironbark IN T L LC Eucalyptus curtisii Plunkett Mallee N T L LC Eucalyptus deanei Mountain Blue Gum IN T L Broad-leaved Eucalyptus dives N T L LC Peppermint Eucalyptus elata River Peppermint IN T L, N Eucalyptus eugenioides Thin-leaved Stringybark IN T L Eucalyptus fibrosa Broad-leaved Ironbark IN T L Eucalyptus globoidea White Stringybark IN T L NT Eucalyptus globulus Southern Blue Gum N T L LC Eucalyptus grandis Flooded Gum N T L Eucalyptus haemastoma Scribbly Gum IN T L VU

22 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

Presence IUCN Scientific name Common name Origin Type Significance onsite Red list Yellow Gum, Blue Eucalyptus leucoxylon N T L Gum, White Ironbark Eucalyptus leucoxylon 'Euky NC L Dwarf Pink Flowering Yellow Eucalyptus leucoxylon 'Rosea' NC T L Gum Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. Yellow Gum N T L leucoxylon Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. Large-fruited Yellow N T L megalocarpa Gum Eucalyptus longifolia Woollybutt IN T L, N VU Eucalyptus maidenii Maiden's Gum IN T L Eucalyptus mannifera ssp. Brittle Gum N T L mannifera Eucalyptus melliodora Yellow Box IN T L, N Eucalyptus microcorys Tallowwood IN T L, N NT Narrow-leaved Eucalyptus nicholii N T L Peppermint Eucalyptus paniculata Grey Ironbark IN T L, N Eucalyptus parramattensis Parramatta Red Gum IN T L Eucalyptus pilularis Blackbutt IN T L, N Eucalyptus piperita Sydney Peppermint IN T L LC Eucalyptus polyanthemos Red Box N T L Eucalyptus propinqua Grey Gum IN T L Eucalyptus punctata Grey Gum IN T L, N LC Eucalyptus quadrangulata Coast White Box IN T L, N LC Eucalyptus racemosa Scribbly Gum IN T L LC Eucalyptus robusta Swamp Mahogany IN T L NT Eucalyptus saligna Sydney Blue Gum IN T L LC Eucalyptus saligna x Hybrid Sydney IN T L botryoides Bluegum Hard-leaved Scribbly IN Eucalyptus sclerophylla T L Gum Eucalyptus scoparia Wallangarra White Gum N T L LC Eucalyptus sideroxylon Red Ironbark IN T L Eucalyptus sieberi Silvertop Ash IN T L, N Eucalyptus smithii Gully Gum N T L Eucalyptus spathulata Swamp Mallee N T L Eucalyptus Summer Red NC T L Forest Red Gum, IN Eucalyptus tereticornis T L, N LC Buringoa (D'harawal)

23 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

Presence IUCN Scientific name Common name Origin Type Significance onsite Red list Eucalyptus viminalis Ribbon Gum IN T L LC Eucalyptus wimmerensis NC T L 'Dwarf' Eupomatia laurina Bolwarra IN S L, N Euroschinus falcata Ribbonwood IN T L, N Eustrephus latifolius Wombat Berry IN C L, N Exocarpos cupressiformis Cherry Ballart IN T L Ficinia nodosa/ Isolepis IN Knobby club rush L NT nodosa Ficus coronata Sandpaper Fig IN T L, N Ficus hillii Hills Fig N T L Ficus macrophylla Moreton Bay Fig IN T L, N Ficus microcarpa var. hillii Hill's Weeping Fig N T L Ficus obliqua Small-leaved Fig N T L, N Ficus rubiginosa Port Jackson Fig IN T L, N Ficus virens White Fig IN T L Gahnia melanocarpa Saw Sedge IN G L, N LC Gahnia sieberana Red Fruit Saw Hedge IN G L Galium propinquum/ Galium IN Galium N LC leiocarpum IN Regionally rare in Geijera latifolia/ Geijera Brush Wilga T L, N NT Illawarra, Southern latifolia limit (Mills 1988) Geitonoplesium cymosum Scrambling Lily IN C L, N LC Geranium homeanum Native Geranium IN G L, N Glochidion ferdinandi Cheese Tree IN T L, N Glochidion ferdinandi var. Hairy Cheese Tree N T L, N pubens Glochidion sumatranum Umbrella Cheese Tree N T L VU Glycine spp. Love Creeper IN G L, N Gossia acmenoides Scrub Ironwood IN S L Grevillea ‘Flamingo' NC S L Grevillea ‘Lady O’ NC S L Grevillea asplenifolia N S L NT Grevillea Bronze Rambler NC S L Grevillea Bulli Princess NC S L Grevillea 'Canberra Gem' N S L Grevillea 'Cherry Ripe' NC S L Grevillea 'Coconut Ice' NC S L Grevillea 'Forest Rambler' NC S L

24 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

Presence IUCN Scientific name Common name Origin Type Significance onsite Red list Grevillea 'Honey Gem' NC S L Grevillea hookeriana Red Hooks NC S L LC Grevillea 'Ivanhoe' NC S L Grevillea juniperiana Juniper-leaf Grevillea N S L LC Grevillea juniperiana NC S L 'Molonglo' Grevillea lanigera Woolly Grevillea N G L LC Grevillea lanigera 'Mt NC G L Tamboritha' Grevillea 'Molonglo' NC S L Grevillea 'Moonlight' NC S L Grevillea 'Ned Kelly' NC S L Grevillea obtusifolia Obtuse-leaved Grevillea N S L LC Grevillea 'Orange NC S L Marmalade' Grevillea 'Poorinda Royal NC G L Mantle' Council TPO exempt Grevillea robusta Silky Oak N T L, N LC tree, Environmental weed in Illawarra Grevillea rosmarinifolia Rosemary Grevillea N S L Grevillea rosmarinifolia Dwarf Rosemary N S L 'Nana' Grevillea Grevillea 'Sandra Gordon' NC S L Guioa semiglauca Guioa IN T L, N Gymnostachys anceps Settlers Flax IN G L, N Hakea salicifolia Willow-leaved Hakea N S L LC Hakea teretifolia Needlebush N S L LC Hardenbergia ‘Sea of Purple’ NC S L Hardenbergia 'Meema' NC S L Purple Coral Pea, False Hardenbergia violacea IN C L Sarsaparilla, Waraburra Harpullia pendula N T L LC Hedycarya angustifolia Native Mulberry IN S L, N LC Trailing Guinea Flower, IN Hibbertia dentata C L, N LC Velcro Guinea Flower Hibbertia obtusifolia Hoary Guinea Flower IN G L LC Climbing Guinea IN Hibbertia scandens C L, N LC Flower Hibiscus heterophyllus Native Hibiscus IN T L, N IN Regionally rare in Hibiscus splendens Native Hollyhock T L, N LC Illawarra (Mills 1988)

25 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

Presence IUCN Scientific name Common name Origin Type Significance onsite Red list Hibuscus tiliaceous Beach Cottonwood N T N LC Homalanthus populifolius / Bleeding Heart IN T L, N DD Homalanthus nutans Howea forsteriana Kentia Palm N T L LC Hydrocotyle laxiflora Stinking Pennywort IN G L, N Hydrocotyle tripartita Hydrocotyle IN G L, N LC Hymenosporum flavum Native Frangipani IN T L LC Imperata cylindrica Blady Grass IN Gr L, N Australian Indigo, IN Indigofera australis S L Duwabili (D'harawal) Juncus usitatus Juncus IN G L, N LC Dusky Coral Pea, IN Kennedia rubicunda C L, N LC Running Postman Kunzea ambigua Tick Bush IN S L LC Kunzea baxteri Scarlet Kunzea N S L VU Lambertia formosa Mountain Devil IN S L NT Lastreopsis accuminatum Glossy Shield Fern IN F L, N Lastreopsis decomposita Trim Shield Fern IN F L, N Lastreopsis microsora Creeping Shield Fern IN F L, N Lepidozamia peroffskyana Burrawang N C L LC Leptospermum laevigatum Coastal Tea Tree IN S L LC Leptospermum morrisonii IN S L LC Lemon-scented Tea Leptospermum petersonii N T L LC Tree Leptospermum 'Pink Cascade' NC S L Leptospermum polygalifolium Jelly Bush IN S L LC Leptospermum polygalifolium Cardwell Tea Tree NC S L 'Cardwell' Leptospermum scoparium Manuka Tea Tree N S L LC Leucophyta brownii Cushion Bush N S L EN Libbertia paniculata 'Shadow NC S L Star' Licuala ramsayi N P L LC Linum marginale Native Flax IN H L, N LC Litsea reticulata Bolly Gum IN T L, N LC Livistona australis Cabbage Tree Palm IN T L, N Lomandra Bunyip NC G L Lomandra confertifolia IN H L LC Lomandra confertifolia Little NC H L Pal

26 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

Presence IUCN Scientific name Common name Origin Type Significance onsite Red list Lomandra Crackerjack NC H L Lomandra 'Frosty Tops' NC H L Lomandra glauca Pale Mat Rush IN H L LC Lomandra hystrix N H L LC Lomandra 'Katrinus' NC H L LC Lomandra 'Lime Tuff' NC H L Lomandra 'Little Con' NC H L Lomandra longifolia Spiny-headed Mat-rush IN H L, N Lomandra 'Tanika' NC H L Lomandra 'Wingara' NC H L Lophostemon confertus Queensland Box N T L, N LC Macadamia integrifolia Macadamia N T L LC Machaerina articulata/ IN Jointed Twig-rush L LC Baumea articulata Machaerina rubinginosa/ IN L LC Baumea rubiginosa Maclura cochinensis Cockspur Thorn IN C L, N Macrozamia communis Burrawang N C L LC IN Regionally rare in Mallotus phillipinensis Red Kumala T L, N Illawarra (Mills 1988) Marsdenia flavescens Hairy Milk Vine IN C L, N EN Marsdenia rostrata Common Milk Vine IN C L, N Melaleuca armillaris Bracelet Honey Myrtle IN T L, N Melaleuca bracteata Black Tea Tree N T L LC Melaleuca bracteata Black Tea-tree NC T L 'Revolution Green' White Feather Honey Melaleuca decora IN T L Myrtle Melaleuca ericifolia Swamp Paperbark N T L Melaleuca hypericifolia IN S L CR Melaleuca incana Grey Honey-myrtle N S L LC Melaleuca linariifolia Snow in Summer IN S L, N Melaleuca linariifolia NC S L 'Snowstorm' Melaleuca nesophila Showy Honey Myrtle N S L Melaleuca quinquenervia Broad-leaved Paperbark IN T L LC Melaleuca 'Robin Redbreast' Robin Redbreast NC S L Melaleuca sieberi IN T L LC Prickly-leaved IN Melaleuca styphelioides T L, N Paperbark

27 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

Presence IUCN Scientific name Common name Origin Type Significance onsite Red list Melaleuca thymifolia Thyme Honey-myrtle IN S L LC Melia azedarach/ Melia IN White Cedar T L, N LC azedarach var australiasica Melicope micrococca Melicope IN T L, N Melodinus australis Melodinus IN C L, N Microlaena stipoides Weeping grass IN G L, N Microsorum scandens Fragrant Fern IN F L, N Morinda jasminoides/ IN Jasmine Morinda C L, N LC Gynochthodes jasminoides Muehlenbeckia gracillima Slender Lignum IN C L, N Myoporum acuminatum Boobialla IN S L, N EN Myoporum insulare Ground Cover Boobialla IN S L LC Myoporum parvifolium Creeping Boobiala N G L DD Myrsine variabilis/ Rapanea IN T L, N NT variabilis IN Regionally rare in Neolitsea dealbata Hairy-leaved Bolly Gum T L, N LC Illawarra (Mills 1988) Nephrolepis cordifolia Fishbone Fern N F L, N LC Notelaea longifolia Large Mock Olive IN T L LC Notelaea venosa Mock Olive IN S L, N EN Olearia tomentosa Toothed Daisy Bush IN S L LC Olearia viscidula Daisy Bush IN S L, N DD Oplismenus aemulus Basket Grass IN G L, N EN Oplismenus imbecillis Basket Grass IN G L, N Oxalis chnoodes Native Oxalis IN G L, N Ozothamnus diosmifolius Rice Flower IN S L, N CR Pandanus tectorius Screw Pine N S L LC Pandorea pandorana Wonga Wonga Vine IN C L, N Pararchidendron pruinosum Snow Wood IN T S L, N Parsonsia straminea Common Silk Pod IN C L, N Native Passionfruit, Red IN Passiflora cinnabarina C L, N EN Passionflower Patersonia occidentalis Native Iris N L CR Pellaea falcata Sickle Fern IN F L, N Pellaea falcata var. nana Dwarf Sickle Fern IN F L, N Pennantia cunninghamii Brown Beech IN T L, N EN Pennisetum alopecuroides Swamp Foxtail IN Gr L EN Pennisetum alopecuroides Pennisetum Nafray NC Gr L 'Nafray'

28 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

Presence IUCN Scientific name Common name Origin Type Significance onsite Red list Peperomia blanda var IN Peperomia H L, N VU floribunda Persicaria decipiens Slender Knotweed IN H L, N LC Persicaria hydropiper Knotweed IN H N LC Persicaria lapathifolia Knotweed IN G L LC Philodendron 'Xanadu' Xanadu Philodendron NC S L Philotheca myoporoides IN Long-leaf Wax Flower S L LC subsp. myoporoides Phragmites australis Common Reed IN L NT Phyllanthus gunnii Scrubby Spurge IN G L, N LC Phyllanthus similis Spurge IN G L, N LC Phyllanthus virgatus Spurge IN H N DD Piper novae-hollandiae Giant Pepper Vine IN C L, N Pittosporum Golf Ball NC S L Pittosporum multiflorum Orange Thorn IN S L, N Rough Fruit IN Pittosporum revolutum S L, N Pittosporum Pittosporum undulatum Sweet Pittosporum IN T L, N Planchonella australis Black Apple IN T L, N Platycerium bifurcatum Elkhorn IN F L, N Plectranthus argentatus Silver Plectranthus N S L NT Plectranthus parviflorus Cockspur Flower IN G L, N VU Poa labillardierei Poa Grass IN G L, N LC Poa poiformis Coast Tussock Grass IN Gr L LC Poa poiformis 'Kingsdale' Poa Kingsdale NC Gr L Poa sieberiana IN Gr L NT Podocarpus elatus Brown Pine IN T L, N LC Pollia crispata Pollia IN G L, N LC Polyosma cunninghamii Featherwood IN T L NT Polyscias elegans Celery Wood IN T L, N Polyscias murrayi Pencil Cedar IN T L, N DD Polyscias sambucifolia Elderberry Panax IN S L, N Poranthera microphylla IN G L, N Pratia purpurascens Whiteroot IN G L, N Prostanthera poorinda NC S L NT ‘Ballerina’ Prostanthera rotundifolia Round leaved Mintbush IN S L NT Pseuderanthemum variabile Pastel Flower IN G L, N

29 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

Presence IUCN Scientific name Common name Origin Type Significance onsite Red list Bracken Fern, Gurgi IN Pteridium esculantum (Cadigal), Austral F L, N Bracken Pteris tremula Tender Brake IN F L, N Pteris umbrosa Jungle Brake IN F L, N DD Ptychosperma macarthurii Maccarthur Palm N P L LC Pyrrosia rupestris Rock Felt Fern IN F L, N Quintinia sieberi Possum wood IN T L NT Ranunculus inundatus River Buttercup IN G L Ranunculus plebius Forest Buttercup N G L, N Rapanea howittiana Brush Muttonwood IN T L, N Rhodamnia rubescens Scrub Turpentine IN T L, N DD Ricinocarpus pinifolius Wedding Bush IN S L LC Ripogonum album White Supplejack IN C L Rorippa laciniata Marsh Cress IN G L, N LC Rubus hillii Native Raspberry IN C L, N Rubus parvifolius Native Raspberry IN G L, N Rose-leaf Bramble, IN Rubus rosifolius S L Native Raspberry Rumex brownii Native Dock IN G L, N Sambucus australasica Yellow Elder Berry IN S L, N Sannantha plurifola/ Baeckea IN Baeckea S L, N NT virgata Sannantha plurifola/ Baeckea Dwarf Baeckea NC S L virgata Dwarf Sannantha similis (formerly Twiggy Heath-myrtle N S L VU Baeckea virgata) Sarcomelicope simplicifolia Sarcomelicope IN T L, N LC Sarcopetalum harveyanum Pearl Vine IN C L, N Scaevola aemula Fairy Fanflower IN G L VU Scaevola aemula 'Purple Purple Fanflower NC G L Fanfare' Scaveola Mauve Clusters NC G L Australian White Birch, IN Schizomeria ovata T L, N VU Crab Apple Schoenoplechus validus IN L VU Schoenoplectus mucronata IN L LC Scolopia braunii Flintwood IN T L, N Scuttellaria humilus Skullcap IN H N VU Groundsel, Hill IN Senecio hispidulus S L, N EN Fireweed

30 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

Presence IUCN Scientific name Common name Origin Type Significance onsite Red list Senecio linearifolius Fireweed Groundsel IN S L, N Native Cassia, IN Senna acclinis T L, N LC Rainforest Senna Sicyos australis Native Cucumber IN C L, N LC Sigesbeckia orientalis Indian Weed IN H L, N LC Sloanea australis Maidens blush IN T L VU Smilax australis Smilax IN C L, N Native Sarsaparilla, IN Smilax glyciphylla C L, N Sweet Sarsaparilla Solanum americanum Blackberry Nightshade IN H N LC Solanum prinophyllum Forest Nightshade IN H L, N LC Solanum pungetium Eastern Nightshade IN S L, N LC Solanum stelligerum Devils Needles IN S L, N Stellaria flaccida Forest Starwort IN G L, N DD Stenocarpus salignus Scrub Beefwood IN S L, N LC Stenocarpus sinuatus Fire Wheel Tree N T L VU Stephania japonica Snake Vine IN C L VU Stephania japonica var. IN Snake Vine C L, N LC discolor Streblus brunonianus Whalebone Tree IN T L, N LC Syncarpia glomulifera Turpentine IN T L, N Synoum glandulosum Bastard Rose Wood IN S L, N Syzigium allyn magic NC S L Syzigium 'Resilience' NC S L Syzygium (Dwarf form) NC S L Syzygium australe Brush Cherry IN T L, N Syzygium 'Cascade' Cascade Lilly Pilly NC S L Syzygium Hinterland Gold NC S L Syzygium 'Little Gem' Little Gem Lilly Pilly NC S L Syzygium luehmannii Small-leaved Lilly Pilly N T L LC Brush Cherry, Daguba IN Syzygium paniculatum T L, N (Eora) Syzygium smithii Lilly Pilly IN T L Syzygium Southern Form NC S L Syzygium 'Tiny Trev' Tiny Trev Lilly Pilly NC S L Tasmannia insipida Brush pepperbush IN S L NT Tetrogonia tetraganioides Warrigal Green IN G L LC Themeda australis Mingo NC Gr L

31 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

Presence IUCN Scientific name Common name Origin Type Significance onsite Red list Themeda australis/ Themeda Kangaroo Grass IN Gr L NT triandra Thryptomene saxicola Rock Thryptomene N S L NT Toona ciliata/ Toon australis Red Cedar IN T L, N NT Trema aspera/ Trema IN Peach leaf Poison-bush S L LC tomentosa var. aspera Trema tomentosa Native Peach IN S L, N Tristaniopsis collina IN S L NT Tristaniopsis laurina IN S L LC Tristaniopsis neriifolia N T L LC Trophis scandens Burney Vine IN C L, N Tylophora barbata Bearded Tylophora IN C L, N Typha orientalis Broadleaf Cumbungi IN A L, N LC Urtica incisa Stinging Nettle IN G L, N Veronica plebeia Veronica IN G L, N Viola banksii Native Violet IN G L Viola hederaceaea Native Violet IN G N LC Waterhousia floribunda Weeping Lilly Pilly N T L DD Waterhousia 'Sweeper' NC S L Westringia ‘Smokey’ NC S L Westringia Bulli Coastal NC S L Creeper Westringia 'Coastal Creeper' NC S L Westringia fruticosa Coastal Rosemary IN S L LC Westringia fruticosa 'Jervis NC S L Gem' Westringia fruticosa 'Mundi' NC S L Westringia fruticosa 'Zena' NC S L Westringia Sea Mist NC S L Wilkiea huegeliana Wilkiea IN S L, N LC Wollemia nobilis Wollemi Pine N T L CR Xanthorrhoea australis N S L LC Zieria smithii Sandfly Zieria IN S L, N Origin: IN–Illawarra Native, N- Native to Australia, NC- Native Cultivar. Type: T- Tree, S- Shrub, G – Groundcover, C – Climber, A – Aquatic, F – Fern, G – Grass. Presence onsite: N - Natural areas, L - Landscaped areas. Redlist: LC- Least Concern, DD – Data Deficit, CR –Critically Endangered, NT, Near Threatented, VU- Vulnerable, EN - Endangered Note: Species list prepared based on personal observations by FMD staff, species lists from Burgess and Bofelt (2008), Landscape plant list prepared by Grace (1998) and updated by Foster in 2011, UOW tree management database extracted 2019. Origin and Type categories based on information from PlantNET (https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/search/simple.htm).

32 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

4.2 Threatened flora species 4.3 Threatened flora species

Presence Scientific name Common name EPBC BC Origin Type onsite Cynanchum elegans Wax Flower EN EN IN C N Origin – IN–Illawarra native, N- Native to Australia. Type: T- Tree, S- Shrub, G – Groundcover, C – Climber, A – Aquatic, F – Fern, G – Grass. Presence onsite: N - Natural areas, L - Landscaped areas. Note: Species list prepared based on personal observations by FMD staff, species lists from Burgess and Bofelt (2008)

4.3 Weed and introduced flora species 4.3 Weed and introduced flora species

Scientific name Common name Type Presence onsite Weed status Abutilon grandiflorum Chinese lantern S N

Council TPO exempt tree, Acer negundo Box Elder T N Environmental weed Acer palmatum Japanese Maple T L

High priority weed Illawarra, Acetosa sagitatta Turkey Rhubarb G N Environmental weed Acokanthera oblongifolia Bushmans Poison S N Sickle-leaved Afrocarpus falcatus Yellowwood T L Council TPO exempt tree Agapanthus praecox Agapanthus G L, N

High priority weed Illawarra, Ageratina adenophora Crofton Weed G N Environmental weed High priority weed Illawarra, Ageratina riparia Mist Flower G N Environmental weed Willow Agonis flexuosa Myrtle/Peppermint T L

Anredera cordifolia Madeira Vine C N WoNS, NSW State priority weed Apium graveolens Wild Celery G N Araujia hortorum/ Araujia sericifera Moth Vine C N Arbutus unedo Strawberry Tree T L Asparagus aethiopicus Asparagus Fern S N Environmental weed Asparagus WoNS, NSW State priority weed, asparagoides Bridalvale creeper C N Environmental weed Asparagus officinalis Tall Asparagus Fern S N WoNS, NSW State priority weed WoNS, NSW State priority weed, Asparagus plumosus Climbing Asparagus C N Environmental weed Aspidistra elatior Cast Iron Plant G L

Aster subulatus Wild Aster G N Environmental weed Bauhinia variegata Orchid Tree T L Beaucarnea recurvata Ponytail Palm S L

33 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

Scientific name Common name Type Presence onsite Weed status Bidens pilosa Cobblers Pegs H N Briza minor Small Quaking Grass Gr L, N Bromus cartharticus Prairie Grass Gr N Environmental weed Camellia japonica Japanese Camellia S L

Canna indica Canna H N Environmental weed Cardiospermum Ballon Vine grandiflorum C N Environmental weed Cedrus deodara Himalayan Cedar T L

Celtis sinensis Chinese Hackberry T L, N Environmental weed Chamaedora elegans Parlour Palm P L Chamaedora seifrizii Bamboo Palm P L Chamaedorea elegans P L Chenopodium ambrosioides Starane Weed G N Environmental weed Chlorophytum comosum Spider Plant G L, N Environmental weed Chrysalidocarpus lutescens P L

Cinnamomum Council TPO exempt tree, camphora Camphor Laurel T N Environmental weed Citriofortunella microcarpa (Cumquat) T L Council TPO exempt tree Citris limon 'Eureka' T L Council TPO exempt tree Citris reticulata (Emperor Mandarin) T L Council TPO exempt tree Citris x meyeri (Meyer Lemon) T L Council TPO exempt tree Citris x sinensis 'Blood Arnold' T L Council TPO exempt tree Citrus limon Bush Lemon T N Clivia miniata Kaffir Lily G L Conzya albida Flea Bane H N Council TPO exempt tree, Cotoneaster acutifolia Red Berry Tree T L Environmental weed Cotoneaster Council TPO exempt tree, glaucophyllus Cotoneaster T N Environmental weed Crassocephalum crepidiodes Thickhead H N Environmental weed Crocosmia x crocosmiifolia Montbretia G N

Cupressus macrocarpa 'Brunniana' T L Council TPO exempt tree Cupressus sempervirens 'Stricta' Pencil Pine T L

34 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

Scientific name Common name Type Presence onsite Weed status Cycas revoluta Sago Palm Cy L Cynodon dactylon Couch Gr L, N Cyperus congestus Cyperus N Cyperus eragrostis Umbrella sedge N Cyperus involucratis Cyperus N Environmental weed Datura stramonium Common Thornapple G N Environmental weed High priority weed Illawarra, Delairea odorata Cape Ivy C N Environmental weed Dietes grandiflora Fairy Iris G L Dietes iridioides Wild Iris G N Dracaena deremensis Corn Plant S L Dracaena fragrans Corn Plant S L Dracaena fragrans 'Massangeana' Happy Plant S L Duchesnea indica Mock Strawberry G N Golden Cane Palm, Dypsis lutescens Butterfly Palm P L Ehrharta erecta Panic Veldt Grass Gr N Environmental weed Erigeron karvinskianus Sea-side Daisy H N Erythrina caffra Cape Kaffirboom T N Erythrina krista-gali Cockspur Coral Tree T N Environmental weed Council TPO exempt tree, High priority Erythrina x sykesii Coral Tree T N weed Illawarra, Environmental weed Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge H N Environmental weed Ficus benjamina 'Exotica' Weeping Fig T L

Ficus elastica Rubber Fig T L Council TPO exempt tree Ficus pumila Creeping Fig C L Flindersia pubescens Silver Ash T L Foeniculum vulgare Fennel H N Fortunella margarita(Cumquat) T L

Fraxinus griffithii Evergreen Ash T L, N Environmental weed Gardenia augusta 'Radicans" Creeping Gardenia S L

Gazania, Treasure Gazania hybrid Flower G L Environmental weed Ginkgo biloba Maidenhair Tree T L

Gleditsea triacanthos Honey Locust T N Council TPO exempt tree Harpephyllum caffrum Kaffir Plum T L Council TPO exempt tree Hedera helix Ivy C L, N Environmental weed

35 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

Scientific name Common name Type Presence onsite Weed status Hedychium gardneranum Wild Ginger S N Environmental weed Helichrysum petiolare Liquorice Plant S L Holcus lanatus Yorkshire Fog Gr N Hypochaeris radicata Flat Weed H N Environmental weed Impatiens walleriana Bizzy Lizzy H N Environmental weed Iolium perenne Annual Ryegrass Gr N Jacaranda mimosifolia Jacaranda T L, N Jasminum mesnyi Jasmine S N Jasminum polyanthum jasmine C N Lagunaria patersonia Norfolk Island Hibiscus T L, N Council TPO exempt tree WONS, NSW State priority weed, High priority weed Illawarra, Environmental Lantana camara Lantana s N weed High priority weed Illawarra, Ligustrum lucidum Large Leaf Privet T L, N Environmental weed High priority weed Illawarra, Ligustrum sinensis Small Leaf Privet T N Environmental weed Lilium formosonum Beautiful Lily H N Environmental weed Liquidambar styraciflua Sweet Gum T L Council TPO exempt tree Liriope 'Evergreen Giant' Turf Lily G L Liriope muscari Lily Turf G L Liriope muscari 'Variegata' Variegated Lily Turf G L Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle C N Environmental weed Loropetalum chinense Chinese Fringe Flower S L

Medicago spp. Burr Medics H N Environmental weed Metasequoia glyptostroboides Dawn Redwood T L Modiola caroliniana Creeping Mallow H N Monstera deliciosa Fruit Salad plant F L, N Morus alba Mulberry T N Council TPO exempt tree Morus nigra Black Mulberry T L, N Council TPO exempt tree Murraya paniculata Orange Jessamine S L

Musa x paradiscuca Banana T N Council TPO exempt tree Nandina domestica Sacred Bamboo S L

Nassella trichotama Serrated tussock Gr N WoNS , SE Regional Priority Weed Nymphaea alba cvs Water Lily A L Ochna serrulata Mickey Mouse Bush S N Environmental weed

36 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

Scientific name Common name Type Presence onsite Weed status Olea europa var Council TPO exempt tree, africana African Olive T N Environmental weed Onopordium acanthium Scotch Thistle G N

Ophiopogon intermedians "Alba Variegata" Stripey White G L

Ophiopogon japonicus Mondo Grass G L

Paspalum dilatatum Paspalum Gr N

Paspalum fishpole Paspalum plumosus (yellow) Gr N

Passiflora caerulea Wild Passionfruit C N Environmental weed Passiflora edulis Purple Passionfruit C N Environmental weed Passiflora subpeltata Yellow Passionfruit C N Environmental weed Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu Gr L, N Environmental weed Persea americana Avocado T L, N Council TPO exempt tree Phoenix reclinata Reclining Palm P N

Phoenix roebellinii Dwarf Date Palm P L

Phyllostrachys aurea Bamboo N

Physalis peruviana Cape Gooseberry S N

Phytolacca octandra Ink Weed H N Environmental weed Pinus pinaster Maritime Pine T L Environmental weed Council TPO exempt tree, Pinus radiata Monterey Pine T L, N Environmental weed Plantago lanceolata Common plantain H N Environmental weed Platanus x hispanica (x acerifolia) London Plane Tree T L Platanus x hybrida London Plane T L Plectranthes verticiliatus Succulent Cockspur G N Poa annua Winter Grass Gr N Environmental weed Populus deltoides Cottonwood T L

Prunella vulgaris Selfheal G L, N Environmental weed Prunus persica Wild Peach T N

Radermachera sinica China doll T L Council TPO exempt tree Rhaphiolepis indica Hawthorn S N Environmental weed Rhaphis excelsa Lady Finger Palm P L Rhaphis humilus Slender Lady Palm P L, N Rosmarinus officinalis Rosemary S L Rothmannia globosa S L, N

37 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

Scientific name Common name Type Presence onsite Weed status Rubus fruticosus (agg. Blackberry S N NSW State priority weed spp.)* Rumex crispus Dock G N Environmental weed Russelia equisetiformis Coral Plant S L Russelia equisetiformis 'Aurea' White Coral Plant S L Council TPO exempt tree, NSW State Salix babylonica Weeping Willow T N priority weed Salvia splendens Scarlet Sage H N Sansevieria trifasciata Mother-in-laws Tongue G L Sapium sebiferum Chinese Tallow T L Council TPO exempt tree Council TPO exempt tree, Schefflera actinophylla Umbrella Tree T L, N Environmental weed Schefflera arboricola Dwarf Umbrella Tree S L

Schinus areira Peppercorn T L Council TPO exempt tree Senecio madagas cariensis Fire weed H N WoNs, NSW State priority weed Senna pendula var. High priority weed Illawarra, glabrata Cassia S N Environmental weed Senna septemtrionalis Senna x floribunda S N Environmental weed Sida rhombifolia Paddys Lucerne G N Environmental weed Solanum mauritianum Wild Tobacco T N Environmental weed Solanum nigrum Blackberry Nightshade H N Environmental weed Solanum pseudocarpsicum Madiera Winter Cherry G N Environmental weed Solarnum seaforthianum Climbing Nightshade C N Environmental weed Sonchus olearacus Milk thistle G L, N Environmental weed Sophora japonica Japanese Pagoda Tree T N Spathiphyllum hybrid Peace Lily G L Sporobolus africanus Parramatta Grass Gr N Stachys arvenis Stagger Weed H N Stellaria media Chickweed G N Environmental weed Strelitzea spp. Bird of Paradise S N Strelitzia nicolai Giant Bird of Paradise S L Strelitzia reginae Bird of Paradise S L Syagrus romanzoffiana Cocos Palm T L, N Council TPO exempt tree Syngonium podophyllum Arrowhead Plant G L Taxodium distichum Swamp Cypress T L Tecomarua capensis Cape Honeysuckle G N

38 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

Scientific name Common name Type Presence onsite Weed status Teucrium fruticans Bush Germander S L Thunbergia alata Blackeyed Susan C N Trachelospermum jasminoides Chinese Star Jasmine C L High priority weed Illawarra, Tradescantia flumiensis Wandering Jew G N environmental weed Rhoeo, Moses in a Tradescantia spathacea Cradle G L Tradescantia virginiana Virginia Spiderwort G L Tropaeolum majus Nasturtium H N Environmental weed Ulmus parvifolia Chinese Elm T L, N

Verbena bonariensis Purple top H N Environmental weed Verbena rigida Rough purple top H N Environmental weed Vicia sativa Vetch C N Environmental weed Vinca major Greater Periwinkle G L, N Environmental weed Washingtonia filifera Cotton Palm T L Washingtonia robusta Washington Palm T L Wisteria chinense Wisteria C L Wisteria sinensis Wisteria C N Autumn Crocus, Storm Zephyranthes candida Lily G L Zingiber sp. Ginger S L Type: T- Tree, S- Shrub, G – Groundcover, C – Climber, A – Aquatic, F – Fern, G – Grass. Presence onsite: N - Natural areas, L - Landscaped areas. WoNS (Weeds of National Significance) Note: Species list prepared based on personal observations by FMD staff, species lists from Burgess and Bofelt (2008), Landscape plant list prepared by Grace (1998) and updated by Foster in 2011, UOW tree management database extracted 2019. Origin and Type categories based on information from PlantNET (https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/search/simple.htm). Weed status from South East Local Land Services (2017), Wollongong City Council (2011b), Wollongong City Council Tree Preservation Order Exempt tree list (https://www.wollongong.nsw.gov.au/book-and-apply/trees-and-your-property/exempt-trees), Weeds of National significance (http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/weeds/weeds/lists/wons.html)

5.0 References

Burgess and Bofelt (2008) Wollongong University Vegetation Management Plan, University of Wollongong

Grace (1998) Wollongong University Species list 1978 – 1998, University of Wollongong

Commonwealth of Australia (2017) Australian Pest Animal Strategy 2017–2027. Accessed online (https://www.agriculture.gov.au/sites/default/files/sitecollectiondocuments/pests-diseases- weeds/consultation/apas-final.pdf)

Commonwealth of Australia (2017) Australian Weeds Strategy 2017-2027. Accessed online (https://www.agriculture.gov.au/sites/default/files/sitecollectiondocuments/pests-diseases- weeds/consultation/aws-final.pdf)

39 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

DECC (2007a) Terrestrial Vertebrate Fauna of the Greater Southern Sydney Region. Volume 2: Fauna of Conservation Concern and Priority Pest Species. A joint project between the Sydney Catchment Authority and the Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW).

Mills, K. and Associates (1988) The Conservation of Rainforest Plant Species, Illawarra of New South Wales: Inventory, Assessment and Recommendations for Management. National Parks and Wildlife Service of New South Wales, Hurstville, Australia.

NPWS (2002b) Bioregional Assessment Study Part II. Fauna of the Illawarra Escarpment, Coastal Plain and Plateau

NSW Department of Environment and Conservation (2004) Nectar food trees Fact sheet. Accessed Online (https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/landholderNotes04NectarFoodTrees.pdf)

NSW Department of Environment and Conservation (2004) Trees with hollows Fact sheet. Accessed Online (https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/landholderNotes01TreeHollows.pdf)

NSW Office of Environment and Heritage (2016) Planting to conserve Threatened nomatic pollinators in NSW. Accessed Online (https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate- Site/Documents/Animals-and-plants/Threatened-species/habitat-restoration-for-threatened-pollinators- 160519.pdf)

South East Local Land Services (2017) South East Regional Strategic Weed Management Plan 2017-2022. Accessed online (https://www.lls.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/722706/South-East-Regional- Weed-Mgmt-Plan.pdf)

South East Local Land Services (2018) South East Regional Strategic Pest Animal Plan 2018-2023. Accessed online (https://www.lls.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/820789/20200517- SELLS_Strategic-Pest-Plan.pdf)

Wollongong City Council (2011a) Illawarra Biodiversity Strategy Volume 1, a joint project between Illawarra Councils Wollongong City Council, Shellharbour City Council and Kiama Municipal Council. Accessed Online: (https://www.kiama.nsw.gov.au/files/sharedassets/public/illawarra-biodiversity-strategy- volume-1.pdf)

Wollongong City Council (2011b) Illawarra Biodiversity Strategy Volume 2, a joint project between Illawarra Councils Wollongong City Council, Shellharbour City Council and Kiama Municipal Council. Accessed Online: (https://www.wollongong.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0026/9971/Illawarra- Biodiversity-Strategy-Volume-2.pdf)

Wollongong City Council (2017) Urban Greening Strategy 2017-2037. Accessed Online: (https://www.wollongong.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0029/9983/Urban-Greening-Strategy-2017- 2037.pdf)

40 | FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE WOLLONGONG CAMPUS

Flora and Fauna of the Wollongong Campus Final Audit Report 2020-12-14

Created: 2020-12-14

By: Alison Scobie ([email protected])

Status: Signed

Transaction ID: CBJCHBCAABAA8Zocwoq4VQ6dCzZ_KybKvxSb-IizsBx5

"Flora and Fauna of the Wollongong Campus" History

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