SSoocciologyiology DDatabankatabank Contents
The Family ...... A-1 Education ...... A-2 The Political Institution ...... A-4 The Economy ...... A-7 Religion ...... A-10 Sport ...... A-11 ASA Code of Ethics ...... A-13 Glossary—Glosario ...... A-20 References ...... A-40 Index/Credits ...... A-54 Sociology Databank
Th e Family
For sociologists, a family is a group of people related by marriage, blood, or adoption.
Percentage of Children Living with Americans Who Identifi ed Grandparents as Caregivers With More Than One Race, 2000
7HITE !FRICAN !MERICAN 7HITE 7HITE !SIAN!SIAN !FRICAN !MERICAN 7HITE 3OME OTHER !MERICAN )NDIAN !SIAN 3OME OTHER !FRICAN !MERICAN 7HITE 3OME !MERICAN )NDIAN OTHER RACE /THER TWO RACES 4HREE OR MORE RACES
4OTAL MULTIRACIAL !MERICANS
OR HIGHER 3OURCE &IRST 'LIMPSES &ROM THE 53 #ENSUS 0OPULATION "ULLETIN 6OL n .O *UNE 3OURCE +IDS #OUNT $ATA 3HEET n "ALTIMORE -$ 4HE !NNIE % #ASEY n &OUNDATION n
Child Abuse and Neglect Cases 1990–2003, by Type
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ä £äÊ ÓäääÊ ÓääÓÊ ÓääÎ
3OURCE 53 "UREAU OF THE #ENSUS 3TATISTICAL !BSTRACT OF THE 5NITED 3TATES 7ASHINGTON $# 53 'OVERNMENT 0RINTING /FFICE
Sociology Databank A-1 Sociology Databank
Education
Education is the social institution responsible for the transmission of knowledge to its members. This includes academic knowledge, vocational skills, and a society’s beliefs, norms, and values.
How Educated Are Young Workers? Education Spending
0ERCENTAGE OF TO YEAR OLDS WITH COLLEGE DEGREES Median Household Income by State, 2003 Îx
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ä OR MORE 7HITE WOMEN "LACK WOMEN (ISPANIC WOMEN TO TO 7HITE MEN "LACK MEN (ISPANIC MEN Source:3OURCE U.S. 53 "UREAU OF THE Bureau of the Census,#ENSUS Statistical3TATISTICAL !BSTRACT OF Abstract of TO 3OURCE 53 "UREAU OF THE #ENSUS -ARCH the UnitedTHE 5NITED 3TATES States, 2006. TO
Percentage of Postsecondary School Expenditures, 2004 Graduates by Sex, 1960 to 2003
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A-2 Sociology Databank Sociology Databank
Educational Attainment of the Population by Age Group (2003)
!T ,EAST 5PPER 3ECONDARY %DUCATION
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!T ,EAST 4ERTIARY %DUCATION ¯ xä {ä Îä Óä £ä ä Ì>Þ -«> ÕÀiÞ Ài> >«> À>Vi / ÀiiVi Ài>` *>` ÕÃÌÀ> >` Vi>` iÝV >>`> ÀÜ>Þ -Üi`i i}Õ Õ}>ÀÞ *ÀÌÕ}> ÕÃÌÀ>> iÀ>Þ i>À -ÜÌâiÀ>` ÕÝiLÕÀ} iÜÊ>` 1Ìi`Ê-Ì>Ìià âiV Ê,i«ÕLV 1Ìi`Ê }`
3OURCE %DUCATION AT A 'LANCE 0ARIS /RGANIZATION FOR %DUCATION #OOPERATION AND $EVELOPMENT
Sociology Databank A-3 Sociology Databank
Th e Political Institution
The political institution is the body through which power is obtained and exercised to maintain order and handle confl ict in the society.
Electoral Votes by State, 2000
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U.S. House of Delegations
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3OURCE 53 "UREAU OF THE #ENSUS 3TATISTICAL !BSTRACT OF THE 5NITED 3TATES A-4 Sociology Databank Sociology Databank
Political Action Committee (PAC) Count—1980 to Present
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3OURCE 53"UREAU OF THE #ENSUS 3TATISTICAL !BSTRACT OF THE 5NITED 3TATES
Number of Women Holding State Public Offi ces, 2004
.UMBER OF 7OMEN (OLDING 3TATE 0UBLIC /FFICES OR ABOVE n n n OR LESS
3OURCE 53 "UREAU OF THE #ENSUS 3TATISTICAL !BSTRACT OF THE 5NITED 3TATES Sociology Databank A-5 Sociology Databank
Reported Voting by Age Group—Presidential Elections, 1984–2004
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Average Voter Turnout in All National Elections Since 1945
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3OURCE &EDERAL %LECTION #OMMISSION A-6 Sociology Databank Sociology Databank
Th e Economy
The economy is the social institution that regulates the production and distribution of goods and services for a society.
What Jobs Do Women Have?
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3OURCE 53 "UREAU OF ,ABOR 3TATISTICS 7OMEN IN THE ,ABOR &ORCE ! $ATABOOK
Sociology Databank A-7 Sociology Databank
The Ten Fastest-Growing Occupations
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3OURCE 53 "UREAU OF THE #ENSUS 3TATISTICAL !BSTRACT OF THE 5NITED 3TATES
Average Annual Salary, by State
!VERAGE !NNUAL 3ALARY OR MORE TO TO 3OURCE 53 "UREAU OF THE #ENSUS 3TATISTICAL TO !BSTRACT OF THE 5NITED 3TATES OR LESS
A-8 Sociology Databank Sociology Databank
Gross National Income in Percentage of Income Purchasing Power Parity Per Paid in Taxes by Individuals Capita for Selected Countries, 2004 in Selected Countries
.IGERIA iÝV Ài> />ÝiÃÊ*>` -OZAMBIQUE ÀiiVi (AITI Ài>` 0ERU >«> -«> #HINA -ÜÌâiÀ>` "OTSWANA ÕÝiLÕÀ} 3AUDI !RABIA âiV Ê,i«ÕLV 1Ìi`Ê-Ì>Ìià .EW :EALAND ÓÓ]£Îä 1Ìi`Ê }` 'ERMANY ÕÃÌÀ>> &RANCE >>`> Vi>` &INLAND Õ}>ÀÞ *APAN À>Vi #ANADA Ì>Þ ÕÃÌÀ> .ORWAY ÀÜ>Þ 5NITED 3TATES /ÕÀiÞ 7ORLD *>` -Üi`i iÌ iÀ>`à 3OURCE 7ORLD 0OPULATION $ATA 3HEET 7ASHINGTON $# 0OPULATION 2EFERENCE "UREAU i}Õ .OTE &IGURES GIVEN IN 53 DOLLARS i>À iÀ>Þ ä £ä¯ Óä¯ Îä¯ {ä¯ xä¯
3OURCE 4HE 7ORLD !LMANAC AND "OOK OF &ACTS
Sociology Databank A-9 Sociology Databank
Religion
Religion is a unifi ed system of beliefs and practices concerned with sacred things.
Percentage of Americans Who Think U.S. Per Capita Income/Per Member Religion Is Increasing or Giving as a Percentage of Income Losing Its Infl uence
,OSING )NCREASING 3OURCE 4HE 'ALLUP /RGANIZATION
Percentage of Americans Who Believe Christian Church Adherents, That Religion Can Answer All of by State Today’s Problems or Is Old-Fashioned
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3OURCE 4HE 'ALLUP /RGANIZATION
A-10 Sociology Databank Sociology Databank
Sport
Sport is a set of competitive activities in which winners and losers are determined by physical performance within a set of established rules.
Participation in High School Athletic Programs, 1973–2003
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3OURCE 53 "UREAU OF THE #ENSUS 3TATISTICAL !BSTRACT OF THE 5NITED 3TATES
Interest in Professional Sports Based on Attendance At Professional Sporting Events: United States by Demographics
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Sociology Databank A-11 Sociology Databank
Racial Composition of Players in Men’s Professional Leagues and the WNBA
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Participation in NCAA Sports
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A-12 Sociology Databank Sociology Databank
American Sociological Association’s Code of Ethics
The American Sociological Association’s (ASA’s) Code of Ethics sets forth the principles and ethical standards that underlie sociologists’ professional responsibili- ties and conduct. These principles and standards should be used as guidelines when examining everyday professional activities. They constitute normative statements for sociologists and provide guidance on issues that sociologists may encounter in their professional work. The Preamble and General Principles of the Code are aspirational goals to guide sociologists toward the highest ideals of sociology. Although the Preamble and Gen- eral Principles are not enforceable rules, they should be considered by sociologists in arriving at an ethical course of action and may be considered by ethics bodies in interpreting the Ethical Standards. The Ethical Standards set forth enforceable rules of conduct by sociologists. Most of the Ethical Standards are written broadly in order to apply to sociologists in varied roles, and the application of an Ethical Standard may vary depending on the con- text. The Ethical Standards are not exhaustive. Any conduct that is not specifi cally addressed by this Code of Ethics is not necessarily ethical or unethical. Preamble This Code of Ethics articulates a common set of values upon which soci- ologists build their professional and scientifi c work. The Code is intended to provide both the general principles and the rules to cover professional situ- ations encountered by sociologists. It has as its primary goal the welfare and protection of the individuals and groups with whom sociologists work. It is the individual responsibility of each sociologist to aspire to the highest pos- sible standards of conduct in research, teaching, practice, and service. The development of a dynamic set of ethical standards for a sociologist’s work-related conduct requires a personal commitment to a lifelong effort to act ethically; to encourage ethical behavior by students, supervisors, super- visees, employers, employees, and colleagues; and to consult with others as needed concerning ethical problems. Each sociologist supplements, but does not violate, the values and rules specifi ed in the Code of Ethics based on guid- ance drawn from personal values, culture, and experience.
Sociology Databank A-13 Sociology Databank
General Principles The following General Principles are aspirational and serve as a guide for sociologists in determining ethical courses of action in various contexts. They exemplify the highest ideals of professional conduct.
Principle A: Professional Competence Sociologists strive to maintain the highest levels of competence in their work; they recognize the limitations of their expertise; and they undertake only those tasks for which they are qualifi ed by education, training, or experience. They recognize the need for ongoing education in order to remain professionally competent; and they utilize the appropriate scientifi c, professional, technical, and adminis- trative resources needed to ensure competence in their professional activities. They consult with other professionals when necessary for the benefi t of their students, research participants, and clients.
Principle B: Integrity Sociologists are honest, fair, and respectful of others in their professional activities—in research, teaching, practice, and ser- vice. Sociologists do not knowingly act in ways that jeopardize either their own or others’ professional welfare. Sociologists conduct their affairs in ways that inspire trust and confi dence; they do not knowingly make statements that are false, misleading, or deceptive.
Principle C: Professional and Scientifi c Responsibility Sociologists adhere to the highest scientifi c and professional standards and accept responsibility for their work. Sociologists understand that they form a community and show respect for other sociologists even when they disagree on theoretical, methodological, or personal approaches to professional activi- ties. Sociologists value the public trust in sociology and are concerned about their ethical behavior and that of other sociologists that might compromise that trust. While endeavoring always to be collegial, sociologists must never let the desire to be collegial outweigh their shared responsibility for ethical behavior. When appropriate, they consult with colleagues in order to prevent or avoid unethical conduct.
Principle D: Respect for People’s Rights, Dignity, and Diversity Sociologists respect the rights, dignity, and worth of all people. They strive to eliminate bias in their professional activities, and they do not tolerate any forms of discrimination based on age; gender; race; ethnicity; national origin; religion; sexual orientation; disability; health conditions; or marital, domestic, or parental status. They are sensitive to cultural, individ- ual, and role differences in serving, teaching, and studying groups of people with distinctive characteristics. In all of their work-related activities, sociolo- gists acknowledge the rights of others to hold values, attitudes, and opinions that differ from their own.
Principle E: Social Responsibility Sociologists are aware of their professional and scientifi c responsibility to the communities and societies
A-14 Sociology Databank Sociology Databank
in which they live and work. They apply and make public their knowledge in order to contribute to the public good. When undertaking research, they strive to advance the science of sociology and to serve the public good. Ethical Standards The complete text of the Ethical Standards can be found at the ASA Web site. Excerpts from this code are reproduced here.
1. Professional and Scientifi c Standards: Sociologists adhere to the highest possible technical standards that are reasonable and responsible in their research, teaching, practice, and service activities.
2. Competence: Sociologists conduct research, teach, practice, and provide service only within the boundaries of their competence, based on their education, training, supervised experience, or appropriate professional experience.
3. Representation and Misuse of Expertise: Because sociologists’ scientifi c and professional judgments and actions may affect the lives of others, they are alert to and guard against personal, fi nancial, social, organiza- tional, or political factors that might lead to misuse of their knowledge, expertise, or infl uence.
4. Delegation and Supervision: Sociologists provide proper training and supervision to their students, supervisees, or employees and take reasonable steps to see that such persons perform services responsibly, competently, and ethically.
5. Nondiscrimination: Sociologists do not engage in discrimination in their work based on age; gender; race; ethnicity; national origin; reli- gion; sexual orientation; disability; health conditions; marital; domes- tic, or parental status; or any other applicable basis proscribed by law.
6. Non-exploitation: Whether for personal, economic, or professional advantage, sociologists do not exploit persons over whom they have direct or indirect supervisory, evaluative, or other authority such as students, supervisees, employees, or research participants.
7. Harassment: Sociologists do not engage in harassment of any person, including students, supervisees, employees, or research participants. Harassment consists of a single intense and severe act or of multiple persistent or pervasive acts which are demeaning, abusive, offensive, or create a hostile professional or workplace environment. Sexual harass- ment may include sexual solicitation, physical advance, or verbal or non-verbal conduct that is sexual in nature. Racial harassment may include unnecessary, exaggerated, or unwarranted attention or attack, whether verbal or non-verbal, because of a person’s race or ethnicity.
Sociology Databank A-15 Sociology Databank
8. Employment Decisions: Sociologists have an obligation to adhere to the highest ethical standards when participating in employment-related decisions, when seeking employment, or when planning to resign from a position.
9. Confl icts of Interest: Sociologists maintain the highest degree of integ- rity in their professional work and avoid confl icts of interest and the appearance of confl ict. Confl icts of interest arise when sociologists’ per- sonal or fi nancial interests prevent them from performing their profes- sional work in an unbiased manner.
10. Public Communication: Sociologists adhere to the highest professional standards in public communications about their professional services, credentials and expertise, work products, or publications, whether these communications are from themselves or from others. 10.02 In working with the press, radio, television, or other commu- nications media or in advertising in the media, sociologists are cognizant of potential confl icts of interest or appearances of such confl icts (e.g., they do not provide compensation to employees of the media), and they adhere to the highest standards of profes- sional honesty (e.g., they acknowledge paid advertising).
11. Confi dentiality: Sociologists have an obligation to ensure that confi - dential information is protected. They do so to ensure the integrity of research and the open communication with research participants and to protect sensitive information obtained in research, teaching, prac- tice, and service. When gathering confi dential information, sociologists should take into account the long-term uses of the information, includ- ing its potential placement in public archives or the examination of the information by other researchers or practitioners. 11.02 Sociologists may confront unanticipated circumstances where they become aware of information that is clearly health- or life- threatening to research participants, students, employees, clients, or others. In these cases, sociologists balance the importance of guarantees of confi dentiality with other principles in this Code of Ethics, standards of conduct, and applicable law. Confi dentiality is not required with respect to observations in public places, activities conducted in public, or other settings where no rules of privacy are provided by law or custom. Simi- larly, confi -dentiality is not required in the case of information available from public records. 11.06 Sociologists do not disclose in their writings, lectures, or other public media confi dential, personally identifi able information concerning their research participants, students, individual or organizational clients, or other recipients of their services which is obtained during the course of their work, unless consent from individuals or their legal representatives has been obtained.
A-16 Sociology Databank Sociology Databank
When confi dential information is used in scientifi c and profes- sional presentations, sociologists disguise the identity of research participants, students, individual or organizational clients, or other recipients of their services.
12. Informed Consent: Informed consent is a basic ethical tenet of sci- entifi c research on human populations. Sociologists do not involve a human being as a subject in research without the informed consent of the subject or the subject’s legally authorized representative, except as otherwise specifi ed in this Code. Sociologists recognize the possibility of undue infl uence or subtle pressures on subjects that may derive from researchers’ expertise or authority, and they take this into account in designing informed consent procedures. 12.04 In undertaking research with children, sociologists obtain the consent of children to participate, to the extent that they are capable of providing such consent, except under circumstances where consent may not be required. 12.05 Sociologists never deceive research participants about signifi cant aspects of the research that would affect their willingness to par- tici-pate, such as physical risks, discomfort, or unpleasant emo- tional experiences. 12.06 Sociologists obtain informed consent from research participants, students, employees, clients, or others prior to videotaping, fi lming, or recording them in any form, unless these activities involve simply naturalistic observations in public places and it is not anticipated that the recording will be used in a manner that could cause personal identifi cation or harm.
13. Research Planning, Implementation, and Dissemination: Sociologists have an obligation to promote the integrity of research and to ensure that they comply with the ethical tenets of science in the planning, implementation, and dissemination of research. They do so in order to advance knowledge, to minimize the possibility that results will be misleading, and to protect the rights of research participants. 13.01 Planning and Implementation: In planning and implementing research, sociologists minimize the possibility that results will be misleading. Sociologists take steps to implement protections for the rights and welfare of research participants and other persons affected by the research. In their research, sociologists do not encourage activities or themselves behave in ways that are health- or life-threatening to research participants or others. In planning and implementing research, sociologists consult those with expertise concerning any special population under investigation or likely to be affected.
Sociology Databank A-17 Sociology Databank
13.04 Reporting on Research: Sociologists do not fabricate data or fal- sify results in their publications or presentations. In presenting their work, sociologists report their fi ndings fully and do not omit relevant data. They report results whether they support or contradict the expected outcomes. Sociologists report sources of fi nancial support in their written papers and note any special relations to any sponsor. In special circumstances, sociologists may withhold the names of specifi c sponsors if they provide an adequate and full description of the nature and interest of the sponsor.
14. Plagiarism: In publications, presentations, teaching, practice, and service, sociologists explicitly identify, credit, and reference the author when they take data or material verbatim from another person’s written work, whether it is published, unpublished, or electronically available.
15. Authorship Credit: Sociologists take responsibility and credit, includ- ing authorship credit, only for work they have actually performed or to which they have contributed. Sociologists ensure that principal authorship and other publication credits are based on the relative scientifi c or professional contribu- tions of the individuals involved, regardless of their status. In claiming or determining the ordering of authorship, sociologists seek to refl ect accurately the contributions of main participants in the research and writing process. A student is usually listed as principal author on any multiple-au- thored publication that substantially derives from the student’s disser- tation or thesis.
20. Adherence to the Code of Ethics: Sociologists have an obligation to confront, address, and attempt to resolve ethical issues according to this Code of Ethics. 20.01 Familiarity with the Code of Ethics: Sociologists have an obli- gation to be familiar with this Code of Ethics, other applicable ethics codes, and their application to sociologists’ work. Lack of awareness or misunderstanding of an ethical standard is not, in itself, a defense to a charge of unethical conduct. 20.02 Confronting Ethical Issues: When sociologists are uncertain whether a particular situation or course of action would vio- late the Code of Ethics, they consult with other sociologists knowledgeable about ethical issues, with ASA’s Committee on Professional Ethics, or with other organization entities such as institutional review boards. When sociologists take actions or are confronted with choices where there is a confl ict between ethical standards enunciated in the Code of Ethics and laws or legal requirements, they make known their commitment to the Code and take steps to resolve
A-18 Sociology Databank Sociology Databank
the confl ict in a responsible manner by consulting with col- leagues, professional organizations, or the ASA’s Committee on Professional Ethics. 20.03 Fair Treatment of Parties in Ethical Disputes: Sociologists do not discriminate against a person on the basis of his or her having made an ethical complaint. Sociologists do not discriminate against a person based on his or her having been the subject of an ethical complaint. This does not preclude taking action based upon the outcome of an ethical complaint. 20.04 Reporting Ethical Violations of Others: When sociologists have substantial reason to believe that there may have been an ethical violation by another sociologist, they attempt to resolve the issue by bringing it to the attention of that individual if an informal resolution appears appropriate or possible, or they seek advice about whether or how to proceed based on this belief, assuming that such activity does not violate any confi dentiality rights. Such action might include referral to ASA’s Committee on Professional Ethics. 20.05 Cooperating with Ethics Committees: Sociologists cooperate in ethics investigations, proceedings, and resulting requirements of the American Sociological Association. In doing so, they make reasonable efforts to resolve any issues of confi dentiality. Failure to cooperate may be an ethics violation. 20.06 Improper Complaints: Sociologists do not fi le or encourage the fi ling of ethics complaints that are frivolous and are intended to harm the alleged violator rather than to protect the integrity of the discipline and the public.
Sociology Databank A-19 Glossary–Glosario absolute poverty—biological determinism A absolute poverty the absence of enough money to pobreza absoluta falta de dinero sufi ciente para cubrir secure life’s necessities las necesidades de la vida achieved status a position that is earned or chosen estado logrado posición que se gana o elige actuarial tables statistics of life expectancies; used as cuadros actuariales estadísticas de expectativas de basis for life insurance costs vida, usadas como bases para los costos de los seguros de vida age stratifi cation the unequal distribution of scarce estratifi cación por edad distribución desigual de recur- resources based on age sos escasos basada en la edad ageism a set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, and values discriminación por edad conjunto de creencias, acti- used to justify age-based prejudice and discrimina- tudes, normas y valores usados para justifi car la dis- tion criminación y prejuicios basados en la edad agricultural society a society that uses plows and draft sociedad agrícola una sociedad que usa el arado y ani- animals in growing food males de tiro para cultivar los alimentos alternative movement a social movement that focuses movimiento alternativo movimiento social que se on bringing about limited changes in people enfoca hacia el logro de obtener cambios limitados en las personas anomie a social condition in which norms are weak, desmandado condición social en la cual las normas confl icting, or absent son débiles, confl ictivas o ausentes anticipatory socialization the voluntary process of socialización anticipadora el proceso voluntario de preparing to accept new norms, values, attitudes, and prepararse para aceptar nuevas normas, valores, acti- behaviors tudes y comportamientos ascribed status a position that is neither earned nor estado adscrito posición que no es ganada ni elegida chosen but assigned sino asignada assimilation the blending or fusing of minority groups asimilación la mezcla o fusión de grupos minoritarios into the dominant society con la sociedad dominante authoritarianism a political system controlled by autoritarismo sistema político controlado por manda- nonelected rulers who usually permit some degree of tarios no elegidos quienes generalmente permiten individual freedom algún grado de libertad individual authority the legitimate or socially approved use of autoridad poder aceptado como legítimo o aprobado power socialmente por aquellos sometidos a él averting turning aside; prevention evitando dejado a un lado, prevención B beliefs ideas about the nature of reality creencias ideas sobre la naturaleza de la realidad bilateral family arrangement where descent and inher- arreglos familiares bilaterales cuando la descendencia itance are passed equally through both parents y la herencia se transmite a través de ambos padres biological determinism principle that behavioral dif- determinismo biológico principio que sostiene que ferences are the result of inherited physical charac- las diferencias en comportamiento son el resultado teristics de características físicas heredadas
A-20 Glossary–Glosario Glossary–Glosario bourgeoisie—cognitive ability bourgeoisie class owning the means for producing burguesía clase que posee los medios para producir wealth riquezas bullish optimistic; hopeful alcista optimista, esperanzado bureaucracy a formal organization based on rational- burocracia organización formal basada en la racionali- ity and effi ciency dad y efi ciencia C canon an accepted principle or rule canon principio o regla aceptado capitalist person who owns or controls the means for capitalismo sistema económico basado en la posesión producing wealth privada de la propiedad y la persecución del lucro capitalism an economic system based on private own- persona capitalista persona que posee o controla los ership of property and the pursuit of profi t medios para producir riquezas case study intensive study of a single group, incident, estudio de caso estudio intensivo sobre un grupo, inci- or community dente o comunidad caste system a stratifi cation structure that does not sistema de castas estratifi cación de estructura que no allow for social mobility permite la movilidad social causation the belief that events occur in predictable causalidad creencia que los sucesos ocurren de manera ways and that one event leads to another predecible y que un hecho lleva a otro census regularly occurring count of a particular popu- censo cuenta periódica de una población en particular lation central-city dilemma concentration of people in need dilema de ciudad principal concentración de perso- of public services without tax base–generated money nas en necesidad servicios públicos sin contar con los to provide for them medios producidos por los impuestos para proporcio- narlos charismatic authority authority that arises from the autoridad carismática autoridad que emana de la per- personality of an individual sonalidad de un individuo charter schools public schools that are operated like escuelas diferenciadas escuelas públicas que operan private schools by public school teachers and admin- como escuelas privadas pero con profesores y admin- istrators istradores del Estado church a life-encompassing religious organization to iglesia organización religiosa que abarca un sistema de which all members of a society belong vida a la cual pertenecen todos los miembros de una sociedad city dense and permanent concentration of people liv- ciudad área específi ca donde habita una densidad y ing in a specifi c area and working primarily in non- concentración permanente de personas que man- agricultural jobs tienen empleos primariamente no agrícolas class confl ict the ongoing struggle between the bour- confl icto de clases lucha permanente entre la clase geoisie (owners) and the proletariat (working) classes burguesa (propietarios) y la proletaria (trabajadores) class consciousness identifi cation with the goals and conciencia de clase identifi cación con las metas e interests of a social class intereses de una clase social closed-ended questions questions a person must preguntas limitadas preguntas que una persona debe answer by choosing from a limited, predetermined contestar eligiendo entre una variedad limitada y set of responses predeterminada de respuestas coercion interaction in which individuals or groups coerción interacción en la cual individuos o grupos are forced to behave in a particular way están forzados a actuar de una manera determinada cognitive ability capacity for thinking abstractly habilidad cognoscitiva capacidad de pensar en forma abstracta Glossary–Glosario A-21 collective behavior—correlation Glossary–Glosario collective behavior the spontaneous behavior of a conducta colectiva el comportamiento espontáneo group of people responding to similar stimuli de un grupo de personas que responden a estímulos similares collectivity collection of people who do not normally colectividad conjunto de personas que normalmente interact and who do not share clearly defi ned norms no interactúan y que no comparten normas clara- mente defi nidas compensatory education specifi c curricular programs educación compensatoria programas específi cos de designed to overcome a defi ciency educación diseñados para superar una defi ciencia competition system in which rewards are based on competencia sistemas en los cuales las recompensas relative performance están basadas en desempeños relativos concentric zone theory theory that describes urban teoría de zona concéntrica teoría que describe el cre- growth in terms of circular areas that grow from the cimiento urbanístico en términos de áreas circulares central city outward que crecen desde la ciudad principal a la periferia confl ict interaction aimed at defeating an opponent confl icto interacción dirigida hacia la derrota de un oponente confl ict perspective approach emphasizing the role of perspectiva de confl icto enfoque que enfatiza el papel confl ict, competition, and constraint within a society que juega el confl icto, la competencia y la restricción dentro de una sociedad conformity behavior that matches group expectations conformidad conducta acorde a las expectativas de grupo conglomerates networks of unrelated businesses oper- conglomerados redes de fi rmas no relacionadas que ating under one corporate umbrella operan bajo la protección de una corporación contagion theory theory stating that members of a teoría de contagio teoría que sostiene que los miem- crowd stimulate each other to higher and higher lev- bros de una multitud se estimulan mutuamente para els of emotion and irrational behavior alcanzar niveles cada vez más altos de emoción y conducta irracional contingent employment the hiring of part-time, empleo contingente la contratación de empleados a short-term workers medio tiempo por períodos cortos control theory theory that compliance with social teoría de control teoría que sostiene que la adhesión a norms requires strong bonds between individuals las normas sociales requiere de fuertes lazos entre los and society individuos y la sociedad convergence theory theory that states that crowds are teoría de convergencia teoría que sostiene que las formed by people who deliberately congregate with multitudes están formadas de personas que delibera- like-minded others damente se juntan con otras que piensan lo mismo cooperation interaction in which individuals or groups cooperación interacción mediante la cual individuos combine their efforts to reach a goal o grupos combinan sus esfuerzos para alcanzar un objetivo cooperative learning instructional method that relies aprendizaje cooperativo método de instrucción que on cooperation among students se basa en la cooperación entre estudiantes core tier an occupational structure composed of large primera línea estructura ocupacional compuesta de fi rms dominating their industries grandes fi rmas que dominan a sus industrias corporation an organization owned by shareholders, corporación organización que es propiedad de los who have limited liability and limited control accionistas quienes tienen responsabilidad y control limitado correlation a measure of the relationship between two correlación medida de la relación entre dos variables variables
A-22 Glossary–Glosario Glossary–Glosario counterculture—dependency ratio counterculture a subculture deliberately and con- anticultura subcultura que deliberada y consciente- sciously opposed to certain central beliefs or attitudes mente se opone a ciertas creencias y actitudes esen- of the dominant culture ciales de la cultura dominante crime acts committed in violation of the law crímenes actos cometidos en violación de la ley criminal justice system system comprising institu- sistema de justicia criminal sistema que comprende tions and processes responsible for enforcing crimi- las instituciones y procesos responsables de hacer nal statutes cumplir los estatutos criminales crowd a temporary collection of people who share an multitud número temporal de personas que comparten immediate common interest un interés común inmediato crude birthrate the annual number of live births per tasa bruta de nacimientos número anual de one thousand members of a population nacimientos con vida por cada mil miembros de una población crude death rate the annual number of deaths per one tasa bruta de fallecimientos número anual de defun- thousand members of a population ciones por cada mil miembros de una población cult a religious organization whose characteristics are culto organización religiosa cuyas características no se not drawn from existing religious traditions within originan de las tradiciones religiosas existentes en a society una sociedad cultural bias the unfair measurement of the cognitive prejuicio cultural la medición injusta de las habili- abilities of people in some social categories dades cognoscitivas de las personas pertenecientes a ciertas categorías sociales cultural particulars the ways in which a culture peculiaridades culturales la forma en que una cultura expresses universal traits expresa características universales cultural pluralism desire of a group to maintain some pluralismo cultural deseo de un grupo de mantener sense of identity separate from the dominant group algún sentido de identidad distinto al del grupo dom- inante cultural universals general cultural traits that exist in manifestaciones culturales universales características all cultures culturales generales que existen en todas las culturas culture knowledge, values, customs, and physical culture conocimientos, valores, costumbres y objetos objects that are shared by members of a society fi sicos que comparten los miembros de una sociedad D de facto segregation denial of equal access based on segregación de facto negación a igualdad de acceso everyday practice basado en la práctica de jure segregation denial of equal access based on the segregación legal negación a igualdad de acceso basado law en la ley demographic transition theory theory that popula- teoría de transición demográfi ca teoría que sostiene tion growth is a function of the level of economic que el aumento de la población es una función rela- development in a country cionada al nivel del desarrollo económico de un país demography the scientifi c study of population demografía el estudio científi co de la población denomination one of several religious organizations creencia una de varias organizaciones religiosas que la that most members of a society accept as legitimate mayoría de los miembros de una sociedad aceptan como legítima dependency ratio the ratio of dependent persons to porcentaje de dependientes la relación de personas economically active persons dependientes de alguien con respecto a las económi- camente activas
Glossary–Glosario A-23 dependent variable—educational equality Glossary–Glosario dependent variable a characteristic that refl ects a variable dependiente característica que refl eja un change cambio desocialization the process of giving up old norms, desocialización el proceso de renunciar a antiguas nor- values, attitudes, and behaviors mas, valores, actitudes y conductas deterrence discouraging criminal acts by threatening disuasión disuadir de cometer actos criminales amena- punishment zando con el castigo deviance behavior that departs from societal or group desviación conducta que se aleja de normas sociales o norms de grupos sociales deviant a person who breaks signifi cant societal or desviado persona que quiebra normas importantes de group norms la sociedad o de grupos sociales differential association theory theory that individu- teoría diferencial de asociación teoría que sostiene als learn deviance in proportion to the number of que la proporción de individuos que se convierten en deviant acts to which they are exposed desviados guarda relación con el número de desvia- ciones a las que han estado sometidos diffusion process by which one culture or society bor- difusión proceso por el cual una cultura o sociedad rows from another culture or society toma prestado de otra cultura o sociedad discovery process by which something is learned or descubrimiento proceso mediante el cual algo es apre- reinterpreted ndido o vuelto a interpretar discrimination treating people differently based on discriminación trato diferente a las personas basado ethnicity, race, religion, or culture en la etnia, raza, religión o cultura dispersed collectivity collectivity made up of people colectividad dispersa colectividad formada por per- who are not physically connected but who follow sonas que no están conectadas físicamente pero common rules or respond to common stimuli que siguen reglas comunes o responden a estímulos comunes doubling time number of years needed to double the momento de duplicación número de años necesarios base population size para duplicar el tamaño de la población base downsizing the process by which companies reduce reducirse el proceso mediante el cual las empresas their workforces reducen su fuerza laboral dramaturgy approach that depicts human interaction dramaturgia enfoque que describe las interacciones as theatrical performances humanas como representaciones teatrales drive impulse to reduce discomfort empuje impulso para reducir el malestar dysfunction negative consequence of an aspect of disfunción consecuencia negativa de un aspecto de la society sociedad E economic institution institution that determines how instituciones de economía instituciones que determi- goods and services are produced and distributed nan como se deben producir y distribuir los bienes y servicios edge city a suburban unit specializing in a particular ciudad satélite unidad suburbana que se especializa en economic activity una actividad económica determinada educational equality condition in which schooling igualdad educacional condición en la cual la ense- produces the same results for lower-class and minor- ñanza produce los mismos resultados en los niños ity children as it does for other children de clases sociales más bajas o pertenecientes a las minorías que en el resto de los niños
A-24 Glossary–Glosario Glossary–Glosario elitism—feminization of power elitism system in which a community or society is con- elitismo sistema en el cual una comunidad o sociedad trolled from the top by a few individuals or organiza- está controlada desde arriba por unos pocos individ- tions uos u organizaciones emergent norm theory theory stating that norms teoría de normas emergentes teoría que sostiene que develop to guide crowd behavior las normas se desarrollan para guiar la conducta de las multitudes endogamy marriage within one’s own group as endogamia matrimonio dentro de su grupo social, required by social norms como lo exigen las normas sociales equalitarian family structure where authority is evenly estructura familiar igualitaria es en la que la autori- shared between the husband and wife dad está distribuida en forma pareja entre el marido y la esposa equilibrium a society’s tendency to react to changes by equilibrio la tendencia de una sociedad de reaccionar a making adjustments to keep itself in a state of func- los cambios haciendo ajustes para mantenerse en un tioning and balance estado balanceado de funcionamiento ethnic minority group identifi ed by cultural, religious, minoría étnica grupo identifi cado por características or national characteristics culturales, religiosas o nacionales ethnocentrism judging others in terms of one’s own etnocentrismo juzgar a los demás en términos de sus cultural standards propios estándares culturales exogamy the practice of marrying outside one’s group exogamia práctica de casarse con alguien de fuera de su grupo social exponential growth growth in which the amount of crecimiento exponencial crecimiento en el cual la increase is added to the base fi gure each time period cantidad de aumento es agregada a la cifra base en cada período de tiempo extended family two or more adult generations of prolongación familiar dos o más generaciones adultas the same family whose members share economic de la misma familia cuyos miembros comparten los resources and a common household recursos económicos en una vivienda común extrapolating predicting based on past experiences extrapolación predicciones basadas en experiencias pasadas F fad an unusual behavior pattern that spreads rapidly furor forma de comportamiento inusual que se extiende and disappears quickly rápidamente y desaparece rápido false consciousness adoption of the ideas of the domi- falsa conciencia adopción de ideas de la clase dominante nant class by the less powerful class por la clase menos poderosa family a group of people related by marriage, blood, familia grupo de personas relacionadas por matrimo- or adoption nio, sangre, o adopción family planning the voluntary use of population con- planifi cación familiar el uso voluntario de métodos trol methods de control de la población fashion a widely accepted behavior pattern that moda patrón de comportamiento generalmente acep- changes periodically tado que cambia periódicamente fecundity the maximum rate at which women can fecundidad la tasa máxima en la cual las mujeres physically produce children pueden físicamente producir niños feminization of poverty a trend in U.S. society in feminización de la pobreza tendencia de la sociedad which women and children make up an increasing estadounidense en la cual las mujeres y los niños proportion of the poor representan una proporción en el aumento de la pobreza
Glossary–Glosario A-25 fertility—gross migration rate Glossary–Glosario fertility a measure of the number of children born to a fertilidad medición de los hijos nacidos a una mujer o woman or a population of women a una población de mujeres fertility rate the annual number of live births per one asa de fertilidad el número anual de nacimientos vivos thousand women aged fi fteen to forty-four por mil mujeres entre las edades de quince a cuarenta y dos fi eld research research that takes place in a natural investigación en terreno investigación que tiene lugar (nonlaboratory) setting en ambientes naturales (no de laboratorio) folkways norms that lack moral signifi cance costumbres populares normas que no tienen signifi - cado moral for-profi t schools schools run by private companies organización formal grupo creado específi camente on government funds para lograr una o más metas a largo plazo formal organization a group deliberately created to sanciones formales sanciones impuestas por personas achieve one or more long-term goals a quienes se les ha dado autoridad especial formal sanctions sanctions imposed by persons given educación formal educación proporcionada y regu- special authority lada por la sociedad formal schooling education that is provided and regu- colegios gananciales colegios administrados por com- lated by society pañías privadas con fondos del gobierno fundamentalism the desire to resist secularization and fundamentalismo deseo de resistir a la secularización to adhere closely to traditional religious beliefs, ritu- y adherir estrictamente a creencias religiosas tradicio- als, and doctrines nales, rituales y doctrinas G game stage Mead’s third stage in the development of etapa de juego la tercera etapa de Mead en el desarrollo role taking; children anticipate the actions of others de adoptar roles, los niños anticipan las acciones de based on social rules terceros basados en las leyes sociales gemeinschaft “community”; preindustrial society comunidad de “clan” sociedad preindustrial basada en based on tradition, kinship, and close social ties la tradición, parentesco y estrechos vínculos sociales gender identity a sense of being male or female based identidad de género sentido de ser hombre o mujer on learned cultural values basado en valores culturales aprendidos gender socialization the social process of learning how socialización del género el proceso social de aprender to act as a boy or girl la forma de actuar de un niño o niña generalized other integrated conception of the norms, generalización otra forma integrada de concepción de values, and beliefs of one’s community or society las normas, valores y creencias de la propia comuni- dad o sociedad genocide the systematic effort to destroy an entire genocidio esfuerzo sistemático de destruir una population población completa gentrifi cation the development of low-income areas incorporación de áreas populares el desarrollo de by middle-class homebuyers, landlords, and profes- áreas de bajos ingresos por compradores de casas de sional developers la clase media, rentistas o corredores profesionales de propiedades gesellschaft “society”; industrial society characterized sociedad de fi rmas sociedad industrial carente de lazos by weak family ties, competition, and impersonal familiares y caracterizada por la competencia y rela- social relationships ciones sociales impersonales gross migration rate the number of persons per year tasa bruta de migración el número de personas por per one thousand members of a population who cada mil miembros de una población que entra o sale enter or leave a geographic area de un área geográfi ca
A-26 Glossary–Glosario Glossary–Glosario group—income group at least two people who have one or more goals grupo al menos dos personas que tienen uno o más in common and share common ways of thinking and objetivos en común y que comparten formas de pen- behaving sar o de comportarse groupthink when thinking in a group is self-deceptive, pensamiento de grupo cuando el pensamiento en based on conformity to group beliefs, and created by grupo es engañoso pues está basado en la conformi- group pressure to conform dad a las creencieas del grupo creada bajo la presión ejercida por el mismo grupo para concordar H hate crime a criminal act motivated by prejudice crimen de odio acto criminal provocado por el prejuicio hidden curriculum the informal and unoffi cial aspects curriculum oculto los aspectos culturales informales y of culture that children are taught in school, such as extraofi ciales que se les enseña a los niños en el cole- conformity or cooperation gio tales como la cooperación y conformidad hidden unemployment unemployment that includes desempleo oculto desempleo que incluye a personas people not counted in the traditional unemployment que no forman parte de las categorías tradicionales categories de desempleo horizontal mobility a change in occupation within movilidad horizontal cambios en la ocupación dentro the same social class de una misma clase social horticultural society a society that survives primarily sociedad hortícola sociedad que sobrevive primari- through the growing of plants amente a través del cultivo de plantas hunting and gathering society a society that survives sociedad de caza y recolección sociedad que sobrevive by hunting animals and gathering edible foods por medio de la caza y recolección de alimentos hypothesis testable statement of relationships among hipótesis verifi cable enunciación de las relaciones variables entre variables hypothesis of linguistic relativity theory stating that hipótesis de relatividad lingüística teoría que sos- our idea of reality depends largely upon language tiene que nuestra idea de la realidad depende en gran medida del lenguaje I
“I” the part of the self that accounts for unlearned, él Yo parte de la personalidad responsable de los actos spontaneous acts espontáneos no aprendidos ideal culture cultural guidelines that group members cultura ideal pautas culturales que los miembros del claim to accept grupo dicen aceptar imitation stage Mead’s fi rst stage in the development etapa de imitación la primera etapa de Mead en el of role taking; children begin to imitate behaviors desarrollo de toma de roles: los niños empiezan a without understanding why imitar conductas sin saber por qué in-group exclusive group demanding intense loyalty grupo exclusivo grupo exclusivo que exige lealtad incondicional incarceration a method of protecting society from incarcelamiento método de protección a la sociedad criminals by keeping them in prisons de los criminales manteniéndolos en prisiones incest taboo a norm forbidding marriage between cer- tabú de incesto norma que prohibe el matrimonio tain kinds of relatives entre cierto nivel de parentesco income amount of money received by an individual or ingreso cantidad de dinero recibido por un individuo o group over a specifi c time period grupo en un período específi co de tiempo
Glossary–Glosario A-27 independent variable—latent function Glossary–Glosario independent variable a characteristic that causes variable independiente característica que hace que something to occur algo ocurra industrial society a society that depends on science sociedad industrial sociedad que depende de la cien- and technology to produce its basic goods and ser- cia y la tecnología para producir sus bienes y servicios vices básicos infant mortality rate the annual number of deaths tasa de mortalidad infantil el número anual de among infants under one year of age per one thou- muertes de niños menores de un año por cada mil sand live births nacimientos vivos informal organization groups within a formal organi- organizaciones informales grupos dentro de organiza- zation in which personal relationships are guided by ciones formales en los cuales las relaciones personales norms, rituals, and sentiments that are not part of están guiados por normas, rituales y sentimientos que the formal organization no forman parte de las organizaciones formales informal sanctions rewards or punishments that can sanciones informales recompensas o castigos que be applied by most members of a group pueden ser aplicados por la mayoría de los miembros de un grupo instincts innate (unlearned) patterns of behavior instintos cánones innatos (no aprendidos) de conducta institutionalized discrimination unfair practices that discriminación institucionalizada prácticas injustas grow out of common behaviors and attitudes and que emanan de conductas y actitudes comunes y que that are a part of the structure of a society forman parte de la estructura de una sociedad integrative curriculum an approach to education programa integrante un enfoque educativo basado en based on student-teacher collaboration la colaboración profesor-alumno interest group a group organized to infl uence political grupo de interés grupo organizado para infl uir las deci- decision making siones políticas intergenerational mobility a change in status or class movilidad intergeneracional cambio en el estado o from one generation to the next clase de una generación a la otra interlocking directorates directorates that result when directorios entrelazados los directorios que resultan heads of corporations sit on one another’s boards cuando las cabezas de algunas corporaciones forman parte de los directorios de otras intervening variable a variable that changes the rela- variable interviniente variable que cambia la relación tionship between an independent and a dependent entre una variable independiente y una dependiente variable interview a survey method in which a trained researcher entrevista método de encuesta en el cual un investigador asks questions and records the answers entrenado formula preguntas y registra las respuestas invention the creation of something new from previ- invención creación de algo nuevo de ítems o procesos ously existing items or processes que existían previamente iron law of oligarchy theory that power increasingly ley del hierro de la oligarquía teoría que sostiene que becomes concentrated in the hands of a few mem- el poder se concentra cada vez más en las manos de bers of any organization unos pocos miembros de cualquier organización L labeling theory theory that society creates deviance by teoría de etiquetado teoría que sostiene que la socie- identifying particular members as deviant dad crea la desviación identifi cando a ciertos miem- bros como desviados latent function an action that produces an unintended acción latente que produce un resultado no deseado y and unrecognized result no admitido
A-28 Glossary–Glosario Glossary–Glosario law—meritocracy law a norm that is formally defi ned and enforced by ley norma formalmente defi nida e impuesta por fun- offi cials cionarios públicos legitimate justify or give offi cial approval to legitimar justifi car o dar aprobación ofi cial a algo o alguien life expectancy the average number of years that per- expectativa de vida el número promedio de años sons in a given population born at a particular time de esperanza de vida de personas de una población can expect to live determinada, nacidas en un tiempo determinado life span the most advanced age to which humans can período de vida la edad más avanzada que pueden survive alcanzar los seres humanos looking-glass self an image of yourself based on what espejo de sí mismo imagen que uno tiene de sí mismo you believe others think of you basado en lo que cree que los otros piensan de él M magnet schools public schools that focus on particular escuelas imán escuelas públicas enfocadas hacia disci- disciplines or areas, such as fi ne arts or science plinas o áreas específi cas, como ser las bellas artes o la ciencia manifest function an action that produces an intended función declarada acción que produce un efecto and recognized result deseado y admitido marriage a legal union based on mutual rights and matrimonio unión legal basada en derechos y obliga- obligations ciones mutuas mass media means of communication designed to medios de comunicación conjunto de medios de reach the general population comunicación diseñados para llegar a la población en general master status a position that strongly affects most condición dominante estado social que afecta fuerte- other aspects of a person’s life mente la mayoría de los otros aspectos de la vida de una persona material culture the concrete, tangible objects of a cul- cultura material los objetos concretos y tangibles de ture una cultura matriarchy the pattern in which the oldest woman matriarcado forma de organización en la cual la mujer living in the household has authority over all other de más edad que vive en una casa tiene autoridad family members sobre todos los otros miembros de la familia matrilineal family arrangement where descent and por línea materna arreglo familiar según el cual la inheritance are passed through the female line descendencia y la herencia se transmiten por línea materna matrilocal the pattern in which married couples live cerca de la madre modelo en el cual las parejas casadas with or near the wives’ parents viven cerca o con los padres de la esposa “me” the part of the self formed through socialization “Yo” la parte de uno mismo formada a través de la socialización mechanical solidarity social dependency based on a solidaridad mecánica dependencia social basada en widespread consensus of values and beliefs, enforced un consenso muy divulgado de valores y creencias, conformity, and dependence on tradition and conformidad impuesta y dependencia de la tradición family y la familia mechanization the process of replacing animal and mecanización el proceso de reemplazar la potencia human power with machine power humana y animal por potencia mecánica meritocracy a society in which social status is based on meritocracia sociedad en la cual el estado social está ability and achievement basado en la habilidad y logros
Glossary–Glosario A-29 migration—nullifying Glossary–Glosario migration the movement of people from one geo- migración el movimiento de personas de un área graphic area to another geográfi ca a otro minority a group of people with physical or cultural minoría grupo de personas con peculiaridades físicas o traits different from those of the dominant group in culturales diferentes de las del grupo dominante de the society la sociedad mob emotional crowd ready to use violence for a spe- masas multitud emocional lista a ejercer la violencia cifi c purpose para un propósito específi co monogamy a marriage consisting of one man and one monogamia matrimonio consistente de un solo hom- woman at a time bre y mujer por vez monopolies companies that have control over the pro- monopolios compañías que tienen el control de la pro- duction or distribution of a product or service ducción o distribución de un producto o servicio mores norms that have moral dimensions and that mases normas que tienen dimensiones morales y que should be followed by members of the society los miembros de una sociedad debería cumplir mortality deaths within a population mortalidad muertes dentro de una población multicultural education an educational curriculum educación multicultural un programa de estudios que that emphasizes differences among gender, ethnic, enfatiza las diferencias existentes entre los géneros, and racial categories las etnias y las categorías raciales multinationals fi rms based in highly industrialized fi rmas multinacionales basadas en sociedades alta- societies with operating facilities throughout the mente industrializadas con instalaciones operativas world en todo el mundo multiple causation the belief that an event occurs as a causalidad múltiple la creencia que un suceso ocurre result of several factors working in combination como resultado de varios factores operando en com- binación multiple nuclei theory theory that focuses on specifi c teoría de núcleos múltiples teoría que se enfoca en geographic or historical infl uences on urban growth infl uencias específi cas geográfi cas o históricas sobre el crecimiento urbano N negative deviance involves behavior that undercon- desviación negativa involucra una actitud inconform- forms to accepted norms ista hacia las normas aceptadas neolocal the pattern in which newly married couples nuevos hogares la forma en que los recién casados set up their own households establecen sus propios hogares net migration rate the annual increase or decrease tasa neta de migración el incremento o disminución per one thousand members of a population resulting anual por cada mil integrantes de una población from migration into and out of the population resultante de población migrante que entra o sale nonmaterial culture ideas, knowledge, and beliefs that cultura no material ideas, conocimientos y creencias infl uence people’s behavior que infl uencian la conducta de las personas norms rules defi ning appropriate and inappropriate normas reglas que defi nen un comportamiento adec- behavior uado e inadecuado nuclear family family structure composed of one or núcleo familiar estructura familiar compuesta de uno both parents and children o los dos padres y sus hijos nullifying causing to have no value or force; negating anulación causando que no tenga valor ni fuerza: negando
A-30 Glossary–Glosario Glossary–Glosario obligations—peer group O obligations behaviors that individuals are expected to obligaciones conducta que se espera que tengan los perform toward others individuos occupational sex segregation the concentration of segregación ocupacional por sexo a concentración de women in lower-status positions mujeres en posiciones de menor importancia occupations categories of jobs that involve similar ocupaciones categorías de trabajos que involucran activ- activities at different work locations idades similares en diferentes ubicaciones de trabajo oligopolies combinations of companies that control oligopolios combinación de compañías que controlan la the production or distribution of a product or service producción o distribución de un producto o servicios open class system a system in which social class is sistema social abierto sistema en el cual las clases socia- based on merit and individual effort; movement is les están basadas en el mérito y el esfuerzo individual; allowed between classes el movimiento entre clases sociales está permitido open classroom a nonbureaucratic approach to educa- educación abierta un enfoque no burocrático de la tion based on democracy, fl exibility, and noncom- educación basado en la democracia, la fl exibilidad y petitiveness carente de competencia open-ended questions questions a person is to answer preguntas libres preguntas que una persona debe in his or her own words responder en sus propias palabras organic solidarity social interdependency based on a solidaridad de cuerpo interdependencia social basada high degree of specialization in roles en un alto grado de especialización en los diferentes roles out-group group targeted by an in-group for opposi- grupo externo grupo dirigido por un grupo exclusivo tion, antagonism, or competition para fi nes de oposición, antagonismo o competencia overurbanization when a city cannot supply adequate sobreurbanización cuando una ciudad no es capaz de jobs and housing for its inhabitants proporcionar trabajos y habitación adecuados a sus habitantes P
Pandora’s box a source of trouble la caja de Pandora fuente de confl ictos participant observation a case study where the observación del participante en un estudio de caso, researcher becomes a member of the group being cuando el investigador se convierte en miembro del studied grupo estudiado pastoral societies societies where food is obtained pri- sociedades pastorales sociedades en las cuales se obtiene marily by raising and taking care of animals el alimento de la crianza y cuidado de los animales patriarchy the pattern in which the oldest man living patriarcado modelo en el cual el hombre de más edad in the household has authority over the rest of the que habite en una casa tiene autoridad sobre el resto family members de los miembros de la familia patrilineal family arrangement where descent and por línea paterna arreglos familiares mediante el cual inheritance are passed through the male line la descendencia y la herencia se transmiten por la línea paterna patrilocal the pattern in which married couples live cerca del padre modelo en el cual las parejas casadas with or near the husbands’ parents viven con o cerca de los padres del esposo peer group set of individuals of roughly the same age grupo de pares grupo de individuos de aproximada- and interests mente la misma edad e intereses
Glossary–Glosario A-31 peripheral theory—prejudice Glossary–Glosario peripheral theory theory that emphasizes the growth teoría periférica teoría que enfatiza el crecimiento de of suburbs around the central city los suburbios alrededor de una ciudad principal peripheral tier an occupational structure composed of línea periférica estructura ocupacional compuesta por smaller, less profi table fi rms fi rmas más pequeñas con menores ganancias perspective a particular point of view perspectiva un punto de vista particular play stage Mead’s second stage in the development of etapa de juego segunda etapa de Mead en el desarrollo role taking; children act in ways they imagine other de la toma de roles, los niños actúan de la forma en people would que se imaginan actuarían otras personas pluralism system in which political decisions are made pluralismo sistema en el cual las decisiones políticas se as a result of bargaining and compromise among spe- toman como resultado de negociaciones y compro- cial interest groups misos entre grupos de intereses determinados political institution institution that determines how instituciones políticas instituciones que determinan power is obtained and exercised como se obtiene y se ejerce el poder political socialization informal and formal processes socialización política procesos formales e informales by which a person develops political opinions mediante los cuales una persona desarrolla sus opin- iones políticas polyandry the marriage of one woman to two or more poliándrico el matrimonio de una mujer a uno o dos men at the same time hombres al mismo tiempo polygamy the marriage of a male or female to more poligamia el matrimonio de un hombre o mujer a más than one person at a time de una persona al mismo tiempo polygyny the marriage of one man to two or more poligenia el matrimonio de un hombre a dos o más women at the same time mujeres al mismo tiempo population a group of people living in a particular población grupo de personas que viven en un lugar place at a specifi ed time or a group of people with específi co en un tiempo determinado ó grupo de per- certain specifi ed characteristics sonas con ciertas características específi cas population control attempts by government to con- control de la población intentos del gobierno de con- trol birthrates trolar la tasa de nacimientos population momentum inability to stop population ímpetu de poblamiento incapacidad de detener de growth immediately because of previous high rate of inmediato el crecimiento de la población debido a growth una previa alta taza de crecimiento population pyramid a graphic representative of the pirámide de la población gráfi co representativo de la age and gender composition of a population composición de una población por edad y sexo positive deviance involves behavior that overcon- desviación positiva involucra un comportamiento forms to social expectations que se conforma excesivamente a las expectativas de la sociedad positivism the belief that knowledge should be derived positivismo creencia que el conocimiento debe derivar from scientifi c observation de la observación científi ca postindustrial society a society in which the economic sociedad post-industrial sociedad en la cual el énfasis emphasis is on providing services and information está puesto en proporcionar servicios e información power the ability to control the behavior of others poder habilidad para controlar el comportamiento de otros power elite a unifi ed group of military, corporate, and elite de poder grupo unifi cado de líderes del gobierno, government leaders militares y de la industria prejudice widely held negative attitudes toward a group prejuicio actitudes negativas muy difundidas hacia un (minority or majority) and its individual members grupo (mayoritario o minoritario) y sus miembros individuales
A-32 Glossary–Glosario Glossary–Glosario prestige—recidivism prestige recognition, respect, and admiration attached prestigio reconocimiento, respeto y admiración liga- to social positions dos a posiciones sociales primary deviance deviance involving occasional desviación primaria desviación que comprende un breaking of norms that is not a part of a person’s life- rompimiento ocasional de las normas y no forma style or self-concept parte del estilo de vida o autoconcepto de la persona primary group people who are emotionally close, grupo primario grupo de personas unidas por lazos know one another well, and seek one another’s com- emocionales, con relaciones íntimas, personales, y pany satisfactorias primary relationships interactions that are intimate, relaciones primarias interacciones íntimas, person- personal, caring, and fulfi lling ales, afectuosas y satisfactorias primary sector that part of the economy producing sector primario la parte de la economía que produce goods from the natural environment bienes procedentes del medio ambiente natural profane nonsacred aspects of life profano los aspectos no sagrados de la vida proletariat class that labors without owning the means proletariado clase social que trabaja sin poseer los of production; those who labor for the bourgeoisie medios de producción; aquéllos que trabajan para la burguesía Protestant ethic a set of values, norms, beliefs, and atti- ética protestante conjunto de valores, normas, creen- tudes stressing hard work, thrift, and self-discipline cias y actitudes que enfatizan el trabajo duro, la fru- galidad y la autodisciplina Q qualitative variable a characteristic that is defi ned by variable cualitativa característica que se defi ne por su its presence or absence in a category presencia o ausencia en una categoría quantitative variable a characteristic that can be mea- variable cuantitativa característica que se puede medir sured numerically numéricamente questionnaire a written set of questions to be answered cuestionario conjunto de preguntas escritas que by a research participant deben ser respondidas por un participante de una investigación R race people sharing certain inherited physical charac- raza personas que comparten ciertas características físi- teristics that are considered important within a soci- cas heredadas que son consideradas importantes den- ety tro de una sociedad racism an extreme form of prejudice that assumes racismo forma extrema de prejuicio que asume supe- superiority of one group over others rioridad de un grupo sobre otros rational-legal authority form of authority in which autoridad racional legal forma de autoridad en la cual the power of government offi cials is based on the el poder de los funcionarios de gobierno está basado offi ces they hold en el cargo que ocupan rationalization the mind-set emphasizing knowledge, racionalización estado de la mente que enfatiza el reason, and planning conocimiento, la razón y la planifi cación real culture actual behavior patterns of members of a cultura real pautas efectivas de comportamiento de los group miembros de un grupo recidivism a repetition of or return to criminal reincidencia repetición o vuelta a una conducta behavior criminal
Glossary–Glosario A-33 redemptive movement—role confl ict Glossary–Glosario redemptive movement a social movement that seeks movimiento redentor movimiento social que busca el to change people completely cambio completo de las personas reference group group used for self-evaluation and the grupo de referencia grupo utilizado como autoevalu- formation of attitudes, values, beliefs, and norms ación y desarrollo de actitudes, valores, creencias, y normas refl ex automatic reaction to physical stimulus refl ejo reacción automática a estímulos físicos reformative movement a social movement that movimiento reformista movimiento social que attempts to make limited changes in society intenta efectuar cambios limitados en la sociedad rehabilitation process of changing or reforming a rehabilitación proceso para cambiar o reformar a un criminal through socialization criminal por medio de la socialización relative poverty a measure of poverty based on the pobreza relativa sistema para medir la pobreza basado economic disparity between those at the bottom of a en la desigualdad económica existente entre aquéllos society and the rest of the society que se encuentran en el extremo inferior de la escala social y el resto de la sociedad religion a unifi ed system of beliefs and practices con- religión sistema unifi cado de creencias y prácticas rela- cerned with sacred things tivas a cosas sagradas religiosity ways in which people express their religious religiosidad formas en que las personas expresan sus interests and convictions intereses y convicciones religiosas replacement level birthrate at which a couple replaces nivel de reemplazo tasa de nacimientos en la cual itself without adding to the population la pareja se reemplaza a sí misma sin aumentar la población representative democracy a system of government democracia representativa sistema de gobierno que that uses elected offi cials to fulfi ll majority wishes usa a funcionarios elegidos para satisfacer los deseos de la mayoría representative sample a sample that accurately refl ects muestra representativa muestra que refl eja con exac- the characteristics of the population as a whole titud las características de la población tomada en su totalidad resocialization the process of adopting new norms, resocialización el proceso de adoptar nuevas normas, values, attitudes, and behaviors valores, actitudes, y conductas resource mobilization theory theory of social move- movilización de recursos teoría de movimiento social ments that focuses on the use of resources to achieve que se centra en el uso de los recursos para lograr goals metas retribution punishment intended to make criminals punición castigo que tiene como objetivo que los crim- pay compensation for their acts inales paguen compensación por sus actos revolution sudden and complete overthrow of a social revolución derrocamiento repentino y total de un or political order orden político o social revolutionary movement a social movement that movimiento revolucionario movimiento social que attempts to change the total structure of society intenta cambiar la estructura total de la sociedad rights behaviors that individuals can expect from oth- derechos conductas que los individuos pueden esperar ers de otros riot episode of largely random destruction and violence disturbio episodio de violencia y destrucción aleatoria carried out by a crowd llevada a cabo por una multitud role expected behavior associated with a particular sta- rol la conducta esperada asociada a un estado social tus determinado role confl ict condition in which the performance of a confl icto de roles condición en la cual la ejecución del role in one status interferes with the performance of rol de un estado social interfi ere con la ejecución del a role in another status rol de otro estado social A-34 Glossary–Glosario Glossary–Glosario role performance—self-concept role performance the actual behavior of an individual desempeño de un rol la conducta real de un individuo in a role en un rol role strain condition in which the roles of a single sta- tensión de rol condición en la cual los roles de un solo tus are inconsistent or confl icting estado social son inconsistentes o confl ictivos role taking assuming the viewpoint of another person tomar un rol asumir el punto de vista de otra persona and using that viewpoint to shape the self-concept y usar ese punto de vista para moldear el concepto de sí mismo rumor a widely circulating piece of information that is rumor trozo de información de gran difusión que no not verifi ed as being true or false ha sido verifi cada como verdadera o falsa S sacred things and ideas that are set apart and given sagrado objetos e ideas que se ponen aparte y a las a special meaning that goes beyond, or transcends, cuales se les da un signifi cado especial que va más immediate existence allá o trasciende la existencia inmediata sample a group of people that represents a larger popu- muestra grupo de personas que representan una lation población mayor sanctions rewards and punishments used to encourage sanciones recompensas o castigos usados para estimu- people to follow norms lar a las personas que sigan las normas school desegregation the achievement of a racial bal- integración escolar el logro del equilibrio racial en una ance in the classroom sala de clases scientifi c method the recognition and formulation of método científi co el reconocimiento y formulación de a problem, the collection of data through observa- un problema, la recolección de datos a través de la tion and experiment, and the formulation and test- información y la experiencia y la formulación y com- ing of hypotheses probación de hipótesis secondary analysis using precollected information for análisis secundario la utilización de información data collection and research purposes prerrecolectada para propósitos de recolección de datos e investigación secondary deviance deviance in which an individual’s desviación secundaria desviación en la cual la vida e life and identity are organized around breaking soci- identidad de un individuo están organizadas en torno ety’s norms al rompimiento de las normas sociales secondary group people who share only part of their grupo secundario personas que comparten sólo parte lives while focusing on a goal or task de sus vidas mientras se centran en una meta o labor secondary relationships impersonal interactions involv- relaciones secundarias interacciones impersonales que ing limited parts of personalities involucran porciones limitadas de las personalidades secondary sector that part of the economy engaged in sectores secundarios aquella parte de la economía que manufacturing goods se ocupa de los bienes manufacturados sect a religious organization that arises out of a desire secta organización religiosa que proviene de un deseo to reform an existing religious organization de reformar una organización religiosa ya existente sector theory theory that emphasizes the importance teoría de sector teoría que enfatiza la importancia de of transportation routes in the process of urban las rutas de transporte en el proceso de crecimiento growth urbano secularization process through which the sacred loses secularización el proceso a través del cual lo sagrado infl uence over society pierde infl uencia sobre la sociedad self-concept an image of yourself as having an identity autoconcepto imagen de sí mismo como teniendo una separate from other people identidad separada de la de otras personas
Glossary–Glosario A-35 self-fulfi lling prophecy—social struture Glossary–Glosario self-fulfi lling prophecy an expectation that leads profecía autocumplida predicción que tiene como to behavior that causes the expectation to become resultado una conducta que hace que lo esperado se reality convierta en realidad sex classifi cation of people as male or female based on sexo clasifi cación de las personas en masculino o biological characteristics femenino basada en características biológicas sexism a set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, and values sexismo conjunto de creencias, actitudes, normas y used to justify sexual inequality valores usados para justifi car la desigualdad de los sexos signifi cant others those people whose reactions are personas importantes aquéllas personas cuyas reaccio- most important to your self-concept nes son las más importantes para su autoconcepto social aggregate people temporarily in the same place agregado social agrupaciones de personas al mismo at the same time tiempo en el mismo lugar social category a group of people who share a social categorías sociales grupos de personas que comparten characteristic una característica social social change new societal behaviors with important cambio social nuevas conductas sociales con conse- long-term consequences cuencias importantes en el largo plazo social class segment of society whose members hold clase social segmento de la sociedad cuyos miembros similar amounts of resources and share values, norms, poseen cantidades similares de recursos y comparten and an identifi able lifestyle valores, normas y un estilo de vida identifi cable social control ways to encourage conformity to soci- control social formas para estimular la conformidad a ety’s norms las normas sociales social dynamics the study of social change dinámica social el estudio del cambio social social exchange a voluntary action performed in the intercambio social acción voluntaria llevada a cabo con expectation of getting a reward in return la esperanza de obtener una recompensa a cambio social interaction the process of infl uencing each interacción social el proceso de infl uenciar a otras per- other as people relate sonas mientras las personas se relacionan entre sí social mobility the movement of individuals or groups movilidad social el movimiento de individuos o per- between social classes sonas entre clases sociales social movement movement whose goal is to promote movimiento social movimiento cuyo objetivo es pro- or prevent social change; the most structured and mover o prevenir los cambios sociales; la forma mejor rational form of collective behavior estructurada y racional de conducta colectiva social network a web of social relationships that joins red social red de relaciones sociales que unen una per- a person to other people and groups sona a otras personas y grupos social processes series of steps leading to change on a procesos sociales serie de pasos que llevan a un cambio societal level en el nivel social social sanctions rewards or punishments that encour- sanciones sociales premios o castigos que incentivan age conformity to social norms la conformidad con las normas sociales social solidarity the degree to which a society is uni- solidaridad social el grado en que una sociedad está fi ed unida social statics the study of social stability and order estática social el estudio de la estabilidad y orden social social stratifi cation ranking of people or groups estratifi cación social la clasifi cación de personas o according to their unequal access to scarce resources grupos de acuerdo a su acceso desigual a los recursos escasos social structure the patterned interaction of people in estructura social las interacciones moldeadas de las social relationships personas en las relaciones sociales
A-36 Glossary–Glosario Glossary–Glosario socialism—subjugation socialism an economic system founded on the belief socialismo sistema económico basado en la creencia that the means of production should be controlled que los medios de producción deben ser controlados by the people as a whole por las personas como un todo socialization the process of learning to participate in socialización el proceso de aprendizaje a participar en a group un grupo society a specifi c territory inhabited by people who sociedad territorio específi co habitado por personas share a common culture que comparten una cultura en común sociobiology the study of the biological basis of human sociobiología el estudio de la base biológica del com- behavior portamiento humano sociological imagination the ability to see the link imaginación sociológica habilidad para ver el vínculo between society and self entre la sociedad y uno mismo sociological perspective a view that looks at the behav- perspectiva sociológica punto de vista que mira el ior of groups, not individuals comportamiento de grupos, no de individuos sociology the scientifi c study of social structure (pat- sociología el estudio científi co de la estructura social terned social behavior) (conducta social humana) spirit of capitalism the obligation to reinvest money espíritu del capitalismo la obligación de reinvertir el in business rather than to spend it dinero en negocios en vez de gastarlo sport a set of competitive activities in which winners deporte conjunto de actividades competitivas en las and losers are determined by physical performance cuales los ganadores y los perdedores se determinan within a set of established rules por el desempeño físico, bajo un conjunto de reglas establecidas sport subculture a group with distinct roles, values, subcultura deportiva grupo que desempeña roles norms, and beliefs that is organized around a sport determinados, valores y creencias organizadas alred- activity edor de una actividad deportiva spurious correlation a relationship between two vari- correlación espuria relación entre dos variables que es ables that is actually caused by a third factor realmente ocasionada por un tercer factor stacking assignment of players to less central positions relegación designación de jugadores a posiciones menos on the basis of race or ethnicity importantes sobre una base de raza o etnicidad status a position a person occupies within a social estado posición que ocupa una persona dentro de la structure estructura social status set all of the statuses that a person occupies at conjunto de estados todas las posiciones que ocupa any particular time una persona en un tiempo específi co stereotype a distorted, exaggerated, or oversimplifi ed estereotipo imagen distorsionada, exagerada o demasi- image applied to a category of people ado simplifi cada aplicada a una categoría de personas stigma an undesirable trait or label that is used to char- estigma rasgo o califi cación no deseada que se usa para acterize an individual caracterizar a un individuo strain theory theory that deviance is more likely teoría de tensión teoría que sostiene que las desviacio- to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals nes ocurren cuando existe un espacio entre las metas and the ability to achieve these goals by legitimate culturales y la habilidad para lograr esas metas por means medios legítimos subculture a group that is part of the dominant culture subcultura grupo que forma parte de la cultura dom- but that differs from it in some important respects inante pero que difi ere de ella en algunos aspectos importantes subjugation process by which a minority group is subyugación proceso por medio del cual se le niega a denied equal access to the benefi ts of a society un grupo minoritario el acceso a los benefi cios de una sociedad
Glossary–Glosario A-37 suburbanization—urbanism Glossary–Glosario suburbanization loss of population of a city to sur- suburbanización pérdida de población de una ciudad rounding areas a las áreas circundantes survey research method in which people respond to investigación por encuesta método en el cual las per- questions sonas responden a preguntas symbol anything that stands for something else and símbolo cualquier cosa que representa otra cosa y que has an agreed-upon meaning attached to it tiene un signifi cado acordado symbolic interactionism approach that focuses on the interacción simbólica enfoque que se centra en las interactions among people based on mutually under- interacciones entre las personas basadas en símbolos stood symbols que ambas entienden T taboo a rule of behavior, the violation of which calls tabú regla de conducta cuya violación exige de un cas- for strong punishment tigo severo technology knowledge and tools used to achieve prac- tecnología conocimiento y herramientas utilizados par tical goals lograr metas prácticas tertiary sector that part of the economy providing ser- sector terciario la parte de la economía que propor- vices ciona servicios theoretical perspective a set of assumptions accepted perspectiva teórica conjunto de suposiciones que se as true aceptan como verdaderas total fertility rate average number of children born to tasa de fertilidad total promedio de niños que tiene a woman during her lifetime una mujer durante su vida total institutions places in which people are separated instituciones absolutas lugares en que las personas from the rest of society and controlled by offi cials in son separadas del resto de la sociedad y controladas charge por los funcionarios a cargo totalitarianism a political system in which a ruler with totalitarismo sistema político en el cual un gobernante absolute power attempts to control all aspects of a con poderes absolutos trata de controlar todos los society aspectos de una sociedad tracking placement of students in programs according clasifi cación colocación de los alumnos en programas to academic ability levels acordes a sus niveles de habilidad académica traditional authority forms of authority in which the autoridad tradicional formas de autoridad en las legitimacy of a leader is rooted in custom cuales la legitimidad de un líder tiene sus raíces en la costumbre U underclass people typically unemployed who came clase inferior personas típicamente desempleadas que from families that have been poor for generations provienen de familias que han sido pobres por gen- eraciones urban ecology the study of the relationships between ecología urbans el estudio de las relaciones entre los humans and city environments seres humanos y el medio ambiente de las ciudades urban legend a moralistic tale that the teller swears leyenda urbana una historia moralista que el narrador happened to someone he or she knows jura que le pasó a alguien que él o ella conocen urbanism the idea that urbanization involves a distinc- urbanismo la idea que la urbanización involucra un tive way of life estilo particular de vida
A-38 Glossary–Glosario Glossary–Glosario urbanization—zero population growth urbanization the shifting of population from farms urbanización proceso por medio del cual una porción and villages to large cities más grande de la población mundial vive en las ciu- dades V value-added theory theory holding that certain condi- teoría de valor agregado teoría que sostiene que cier- tions must exist for social movements to occur tas condiciones deben estar dadas para que los mov- imientos sociales ocurran values broad ideas about what is good or desirable valores idea amplia sobre lo que es bueno o deseable shared by people in a society compartida por muchos integrantes de una sociedad variable a characteristic that is subject to change variable característica sujeta a cambios verstehen understanding social behavior by putting empatía la comprensión de la conducta humana ponié- yourself in the place of others ndose uno mismo en el lugar de otros vertical mobility a change upward or downward in movilidad vertical cambio hacia arriba o hacia abajo occupational status or social class del estado ocupacional o clase social victim discounting process of reducing the seriousness clasifi cación de víctimas procedimiento mediante el of the crimes that injure people of lower status cual se reduce la gravedad de los crímenes que dañan a personas de estratos bajos voucher system system in which public school funds sistema de comprobantes sistema en el cual los fon- may be used to support public, private, or religious dos de las escuelas fi scales pueden utilizarse para sub- schools sidiar a escuelas públicas, privadas, o religiosas W war organized, armed confl ict that occurs within a guerra confl icto armado organizado que ocurre dentro society or between nations de una sociedad o entre naciones wealth total economic resources held by a person or riqueza el total de los recursos económicos que posee group una persona o grupo white-collar crime job-related crimes committed by crimen de ejecutivos crímenes relacionados al trabajo high-status people cometido por personas de condición alta working poor people employed in low-skill jobs with trabajadores pobres personas empleadas en trabajos the lowest pay who do not earn enough to rise out que requieren de un grado elemental de habilidad of poverty con los sueldos más bajos y que no ganan lo sufi ci- ente para salir de la pobreza Z zero population growth situation in which deaths are crecimiento cero de la población situación en la cual balanced by births so that the population does not las muertes están equilibradas con los nacimientos de increase modo que no crece la población
Glossary–Glosario A-39 References
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References A-53 Index
industrialization of, 159–160 blended families, 371–372 A mechanization of farming, 451 blue-collar workers, 450, 451, 452–453 social structure in, 156–157 Aberle, David, 592–593 Blumer, Herbert, 30–31, 586–587, 588 AIDS, 564–565, 584–585 absolute poverty, 259 boomerang kids, 379 Allport, Gordon, 287 accommodation pattern of assimila- “born again” Christians, 486–487 tion, 281 alternative movements, 593 bourgeoisie, 16, 243 achieved status, 141–142 altruistic suicide, 57 brain activity, 312 acting crowds, 586 American Association for Retired Per- Brunvand, Jan Harold, 582 sons (AARP), 338 Addams, Jane, 18, 19 Buddhism, 470 American Dream, 576–577 adolescents bullies, 200–201 athletes’ chances of advancing to American Sociological Association, bureaucracy, 190–195 60–61 pros, 513 bureaucratic model of education, crime of, 226–227 Andersen, Margaret, 311 388–390 defi nition of, 373 Anglo-conformity, 280 Burgess, Ernest, 556–557, 559 developmental issues, 126–127 anomic suicide, 57 Byrd, James, Jr., 285 deviance of, 204 anomie, 210 family issues, 373 anthropology, 7 gang activity, 222–223 anticipatory socialization, 129, 132 C popularity, 253 antiwar movement (American), population in U.S., 532 Calvin, John, 472 593–595 and pregnancy, 215 capital punishment (death penalty), and school culture, 96–97 Aristotle, 183 227, 229–230 and smoking, 213 Asch, Solomon, 184, 188–189 capitalism, 440–442, 444, 472 socialization of, 132 ascribed status, 141, 277 capitalists, 16 sport behavior study, 510–511 Asian Americans, 296, 300, 389, 402. Caplow, Theodore, 482–483 unemployment levels, 293 See also minorities case studies and violence, 106–107 assimilation, 280–281, 291–292 American dream, 576–577 Afghanistan, gender roles in, 317 authoritarianism, 431 defi nition of, 42 Africa, death rate of, 533 authority, 191–192, 425, 426–427 deviance, 222–223 African Americans. See also minorities average (statistical defi nition), 46 on isolated children, 113–114 assimilation barriers, 291–292 pros and cons of, 45 in central cities, 553 self-fulfi lling prophecy in civil rights movement, 596 B education, 414–415 and crime, 218–219 sport values, 510–511 baby boomers, 366, 554, 572 and education, 293, 300, 389, casinos, 296 402, 405, 420–421 back-to-basics movement in educa- tion, 393 Casler, Lawrence, 113 family structure, 373 caste systems, 266–267 income of, 292, 300 baseball, 508, 516 casual crowds, 586 job opportunities, 292–293 Bay of Pigs Invasion, 185 perceived economic situation, 275 Beatles, 463 causation, 50–54, 125 political advances, 293–294 Becker, Howard, 214–215 census, 39, 41, 226, 536, 548 poverty rates, 260, 300 behavior, 9–10, 73, 94. See also collec- central-city dilemma, 553–554 in professional sports, 514–515 tive behavior Chagnon, Napoleon, 158 profi ling by police, 236–237 beliefs, 92, 479–480 Challenger space shuttle disaster, 171 unemployment of, 292–293 Bell, Daniel, 162 Chambliss, William, 222–223 The Age of Spiritual Machines The Bell Curve (Herrnstein and change, 95–97, 129, 132 (Kurzweil), 408 Murray), 405 charismatic authority, 426–427 age stratifi cation, 330 Berger, Peter L., 35, 472 charter schools, 394 ageism, 330–332. See also elderly Bettelheim, Bruno, 120 cheating in sports, 504, 506, 507 persons bilateral family arrangement, 350 Cherokee Indians, 282 agricultural production trends, 161 bilingual education, 397–398 Cheyenne Indians, 208, 573 agricultural societies child development, 111, 113–114 and city development, 549 biological determinism, 311, 312–314 elderly roles in, 330–331 birthrates, 531–532, 540 children. See also adolescents family structure in, 350 Black Like Me (Griffi n), 42 abuse of, 367–368
A-54 Index as economic necessity, 359 of family roles, 149–152, 372, control of, 227, 229–232 gender identity, 311, 314 374–375 of hate, 285 infant mortality rates, 533–534, minority vs. majority group, identity theft, 228 540 281–282 juvenile, 226–227 and marital happiness, 374 religious, 466 measurement of, 224–227 one-child policies, 432, 543 and social change, 574–575 race and ethnicity relationship, population distribution, 532 social class, 16 218–219 poverty rates of, 261 confl ict perspective rates of, 206 single-parenthood effects on, 373 ageism, 331–332 white collar, 220–221 China, 176, 354, 432, 543, 575 coercion, 184 criminal justice system, 227 Chinese Americans, 297. See also Asian defi nition and assumptions of, crowds, 584–588, 591, 596 Americans 27–29 crude birthrate, 531 Christianity, 470 deviance, 218–221 crude death rate, 533 education, 400–407, 411 Chrysler, 452–453 Cuban Americans, 294–295. See also families, 360, 361 church attendance, 483 Latinos gender roles, 316–317, 319 churches, 475, 484 hate crimes, 285 cults, 476–479, 593 cities, 548, 549, 550–554, 556–560 Internet, 28–29 cultural bias of intelligence testing, citizen journalists, 445 political power, 436, 437, 439 405–406 Civil Rights Act (1964), 326 prejudice and discrimination, cultural diversity, 98 civil rights movement, 596 286–287 cultural particulars, 100–101 class confl ict, 16. See also social classes religion, 470–472, 473 cultural pluralism, 281 class consciousness, 254 social change, 579–580 cultural relativism, 80 social interaction, 186 cloning, 474 cultural universals, 100–102 social stratifi cation, 250–251, 252 culture close-ended questions, 40–41 social structure, 150 and behavior, 94 clothing as status designation, 249 socialization process, 115–116, beliefs of, 92 Coakley, Jay J., 496 117 change of, 95–97 coercion, 184, 425 sport, 507, 509 defi nition of, 72–73 urbanization, 551 cognitive ability, 404–406 diversity of, 98 cohabitation, 375, 378 conformity ethnocentrism of, 98, 100, 278 collective behavior Anglo-, 280 and heredity, 73 crowds, 586–589, 596 defi nition of, 184–185 and language, 77–79 defi nition of, 581–582 to norms, 206–207, 210 norms of, 81–88 fads, 583 primary group pressures, 174 and perspective, 76 fashions, 583 reasons for, 10–11 and physical objects, 92–93 mobs, 587 Confucianism, 470 school transmittal of, 396–397 research issues, 581–582 conglomerates, 447 and social change, 570 riots, 586 consensus, 17, 26 sociobiologist views, 74–75 rumors, 582, 589 Conspiracy Nation magazine, 590 sport as refl ection of, 497–498 social movements, 591–596 contagion theory of crowd behavior, universals of, 100–102 summary of, 591 587–588 values of, 89–91 urban legends, 582–583 contingent employment, 455–456 and violence, 106–107 collectivity, 581 control theory of deviance, 211–212 Czechoslovakia, 444 college activism, 594–595 conventional crowds, 586 college entrance exams, 401–403 conventional social wisdom, 11 D color-coding, 236–237 convergence theory of crowd Columbine High School, 125–126, 180 Dahrendorf, Rolf, 579–580 behavior, 588–589 communism, 444 Dakota Indians, 573 Cooley, Charles Horton, 30, 116 compensatory education, 407 de facto segregation, 282 cooperation, 181, 183 competition, 400, 440, 455–456 de jure segregation, 282 cooperative learning, 391 computers, 112, 162, 264, 283, 408. death penalty (capital punishment), core tier, 454 See also Internet 227, 229, 230 corporations, 446–449 Comte, Auguste, 14–15 death rates, 533–534, 540 correlation, 52–53 concentric zone theory of city growth, Delta Airlines, 283 counterculture, 98 556–557, 559, 560 democracy, 428–429, 445, 568–569 courtship, 353–356, 362 confl ict Democracy in America Challenger space shuttle disaster, Cowgill, Donald, 330–331 (de Tocqueville), 569 171 crime. See also punishment; violence demographic transition theory, defi nition of, 181–182 among Cheyenne, 208 539–540
Index A-55 demography, 530, 547. See also Dudley, Kathryn Marie, 452–453 socioeconomic situation, 333– population Durkheim, Emile 336, 338 denominations (religious), 475, 478 background of, 16–17 electronic churches, 484, 487 dependency ratio of population on deviance, 210–211 The Elementary Forms of Religious Life growth, 545–546 on perspective, 9 (Durkheim), 468 dependent variable, 52 on religion, 464, 467–470 elitism, 436, 437, 439 desegregation of schools, 406–407 on social solidarity, 160–162 Elkind, David, 126 suicide research, 56–57 desocialization, 128 emergent norm theory of crowd dysfunction, 26, 505–506 deterrence, 227, 229 behavior, 587–588 developing countries, 552 employee rights, 448 deviance E employment. See work and workplace confl ict theory perspective, endogamy, 354 Eccles, Jacquelynne, 96–97 218–221 environmental issues, 572, 574 economic institutions, 424–425 defi nition and description of, equalitarian family structure, 350 204–205 economic systems, 440–444 equilibrium, 578 functionalist perspective, 209–212 economics (study of), 7 An Essay on the Principle of Population smoking as, 213 Eder, Donna, 66–67, 253, 510–511 (Malthus), 539 symbolic interactionism perspec- edge cities, 554 ethical issues, 59–61, 66–67, 474 tive, 214–217 Edison schools, 395 ethnic cleansing. See genocide deviants, 205 education. See also schools ethnic minority, 278 Dewey, John, 390 of athletes, 504–505 Dickson, William, 195 back-to-basics movement, 393 ethnicity and race, 276–278. See also differential association theory of devi- bilingual, 397–398 minorities ance, 214 bureaucratic model of, 388–390 ethnocentrism, 98, 100, 278 diffusion, 95, 570–571, 573 culture of, 96–97 etiquette, cultural, 82 disabled persons, 261 early reforms of, 390 Evans, Jean, 121 discipline, parental, 376–377 functions of, 396–398 exogamy, 354 future of, 399 discovery, 95, 570 experiments high school dropout rates, 412 discrimination. See also prejudice defi nition of, 45 humanistic movement, 390–392 group pressure, 184, 188–189 defi nition of, 285 and income, 401 in home buying process, 306–307, rhesus monkey, 111, 113 inequality in, 403–407, 411–413, status in prisons, 144–145 553 420–421 institutionalized, 290–291 exponential growth (of population), and institutionalized discrimina- 538 Irish “Traveling People,” 279 tion, 290–291 expressive crowds, 586 segregation, 282, 297, 323, McDonaldization of, 20–21 406–407 as meritocracy, 400–403 extended family, 349 theoretical perspectives, 286–288 minority group attainment of, extreme sports, 499 dispersed collectivity, 582 293, 295, 296, 300, 389 extremist religious groups, 476–477 diversion strategy of crime prevention, and political socialization, 434 231 reform movements, 390–393 F diversity, cultural, 98 school choice debate, 393–395 division of labor self-fulfi lling prophecies, 410–411, fads, 583, 592 bureaucratic, 191 414–415 Failing at Fairness (Sadker and Sadker), gender based, 316, 317 and socialization, 122, 319, 387, 319 409–413 in preindustrial societies, 154–155 Falling From Grace (Newman), 268 and social solidarity, 160–161 Educational Amendment Act (1972) false consciousness, 250 divorce rates, 364–366 (Title IX), 495, 517–518 families. See also adolescents; children; educational equality, 403–404 domestic violence, 367–369 marriage Domhoff, William, 328 egoistic suicide, 56 boomerang kids, 379 doubling time (of population), 537 Eitzen, Stanley, 503, 504, 507 defi nition of, 348–349 downsizing, 455–456 elderly persons dual-employment in, 152, downwaging, 455 abuse of, 369 374–375 dramaturgy, 31 Internet usage, 555 father’s role, 384–385 in Japan, 535 drives, 73 future trends, 380 life expectancy of, 564–565 gender inequality in, 360 Drudge, Matt, 445 as minority group, 333 governmental policies, 326 dual-employed marriages, 152, political power, 337–338 industrialization impact, 160 374–375 population distribution, 337 Internet communication, 370 DuBois, W. E. B., 22
A-56 Index parenting issues, 258, 317–318, formal organizations, 190 group behavior, 9–10 357, 358, 376–377 formal sanctions, 87–88 group pressure, 188–189 planning of, 542–544 formal schooling, 390 groups, 171–175, 177–179, 181–186, and political affi liation, 434 for-profi t schools, 395 190–196. See also collective in preindustrial societies, 154– freedom of the press, 445 behavior 155, 157 groupthink, 171, 185 as primary group, 173 friends. See peer groups role confl ict, 149–152, 372, Fukuyama, Francis, 162–163, 572 374–375 functionalism H same sex domestic partners, 378 ageism, 330–331 single persons, 378–379 defi nition and assumptions of, Hagedorn, James, 558 social status transmittal, 359 25–27 Harlow, Harry, 111, 113 and socialization, 121, 124, 357, deviance, 209–212, 220 Harris, Chauncy, 559, 560 360 education, 396–398, 411 Harris, Judith, 124 structural patterns of, 350–351 families, 357–359, 361 Harris Poll, 39 gender roles, 316, 319 and telecommuting issues, 187 hate crimes, 285 theoretical perspectives, 357–361 hate crimes, 285 hate groups, 287, 289 types of, 349–350, 371–374 Internet, 28–29 violence in, 367–369 political power, 436–439 Head Start, 407 Family and Medical Leave Act (1993), prejudice and discrimination, 286, health insurance, 13 326 288 heredity and culture, 73 family of orientation, 349 religion, 467–470, 473 Herrnstein, Richard, 405 social change, 578–579 family of procreation, 349 heterogamy, 355 social interaction, 186 hidden curriculum, 122–123, 409–411 family planning, 542–544 social stratifi cation, 250, 252 hidden unemployment, 293 fashions, 583, 592 social structure, 150 fast food restaurant employment, socialization process, 115–116 high school dropout rates, 412 460–461 sport, 504–506, 509 high school graduation rates, 389 Feagin, Joe, 298–299 urbanization, 551 high school reunions, 130–131 fecundity, 531 fundamentalism, 485–487, 488 Hilts, Philip, 213 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Hinduism, 466, 470, 492–493 225–226 G Hirschi, Travis, 211–212 females. See also sexism history (study of), 7 abuse of, 367–369 Galileo, 54 Hitler, Adolf, 246, 426–427, 430 athletes’ chances of playing pro- Gallup Poll, 39 Hochschild, Arlie, 283, 374 fessional sports, 513 game stage of role taking, 118 hockey, 500, 505–506 brain activity, 312 gangs, 222–223, 558 Holmes, Lowell, 330–331 dual-employment family issues, 374–375 gemeinschaft, 160 Holocaust, 281. See also Nazi Germany earnings vs. men, 323–324, 325 gender identity, 310–315, 342–343 Holt, John, 122 educational inequality, 413 gender inequality. See sexism home schooling, 420–421 elderly situation, 336 gender roles, 156, 160, 316–320, 321, homelessness, 272–273 homelessness, 274–275 410, 524–525 homogamy, 354–355 Internet-based job opportunities, gender socialization, 317–320 homosexuality, 378 329 generalized other, 118 Hopi Indians, 356 in labor force, 318, 595 genocide, 281–282 horizontal mobility, 265 political power of, 326–328 gentrifi cation, 554 poverty rates of, 261 horticultural societies, 155 as single parents, 372–373 Germany. See Nazi Germany Hoyt, Homer, 559 sports activity, 495, 498, 524–525 gesellschaft, 160 Hull-House, 19 suicide rates, 331 Givens, Beth, 228 human development index, 194 feminism, 15, 360 Glock, Charles, 479 humanistic movement in education, feminization of poverty, 261 Goffman, Erving, 31, 216 390 fertility, 531–532 golf, 518 hunting and gathering societies, fertility rates, 531–532, 540 “goth” counterculture, 98 154–155, 350, 427 fi eld research, 42. See also case studies Goulden, Joseph C., 445 Hurricane Katrina, 10, 174, 251, 578 Fine, Gary Alan, 508 graphs and tables, reading of, 48–49 hypothesis, 58 folkways, 83. See also norms Gray Panthers, 338 hypothesis of linguistic relativity, football, 505, 514–515, 524–525 Greece (ancient), 516 78–79 Ford Motor Company, 283 Griffi n, John Howard, 42 foreign competition, 455–456 gross migration rate, 534
Index A-57 interest groups, 338, 437–439, defi nition of, 294 I 579–580 educational attainment of, 295, 300, 389 “I,” 119 intergenerational mobility, 265 family structure, 373 ideal culture, 94 interlocking directorates, 447 Internet income of, 295, 300 identity, 310–315, 342–343, 397–398, political power of, 295, 530 504 access to, 283 for family communication, 370 population of, 294–295 identity theft, 228 global usage, 574 poverty rates, 260, 300 Ikeda, Keiko, 130–131 and hate groups, 289 SAT scores, 402 illegal immigration, 534 as informational resource, 47–48 law enforcement, 236–237 imitation stage of role taking, 118 job opportunities for women, 329 laws, 84, 86, 87. See also norms immigrants and immigration, 101, news reporting issues, 445 Le Bon, Gustave, 587–588 278, 280–281, 534 rumors on, 590 Leacock, Eleanor, 411 impression management, 31 and social change, 600–601 legitimate (churches), 468 incarceration, 229. See also prisons social network communication, Lemert, Edwin, 215–216 178–179 incest taboo, 354 Lennon, John, 463 social skills development, 112 income Star Wars impact, 99 Levine, Daniel, 405 of African Americans, 292, 300 theoretical perspectives on, 28–29 Levine, Rayna, 405 American inequality, 244–245 virtual communities, 555 Liebow, Elliot, 42 defi nition of, 244 life expectancy, 533, 564–565 by educational level, 401 interviews, 40 of elderly, 336 invention, 95, 570 life span, 533 gender inequality, 309 Invitation to Sociology (Berger), 35 limited liability of corporations, 446 of Latinos, 295 Ireland, 279, 334–335 linguistic relativity, hypothesis of, of Native Americans, 296 iron law of oligarchy, 196 78–79 and social class, 254 Islam, 466, 470 literacy rates, 397 independent variables, 52 literature search, 58 India J “living together,” 375, 378 caste system in, 266–267 Lombardi, Vince, 498 children as economic necessity, Jacobson, Lenore, 410–411, 414–415 Lombroso, Cesare, 50 359 Janis, Irving, 185 looking-glass self, 116–117, 251 cow worship, 492–493 Los Angeles riots, 587 family planning, 542–543 Japan, 282, 363, 423, 535, 571 marriage, 363–364 Japanese Americans, 297, 300. See also preindustrial cities in, 549 Asian Americans M religious wars, 466 Jensen, Arthur, 405 individual behavior, 9–10 job opportunities, 12, 292–293. See magnet schools, 394–395 industrial societies, 159–162, 218, 331, also occupations majority opinion, 184 350, 550–551 job security, 164 males inequality. See also discrimination; Jones, Jim, 476–477 athletes’ chances of playing pro- prejudice Judaism, 470 fessional sports, 513 and confl ict, 182 juvenile crime, 226–227 brain activity, 312 in education, 403–406, 420–421 dual-employment family issues, of income, 244–245 374–375 in preindustrial societies, 156 K family role, 384–385 in sports, 507 sports activity, 524–525 Kinsey, Alfred, 378 infant mortality rates, 533–534, 540 suicide rates, 331 Kurzweil, Ray, 408 workplace attitudes, 321 informal organizations, 194–195 malls, shopping, 168–169 informal sanctions, 88 Malthus, Thomas Robert, 539 information gathering, 46–48, 62, 596 L manifest functions, 26, 396–398 in-group, 178 labeling theory of deviance, 214–217, marriage. See also families innovation as deviant response, 285 American characteristics, 363– 210–211 labor force participation, 318, 595. See 364, 366 instincts, 73 also work and workplace childless, 374 institutionalized discrimination, labor unions, membership in, 193 choosing mate, 353–355, 362 290–291 language, 77–79, 287 and cohabitation, 375, 378 integrative curriculum, 391–392 latent functions, 26, 396, 398 defi nition of, 349 intelligence, 404–406, 414–415 divorce, 364–366 Latinos. See also minorities dual-employment in, 374–375 and crime, 218–219
A-58 Index forms of, 351–352 ethnic, 278 ethnocentrism of, 100 Hopi Indians, 356 females as, 322 German army as primary group, marriage rates, 353, 364, 365 high school graduation rates, 389 174 “Martian hysteria,” 584 Internet usage, 601 Hitler’s power, 246, 426–427, 430 Martineau, Harriet, 15 in Ireland, 279 Holocaust impact, 281 political power of, 293–294, 295 prisoner-of-war camps, 120 Marx, Karl population growth of, 530 background of, 16 negative correlation, 53 poverty rates of, 260, 295, 296, on religion, 470 negative deviance, 205 300 on social stratifi cation, 242, neolocal family structure, 351 power of, 286 243–245, 250, 579 the Net. See Internet relationship with majority group, mass hysteria, 584–585 280–282 net migration rate, 534 mass media. See also Internet and SAT results, 401–403 nettling, 93 defi nition of, 124 sport opportunities, 513–514 New Guinea, 313–314 electronic churches, 484 textbooks depiction, 410 Newman, Katherine, 268, 460–461, healthy skepticism of, 62 in United States, 291–301 576–577 National Television Violence mobs, 587, 591 Nie, Norman, 112 Study, 136–137 mode (statistical defi nition), 46 Nisbet, Robert, 575 and political socialization, 434 socialization infl uence, 117, monkeys, social isolation experiment nonmaterial culture, 92, 93 124–126 of, 111, 113 norms. See also values sports portrayal, 502 monogamy, 351–352 conformity to, 206–207, 210–212 T.V. availability, 125 monopolies, 440–441 and crowd behavior, 587–588 master status, 142–143 morality, 84 cultural etiquette, 82 defi nition of, 81, 83 material culture, 92–93 mores, 84, 85, 87. See also norms enforcement of, 87–88 mortality, 533–534 matriarchy, 350 in Middle Ages, 249 matrilineal family arrangement, 350 multicultural education, 407 sport as teacher of, 504–505 matrilocal family structure, 351 multinationals, 447, 449 types of, 83–87 McDonaldization, 20–21 multiple causation, 50 violation of, 204–205 “me,” 119 multiple nuclei theory of city growth, Novak, Michael, 278 Mead, George Herbert, 30, 116, 557, 559, 560 nuclear family, 349 117–119 Murray, Charles, 405 Mead, Margaret, 313–314 Muslims, 466, 470 O mean (statistical defi nition), 46–47 mechanical solidarity, 17, 161 N obligations, 146–147 mechanization, 160 occupational sex segregation, 323 media. See mass media A Nation at Risk, 393 occupations, 247, 322–325, 435, median (statistical defi nition), 47 National Commission on Excellence 454–455. See also work and melting pot pattern of assimilation, in Education, 393 workplace 280–281 National Crime Victimization Survey Ogburn, William, 578 men. See males (NCVS), 226 oligarchy, iron law of, 196 meritocracy, 400–403 National Television Violence Study, oligopolies, 440–441 136–137 Merton, Robert, 26, 210–211 Olympics, 506 Native Americans. See also minorities Mexican Americans, 294, 295. See also open classrooms, 390–391 crime and punishment traditions, Latinos open-class system of mobility, 267 208 Michels, Robert, 196 educational attainment, 296, 300 open-ended questions, 40, 41 Microsoft Corporation, 440–441 gender identity, 315 organic solidarity, 17, 161–162 middle class, 255–256 income of, 296, 300 out-group, 178 migration, 534 marriage and courtship, 356 overurbanization, 552 Milgrim, Stanley, 188–189 population transfer, 282 Mills, C. Wright, 11, 439 poverty rates, 300 P minorities. See also discrimination; on reservations, 296 prejudice; specifi c minority SAT scores, 402 panic, 585 and social change, 567, 573 group parenting. See also families stereotypes, 286, 519 and crime, 218–219 discipline, 376–377 “nature versus nurture” debate, 73, death penalty attitudes, 229 and gender socialization, 316–318 312–314, 405 defi nition and characteristics of, grading of, 358 276–277 Nazi Germany of single persons, 372–373 elderly situation, 333, 336 crowd behavior of, 588 socialization of children, 357
Index A-59 style of, 258 positivism, 14 discrimination in, 514–515, 518 Parsons, Talcott, 578 postindustrial societies, 162–163 mass media portrayal of, 502 participant observation, 42 poverty social identifi cation promotion, pastoral societies, 156 and death rates, 243 504 and social mobility, 513 patriarchy, 349 demographic make-up of poor, violence in, 500, 505–506 patrilineal family arrangement, 350 260–261 elderly rates of, 333, 336 for women, 518 patrilocal family structure, 351 governmental programs, 262–263 profi ling, racial, 236–237 patterned interactions, 9–11 and income inequality, 244–245 proletariat, 16 Pearson, Kent, 500 and Internet usage, 555 Protestant ethic, 472 peer groups, 123–124, 173, 320 measurement of, 259 psychology, 7 People’s Temple, 476 minority rates of, 260, 295, 296, public charities, 480 300 perception, 23, 79 Puerto Rican Americans, 294, 295. See working poor, 256, 460–461 peripheral theory of city growth, 557, also Latinos power. See also political power 559–560 punishment, 208, 221, 227, 229–231. defi nition of, 27–28, 191, 425 peripheral tier, 454–455 See also crime; prisons personality, 110–113 and iron law of oligarchy, 196 minority group control, 286 “punk” counterculture, 98 perspective, 6, 76. See also theoretical and social stratifi cation, 245–246 perspectives in sports, 507, 515, 517–518 physical characteristics, 277 Q power elite, 439 physical objects and culture, 92–93 precollected information. See second- qualitative research, 42 Plains Indians, 567, 573 ary analysis qualitative variables, 51–52 play stage of role taking, 118 prejudice. See also discrimination; rac- quantitative research, 38–42 pluralism, political, 436–439 ism; sexism quantitative variables, 51 political affi liation, 487 ageism, 330–332 questionnaire, 40 political institutions, 424–425, defi nition of, 284 427–431 Dubois’s research of, 22 political power and hate crimes, 285 R of corporations, 446–447, 449 Internet spread of, 289 race and ethnicity, 276–278. See also of elderly persons, 337–338 Irish “Traveling People,” 279 minorities of minority groups, 293–294, 295 learning of, 287–288 models of, 435–439 in prisons, 98 racism. See also prejudice voting, 433–435 racial profi ling of police, 236–237 African American legacy of, of women, 325–328 and sociobiology, 74 298–299 defi nition of, 284–285 political science, 7 stereotypes, 241, 285–286, 332, Dubois’s research of, 22 political socialization, 434–435 342–343, 517, 519 theoretical perspectives, 286–288 in prisons, 98 polyandry, 352 and values, 90 and sociobiology, 74 polygamy, 352 presentation of self, 31 in sports, 514–515 polygyny, 352 and values, 90 prestige, 246–247 popular culture, 99 rationalization, 17–18, 193 primary deviance, 215–216 popularity, 253 rational-legal authority, 427 primary groups, 173–174, 214 population. See also world population real culture, 94 primary relationships, 173, 174–175, growth 176 reality, 79 changing demographics and primary sector, 450 rebellion as deviant response, 210–211 social change, 572 recidivism, 231 defi nition of, 39, 530 principles, 118–119 reciprocity as social exchange basis, fertility rates, 531–532 prisons 183 migration rates, 534 alternatives to, 231 mortality rates, 533–534 counterculture of, 98 recreation, 496. See also sport percentage 18 and under, 532 purpose of, 229–231 redemptive movements, 592 urban rates, 550 rates by country, 232 redlining, 306 population control, 539, 541–544 socialization in, 120 reference groups, 132, 177 population momentum, 541 status in, 144–145 refl exes, 73 population pyramids, 545–546 privacy issues, 60, 164, 228 reform movements in education, population transfer, 282 private property in preindustrial soci- 390–392 eties, 154 positive correlation, 52 reformative movements, 592 probation, 231 positive deviance, 205 regulation, government, 441–442 profane, 464 Positive Philosophy (Comte), 15 rehabilitation, 230–231 professional sports. See also sport Reich, Robert, 456
A-60 Index relative poverty, 259 Rosenthal, Robert, 410–411, 414–415 occupational and economic, relativity, 78–79, 80, 214–215 Rubin, Lillian, 301 322–325 religion rules, 192, 194 political, 326–328 in America, 481–488 rumors, 582, 589, 592 and poverty, 260–261 in religion, 471 beliefs and practices, 479–480 Russia, 443, 444 in sports, 498 comparison of major world reli- Ruth, Babe, 464–465 gions, 470 stereotypes, 342–343, 517 defi nition of, 464 sexual activity, family regulation of, extremist groups, 476–477 S 359 gender inequality in, 471 Shakespeare, William, 139 organization of, 475, 478–479 sacred, 464 Shepard, Matthew, 285 research issues, 465 The Sacred Canopy (Berger), 472 shock probation, 231 and science, 487–488 Sadker, David, 319, 411–412 Shupe, Anson, 484 sociological meaning, 464–465 Sadker, Myra, 319, 411–412 sibling abuse, 369 theoretical perspectives, 467–473 sample, 39 signifi cant norms, 205 wars over, 466 Samuelson, Paul, 244 worldwide distribution, 469 signifi cant others, 117 sanctions, 87–88, 207 religiosity, 479–480, 483 Simmel, Georg, 182 Sapir, Edward, 78 replacement level of population Singapore, 543 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, 78–79 growth, 541 single persons, 378–379 Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT), representative democracy, 428 single-gender schools, 413 401–403 representative sample, 39 single-parent families, 372–373 school choice, 393 research methods. See also case studies slavery, 291–292 school desegregation, 406–407 of collective behavior, 581–582 Smelser, Neil, 159–160 schools. See also education example of, 66–67 Smith, Adam, 440, 441 experiments, 45, 111, 113, guns in, 149 high school reunions, 130–131 Smith, Michael, 500 144–145, 184, 188–189 smoking, 213 fi eld research, 42 organization of, 191 social aggregate, 173 goal of, 38 public school alternatives, procedural steps, 58–59 393–395 social bonds, 212 of religion, 465 social status within, 253 social categories, 98, 173 secondary analysis, 20–21, 41–42, testing, 398, 401–403, 404, social change 45, 56–57, 558 405–406 and changing demographics, 572 summary of, 45 violence in, 125–126, 180 defi nition of, 568–569 surveys, 38–41, 45, 96–97, 275, science and religion, 487–488 and deviance, 210 358 scientifi c method, 54, 58–59 environmental role, 572, 574 theoretical comparison, 43 “second shift,” 374 functionalist explanation, 25 reservations, Native American, 296 secondary analysis, 20–21, 41–42, 45, of Plains Indians, 567, 573 resocialization, 128–129 56–57, 558 processes of, 569–571 and religion, 471–472 resource mobilization theory, 596 secondary deviance, 216 revolution and war, 574–575 secondary groups, 174–175, 194–195 retreatism as deviant response, and technology, 571–572 210–211 secondary relationships, 174 theoretical perspectives, 578–580 retribution, 229 secondary sector, 450 social classes. See also social revolution, 574–575 sect, religious, 478 stratifi cation revolutionary movements, 591–592 sector theory of city growth, 557, 559, in America, 254–257 rhesus monkeys, social isolation 560 confl ict between, 16 experiment, 111, 113 secularization, 482–483, 485 consciousness of, 254 rights, 146 segregation, 282, 297, 323, 406–407 industrialization impact, 160 riots, 587, 592 self, 119 and parenting style, 258 in preindustrial societies, 154, 157 ritualism as deviant response, 210–211 self-concept, 116, 251, 360–361, 508 and religious affi liation, 487 self-fulfi lling prophecy, 288, 410–411 Ritzer, George, 20–21 and social stratifi cation, 242 Rodman, Dennis, 502 separation of church and state, 488 and sport, 507 Roethlisberger, F. J., 195 service economy, 162, 450, 451 social control, 206–207 role confl ict, 149–152, 372, 374–375 sex, 310–311 Social Darwinism, 16, 405 role performance, 147 sexism social dynamics, 14 in education, 411–413 role strain, 149–151 social exchange, 183, 184 role taking, 118 within family, 360 and income, 309 social interaction, 147–148, 181–186, roles, 118, 146–152, 372, 374–375 legal issues, 325–326 508 Rome (ancient), 497, 499 social mobility. See also social
Index A-61 stratifi cation Society in America (Martineau), 15 surveys American, 267–268, 576–577 sociobiology, 74. See also Social Dar- defi nition of, 38 caste vs. open-class systems, winism grading of parents, 358 266–267 socioemotional maintenance, 357 methods, 39–41 in industrial societies, 160 sociological imagination, 11 perceived economic situation of in preindustrial societies, 155 African Americans, 275 sociological perspective, 6 and sport, 504, 512–514 pros and cons of, 45 through computer literacy, 283 sociologists, 8–9, 35 of school culture, 96–97 types of, 265 sociology Sutherland, Edwin, 220 American, 18–22 social movements, 591–596 symbolic interactionism defi nition of, 6 social networks, 178–179 ageism, 332 description of, 7 defi nition and assumptions of, 27, social processes, 569–571 job opportunities in, 12 29–31 social sanctions, 87–88, 207 origins of, 14–18 deviance, 214–217, 220 social sciences, 7 and patterned interactions, 9–11 education, 409–413 social solidarity, 160–162, 195 Southern Poverty Law Center, 289 family, 360–361 social statics, 14 Soviet Union, 443, 444 gender roles, 317–320 social stratifi cation. See also prejudice; Spencer, Herbert, 15–16 Internet, 28–29 social classes; social mobility spirit of capitalism, 472 prejudice and discrimination, defi nition of, 242 Spitzer, Steven, 218 287–288 economic factors, 243–245 sport religion, 472–473 in education, 253, 400–407 in ancient Rome, 499 social change, 580 “electronic,” 555 defi nition of, 496 social interaction, 186 family transmittal of, 359 gender issues, 495, 516–518 social stratifi cation, 251, 252 in The Middle Ages, 249 paradoxes, 504 social structure, 150 and poverty, 259–263 racial issues, 514–515, 519 socialization process, 116–119, and power, 245–246 as refl ection of culture, 497–498, 128–132 prestige factor, 246–247 503 sport, 508–511 and social class, 242 as social institution, 496–497 symbols, 30, 77 social mobility, 265–268 and social mobility, 512–514 theories of, 250–252 subcultures of, 500–501 T social structure theoretical perspectives, 503–509 and culture, 148 sport subculture, 500–501 defi nition of, 9, 140 tables and graphs, reading of, 48–49 in preindustrial societies, 158 spurious correlation, 53–54 taboos, 84 and roles, 146–152 Stacey, William, 484 Taiwan, 542 and shopping malls, 168–169 stacking, 514–515 teachers, 387, 410–413. See also stability of, 162–163 Star Wars, 99 education and status, 140–143 Stark, Rodney, 479 technical knowledge, 162 socialism, 442–443, 444 statistics, 46–47 technology. See also Internet socialization status, 140–145, 154, 249, 277 access to, 264, 283, 600–601 and child development, 109, 111, status set, 142 defi nition of, 571 113–114 stereotypes. See also prejudice future trends, 408 defi nition of, 110 defi nition of, 285–286 identity theft, 228 and education, 409–413 of elderly, 332 importance in postindustrial family role, 121, 124, 357, 360 gender, 342–343, 517 society, 162 gender, 317–320 Native American, 286, 519 importance to society, 162 mass media infl uence, 124–126 of welfare recipients, 241 social change role, 571–572 and peers, 123–124 sterilization programs, 543 and social skills, 112 and personality, 110–113 and suburbanization, 552–553 stigma, 216–217, 366, 374, 378 as primary group function, 174 workplace issues, 164, 187 Stoll, Cliff, 112 in prisoner-of-war camps, 120 teenagers. See adolescents strain theory of deviance, 210–211 processes of, 128, 132 telecommuting, 187 in schools, 122–123 stratifi cation. See social stratifi cation television, 203. See also mass media theoretical perspectives of, subculture, 98 terrorism, 584–585 115–119 subjugation, 282 tertiary sector, 450 society suburbanization, 552–554, 559–560 testing, school, 398, 401–403, 404, defi nition of, 73, 153 suicide, 56–57, 331, 535 industrial types, 159–162 405–406 Suicide (Durkheim), 56 McDonaldization of, 200–201 textbooks, 410 postindustrial types, 162–163 Sumner, William Graham, 81, 83 Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 183 preindustrial types, 153–158 surfi ng, 500
A-62 Index theoretical perspectives, 23–31. See U.S. Department of Commerce, 41 “Who Wants to Marry a Millionaire,” also confl ict perspective; U.S. Department of Labor, 41 380 functionalism; symbolic Whorf, Benjamin, 78 interactionism V Whyte, William F., 174 Tilly, Charles, 575 Williams, Robin, 90 Title IX (Educational Amendment Act) value-added theory of social move- Wirth, Louis, 276 (1972), 495, 517–518 ments, 593–595 witch hysteria, 584 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 569 values. See also norms women. See females Toland, John, 426–427 American, 90–91 work and workplace Tönnies, Ferdinand, 160, 580 defi nition of, 89 contingent employment, 455–456 total fertility rate, 532, 540 functionalist view, 26 division of labor, 155, 156, 161, total institutions, 128 media infl uence on, 124 191, 316, 317, 374–375 totalitarianism, 430 sport as teacher of, 497, 504 downsizing, 455–456 tracking, 398 variables, 51–52 dual-employed marriages, traditional authority, 427 Vaupel, James, 564–565 374–375 transportation and city growth, verstehen, 17 employee rights, 448 559 vertical mobility, 265 fast food restaurant employment, trust, 209 victim discounting, 219 460–461 Turkel, Sherry, 112 gender hierarchy, 321 video games, 112 two-career families, 152, 374–375 Japanese model of, 423 Vietnam War, 593–594 Tyson, Mike, 204 nature of, 450–453 violence. See also crime occupational structure, 454–455 cultural explanations, 106–107 primary relationships in, 176 U in families, 367–369 Protestant ethic of, 472 gang, 558 social changes in, 572 Ullman, Edward, 559 media infl uence, 117, 124–126, surveillance, 164 underclass, 256–257, 293 203 technology issues, 164, 187 unemployment, 149, 293 National Television Violence unemployment rates, 293 Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), Study, 136–137 working class, 256 in schools, 180 225–226 working poor, 256, 460–461 in sports, 500, 505–506 United Parcel Service (UPS), 424 world population growth virtual communities, 555 United States demographic transition theory, American Dream status, 576–577 virtual offi ce, 187 539–540 antiwar movement, 593–594 virtual organization, 164 future projections, 540–541 crime rates, 224–227 voting, 337–338, 433–435 historical, 534 death rate of, 533 voucher system, 393–394 Malthus theory of, 539 divorce rates, 364–366 measurement of, 536–538 domestic violence, 367–369 W reasons for, 529 education in, 392 World War I, 575 gender inequality, 309, 322–328 World Wrestling Entertainment marriage, 354–355, 363–364, 365 war, 466, 574–575 (WWE), 502 as a meritocracy, 400–403 War of the Worlds (Welles), 584 minority groups in, 291–301 War on Poverty program, 262 political process, 428, 433–439 wealth, 244, 245–246, 435 Y population projections, 544 Weber, Max poverty in, 259–263 on authority, 426–427 Yanomamo tribe, 158 realities of teaching in, 387 background of, 17–18 youth. See adolescents religion in, 481–488 on bureaucracy, 192–193 social change in, 568–569 on power, 425 Z social class structure in, 254–257 on religion, 471–472 social mobility in, 267–268 social stratifi cation, 242, 245 Zero Population Growth (movement), suburbanization of, 552–554, wedding ceremonies, 351. See also 593 559–560 marriage zero population growth (theory), 541 University of Chicago, 18, 556 welfare, 241, 262–263 Zimbardo, Philip, 144 upper class, 255 Western Electric Company study, 195 Zwiegenhaft, Richard, 328 urban ecology, 556 white ethnics, 300–301. See also urban legends, 582–583, 592 minorities urbanism, 580 white-collar crime, 220–221 urbanization, 160, 548, 551–552 white-collar workers, 450, 451 U.S. Census Bureau, 39, 41, 226, 548
Index A-63 Credits
Cover Mick Wiggins; HB1 Bob Daemmrich/Stock Boston; com; 106 Michael S.Yamashita/CORBIS; 108 Rob Fehling/ HB2 Michael Newman/PhotoEdit; HB3 David Young- Masterfi le; 110 Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS; 111 Wolf/PhotoEdit; HB5 Reuters/CORBIS; HB7 CALVIN AND Marvin Koner/CORBIS; 112 Chuck Savage/CORBIS; 113 HOBBES ©1995 Bill Watterson. Reprinted with permission Ewing Galloway/Index Stock Imagery; 115 Omni Photo of UNIVERSAL PRESS SYNDICATE. All rights reserved; Communications/Index Stock Imagery; 118 Index Stock HB8 Jeffry W. Myers/CORBIS; HB9 Steve Chenn/CORBIS; Imagery; 119 Gabe Palmer/CORBIS; 120 Hulton-Deutsch HB15 Pascal Quittemelle/Stock Boston; HB16 David Collection/CORBIS; 121 (l)SW Production/Index Stock Young-Wolff/Stone/Getty Images; 2-3 Franz Marc Frei/ Imagery; (r)George Shelley/CORBIS; 122 © 1993, Chroni- CORBIS; 4 Masterfi le/Masterfi le; 6 Andrea Booher/Index cle Features, Gail Machlis. 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Barnes/Photo Edit; 232 fi le photo; Images; 363 Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./CORBIS; 367 Christel 234 The New Yorker/Cartoonbank.com; 238-239 Joel Gerstenberg/CORBIS; 369 Keith Brofsky/Getty Images; Stettenheim/CORBIS; 240-241 Janine Wiedel Photoli- 370 Ron Fehling/Masterfi le; 371 Bettmann/CORBIS; 374 brary/Alamy; 242 AP/Wide World Photos; 244 © 1992, Benelux Press/Index Stock Imagery; 375 © Chronicle Fea- The New Yorker Magazine, Inc., W. Miller. (Reprinted with tures, Gail Machlis. (Reprinted with permission.); 377, permission.); 246 (t)Brian Bohannon/AP/Wide World 378 CORBIS; 379 © 1989, “The New Yorker Collection”, Photos; (bl)Rufus F. Folkks/CORBIS; (br)Ning Chiu/Enter- Henry Martin. (Reprinted with permission.); 380 Cuckoo’s tainment Pictures/ZUMA/CORBIS; 248 Steven Begleiter/ Nest/Hanna-Barbera/Wang Films/The Kobal Collection; Index Stock Imagery; 249 Arte & Immagini SRL/CORBIS; 383 Mike Lester, The Rome News-Tribune; 386 Mark Peter- 250 (l)John Maher/CORBIS; (r)Nancy Ney/CORBIS; 251 son/CORBIS; 388 (l)AP/Wide World Photos; (r) Walter (t)Peter Griffi th/Masterfi le; (b)Funky Winkerbean © Tom Hodges/Getty Images; 390 Gabe Palmer/CORBIS; 391 Tim Batiuk. Permission of King Features Syndicate.; 253 SW Hynds/AP/Wide World Photos; 392 CORBIS; 393 Lynsey Production/Index Stock Imagery; 255 (t)Richard Drew/ Addario/AP/Wide World Photos; 395 Calvin and Hobbes AP/Wide World Photos; (b)Frank Siteman/Getty Images; © 1992 Bill Watterson. Reprinted with permission of Uni- 257 Eric Draper/AP/Wide World Photos; 258 AP/Wide versal Press Syndicate. All rights reserved.; 396 Tom & World Photos; 259 (l)David Longstreath/AP/World Wide DeeAnn McCarthy/CORBIS; 400 Tami Chappell/REUTERS; Photos; (r)Mike Derer/AP/World Wide Photos; 262 Jeff 401 Mary Ann Chastain/AP/Wide World Photos; 402 © Shesol (Reprinted with permission); 264 (t)Benelux Press/ 1998, “The New Yorker Collection”, Roz Chast. (Reprinted Index Stock Imagery; (b)Don Ryan/AP/World Wide Pho- with permission.); 403 (l)Jim Scourletis/Index Stock Imag- tos; 265 Lester Lefkowitz/CORBIS; 266 Steve Starr/Index ery; (r)Pablo Martinez Monsivais/AP/Wide World Photos; Stock Imagery; 267 Stevan Morgain/AP/World Wide Pho- 405 Sony-Jeopardy/AP/Wide World Photos; 406 Lawrence tos; 268 Arni Katz/Index Stock Imagery; 270 www.car- Migdale Photography; 408 Janet Jarman/CORBIS; 409 toonstock.com; 274 John A. Giordano/CORBIS; 276 Gabe Micheal Newman/PhotoEdit; 410 Richard T. 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Bill Aron/PhotoEdit; 284 Uriel Sinai/Getty Images; 285 Nowitz/CORBIS; 424 Tim Zielenbach/AFP/Getty Images; Dan Loh/AP/Wide World Photos; 286 Gary Conner/Index 425 Table Mesa Prod./Index Stock Imagery; 426 (tl)Alan Stock Imagery; 287 fi le photo; 289 Gregory Kramer/Getty Greth/AP/Wide World Photos; 426 (tr,b)AP/Wide World Images; 290 Peter Byron/Photo Edit; 292 Bebeto Mat- Photos; 427 Robert Nickelsberg/Time Life Pictures/Getty thews/AP/Wide World Photos; 293 Matt Campbell/EPA/ Images; 428 Michael Jung Pool/AP/Wide World Photos; CORBIS; 295 Eric Draper/AP/Wide World Photos; 296 430 AP/Wide World Photos; 431 Jose Goitia/AP/Wide Wilfredo Lee/AP/Wide World Photos; 297 CORBIS; 299 World Photos; 432 Greg Baker/AP/Wide World Photos; Phil Cantor/Index Stock Imagery; 301 Stephen Morton/ 433 Mario Tama/Getty Images; 434 (l)Itsu Inouye/AP/ AP/Wide World Photos; 303 Lee Lorenz/Cartoonbank. Wide World Photos; (tr)Maribeth Brown/AP/Wide World com; 307 ©1996 “The New Yorker Collection”, Mick Ste- Photos; (br)Julie Malakie/AP/Wide World Photos; 441 vens (Reprinted with permission.); 308 Holger Winkler/ (t)Jeff Christensen/AP/Wide World Photos; (b)Chris Polk/ zefa/CORBIS; 310 (l)Jennie Woodcock/Refl ections Photo- AP/Wide World Photos; 443 Tina Buckman/Index Stock library/CORBIS; (r)Hannah Gal/CORBIS; 312 BananaS- Imagery; 444 Eugene Hoshiko/AP/Wide World Photos; tock/SuperStock; Steve Niedorf Photography/Getty Images; 445 Matt Caulfi eld/AP/Wide World Photos; 446 The Cin- 313 AP/Wide World Photos; 314 Daniel Hulshizer/AP/ cinnati Enquirer/AP/Wide World Photos; 449 AP/Wide Wide World Photos; 315 CORBIS; 316 Mitch Diamond/ World Photos; 450 Susan Ragan/AP/Wide World Photos; Index Stock Imagery; 317 Zephyr Picture/Index Stock 451 Roger Werth/AP/Wide World Photos; 453 Gary Tra- Imagery; 320 Wilfredo Lee/AP/Wide World Photos; 322 montina/AP/Wide World Photos; 454 John Hayes/AP/
Credits A-65 Wide World Photos; 455 © Toles, “The Buffalo News”. nell/Index Stock Imagery; 562 Best of Latin America/Cagle (Reprinted with permission.); 456 Gail Oskin/AP/Wide Cartoons; 565 Mark Gibson/Index Stock Imagery; 566 World Photos; 458 Copyright 2005 J.D. Crowe/Cagle Car- Robert W. Kelly/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images; 570 © toons; 461 Mark Richards/PhotoEdit; 464 Craig Brown/ King Features Syndicate, Jim Borgman. (Reprinted with Index Stock Imagery; 465 (t)Image Port/Index Stock Imag- permission.); 571 Dave Bartruff/Index Stock Imagery; 572 ery; (b)Rose Palmisano/AP/Wide World Photos; 466 AFP/ (t)Yellow Dog Productions/Getty Images; (b)Volodymyr Getty Images; 467 (t)Charles Becker/AP/Wide World Pho- Repik/AP/Wide World Photos; 573 Robert Holmes/COR- tos; (bl)Daniel Bailey/Index Stock Imagery; (br)Kadir Kir/ BIS; 575 Jon Naso/Star Ledger/CORBIS; 577 Nell Red- Index Stock Imagery; 472 Archivo Iconografi co, S.A./COR- mond/AP/Wide World Photos; 578 Doglas C. Pizac/AP/Wide BIS; 474 Sanford/Agliolo/CORBIS; 475 Michael Long/ World Photos; 581 Gregg Newton/ZUMA/CORBIS; 582 Index Stock Imagery; 476 Bettmann/CORBIS; 477 Ted Ted Soqui/CORBIS; 583 (tl)Darlene Hammond/Getty Streshinsky/CORBIS; 478 PhotosInternet/AP/Wide World; Images; 583 (tr,br)Bettmann/CORBIS; (bl)Mark Lennihan/ 479 (t)Calvin and Hobbes © 1992 Bill Watterson. Reprinted AP/Wide World Photos; (bc)Frank Capri/SAGA/Getty with permission of Universal Press Syndicate. All rights Images; 584 Thomas E. Franklin/Bergen Record/Saba/ reserved.; (bl)Charles Dharapak/AP/Wide World Photos; CORBIS; 586 Irwin Thompson/Dallas Morning News/ (br) Bil Aron/Getty Images; 481 (tl)Joan Seidel/AP/Wide CORBIS; 587 Bob Galbraith/AP/Wide World Photos; 588 World Photos; (tr)Dave Martin/AP/Wide World Photos; Paris Saris/AP/Wide World Photos; 589 Joe Raedle/COR- (bl)Julie Vennitti/AP/Wide World Photos; (br)Dave Bar- BIS; 590 Eric Draper/AP/Wide World Photos; 591 “The Far truff/Index Stock Imagery; 484 Union Rescue Mission Side,” © Gary Larson. (Reproduced with permission.); 593 Web/AP/Wide World Photos; 486 John Bazemore/AP/Wide Kevin R. Morris/CORBIS; 594 John Filo/Getty Images; 596 World Photos; 488 AP/Wide World Photos; 490 David Michael Mulvey/Dallas Morning News/CORBIS; 598 Pat Spress/Cartoonbank.com; 493 John Moore/AP/Wide Bagley/Salt Lake Tribune/Cagle Cartoons World Photos; 494 Jed Jacobsohn/Getty Images; 496 (l)ZEFA/Taste of Europe/Index Stock Imagery; (r)CORBIS; 497 (t)Paul Vathis/AP/Wide World Photos; (b)Patricia McDonnell/AP/Wide World Photos; 498 (t)Eric Risberg/ AP/Wide World Photos; (c)Eric Risberg/AP/Wide World Photos; (b)Chris Gardner/AP/Wide World Photos; 498 Aaron Josefczyk/CORBIS; 499 AP/Wide World Photos; 500 Michael Brennan/CORBIS; 501 CORBIS; 502 Andrew Win- ning/Reuters/CORBIS; 503 (c) 1999, “The Green Bay Press Gazette,” Joe Heller. (Reprinted with permission.); 505 Paul Spinelli/Getty Images; 507 Doug Pizac/AP/Wide World Photos; 508 Anne Griffi th Belt/CORBIS; 510 Side- lines, (c) 1999, The Green Bay Press Gazette, Joe Heller. (Reprinted with permission.); 511 Mug Shots/CORBIS; 512 (c) 1991, Millar/Hinds, Universal Press Syndicate. (Reprinted with permission.); 513 Robin Nowacki/AP/ Wide World Photos; 515 Brad Loper/Dallas Morning News/CORBIS; 517 (tl)Denise L. Oles/AP/Wide World Pho- tos; (tr)Mark Lennihan/AP/Wide World Photos; (b)Duomo/ CORBIS; 519 Paul Sakuma/AP/Wide World Photos; 521 Patrick Chappatte/The International Herald Tribune/Cagle Cartoons; 523 Bill Bachman/Index Stock Imagery; 525 Rhonda Simpson/AP/Wide World Photos; 526-527 Kim Kulish/CORBIS; 528 Keren Su/CORBIS; 530 Greg Baker/ AP/Wide World Photos; 531 Susan Plageman/AP/Wide World Photos; 533 Dado Galdieri/AP/Wide World Photos; 536 © Toles, 1990, “The Buffalo News.” (Reprinted with permission.); 539 Bettmann/CORBIS; 542 Bob Krist/COR- BIS; 543 (t)John McConnico/AP/Wide World Photos; (b)Owen Franken/CORBIS; 545 Elizabeth Ellis/AP/Wide World Photos; 547 Chuck Savage/CORBIS; 548 (t)Cris Minerva/Index Stock Imagery; (b)Phil Lauro/Index Stock Imagery; 549 Powerstock/ZEFA/Index Stock Imagery; 552 Nick Ut/AP/Wide World Photos; 554 Eli Grothe/AP/Wide World Photos; 555 Erik Freeland/CORBIS; 559 John Con-
A-66 References