LA MÚSICA DE ESPAÑA FALLA LA VIDA BREVE JUANJO MENA Manuel de Falla , c. 1912 ,c. Manuel deFalla Carlill Collection / Royal College of Music / ArenaPAL Manuel de Falla (1876 – 1946) La vida breve (1904 – 05, revised 1907 – 13) Lyric Drama in Two Acts, Four Tableaux Libretto by Carlos Fernández-Shaw À la mémoire de Carlos Fernández-Shaw Salud, a gypsy.................................................. Nancy Fabiola Herrera mezzo-soprano La Abuela ................................................................................Cristina Faus mezzo-soprano Paco ........................................................................................................Aquiles Machado tenor Tío Sarvaor ..............................................................................José Antonio López baritone Carmela, the bride .......................................................................Raquel Lojendio soprano Manuel, the bride’s brother ......................................... Josep Miquel Ramón baritone El Cantaor .....................................................................................Segundo Falcón flamenco Una voz en la fragua ............................................................................Gustavo Peña tenor Vicente Coves guitar RTVE Symphony Chorus Javier Corcuera Martínez chorus master BBC Philharmonic Zoë Beyers leader Juanjo Mena 3 Act I 33:34 First Tableau (27:16) Scene I 1 Andante molto tranquillo – Obreros en la fragua: ‘¡Ah, ande la tarea’ – 8:10 Scene II 2 Salud: ‘Abuela, ¡no viene!’ – 3:52 Scene III 3 Obreros en la fragua: ‘¡Ah, ande la tarea’ – 7:10 Scene IV 4 La Abuela: ‘¡Salud!’ – 1:02 Scene V 5 Salud: ‘¡Paco! ¡Paco!’ – 3:14 Scene VI 6 Salud: ‘¡Paco! ¡Paco! ¡Siempre juntos!’ – 3:46 Second Tableau 7 Intermedio. Allegro molto 6:17 4 Act II 28:27 First Tableau (18:05) Scene I 8 Invitados: ‘¡Olé! ¡Olé ya!’ – 2:56 9 Danza. Allegro ritmico e con brio – 3:25 Scene II 10 Salud: ‘¡Alli está!’ – 4:11 Scene III 11 El Tío Sarvaor: ‘¿No te dije?’ – 2:58 12 Salud: ‘¡No llores, abuela!’ – 1:10 13 [Intermedio]. Allegro furioso – 3:23 Second Tableau (10:22) 14 Danza. Allegro ritmico e con brio – 4:02 Scene I 15 Paco: ‘¡Carmela mía!’ – 1:49 Final Scene 16 Manuel: ‘¡Qué gracia!’ 4:29 TT 62:08 5 Nancy Fabiola Herrera Cristina Faus Falla: La vida breve Introduction composing songs. However, the musical life At the end of the nineteenth century the of Madrid at the beginning of the century was young pianist and composer Manuel de Falla dominated by the zarzuela: it was the heyday (1876 – 1946) left his native city of Cádiz; after of the género chico, and success in this having made occasional trips to Madrid to genre was the only means by which popular receive piano instruction from José Tragó, he recognition and immediate financial reward moved to the Spanish capital in 1896, eager could be guaranteed. Becoming well known to complete his training. Tragó, who was and contributing to his family’s economy were Professor of Piano at the Conservatorio de both legitimate and rather pressing motives Madrid, immediately saw and appreciated for the young Falla and, albeit unsuccessfully, the excellent musical and pianistic skill of the he immersed himself in the zarzuela. He young boy from Cádiz, who, after finishing collaborated with Amadeo Vives in three small his studies in 1899, went on to win the Primer works and, alone, composed Limosna de amor, Premio de Piano. By this time the business La casa de tócame Roque, and Los amores de of his father in Cádiz had been seriously la Inés. Only the last was actually performed, in affected by the 1898 crisis, and finally, in 1900, somewhat precarious conditions, at the Teatro the Falla family, now in economic hardship, Cómico. Falla did not retain good memories decided to move to Madrid to be close to of the experience, and he even criticised the Manuel. quality of the music that he had written for a For Falla the direction of his career at musical-theatre medium with which he was this point still looked somewhat uncertain. not comfortable. His progress as a pianist was clear, but The discovery of a fragment of the opera his temperament as a composer was also Los Pirineos by Felipe Pedrell, published in strong. Following the works composed and the Revista Musical Catalana, stunned the premiered in Cádiz, other pieces for piano young Falla, who immediately established were written during 1900 and 1901, and Falla direct contact with the patriarch of Spanish began to develop an interest in the voice, nationalist music, having also read his 8 aesthetic manifesto, Por nuestra música. An La vida breve initial meeting took place and Pedrell, now in La vida breve is the first great work by Manuel Madrid, accepted the young man from Cádiz de Falla, not only on account of the brilliance as his student. Between 1902 and 1904, of his achievement, but also because in this the year in which the master returned to score the powerful musical personality of Barcelona, the relationship between the two the composer shines through. Across the was intense; Falla owed much to this period of pages of this score one can detect certain apprenticeship to Pedrell, which constitutes a echoes – especially from La Tempranica by transcendent episode in his musical biography. Jerónimo Giménez – but it is by no means the Decisive factors for Falla began to come work of a disorientated apprentice. La vida together. In 1903 and 1904 he wrote a breve introduces an orchestral scope that substantial Allegro de concierto for piano, was previously unheard of in Hispanic musical which he submitted to the competition theatre; there are direct references to folklore, organised by the Conservatorio de Madrid, although almost always of the composer’s own which was won by Enrique Granados, although invention (‘imaginary folklore’); there is the very the work by Falla received an honourable remarkable role of the choir; and the incredible mention. In the same year, 1904, a competition ability to evoke the magic of the Albaicín in for composition was also announced by Granada... which Falla had not yet actually the Real Academia de Bellas Artes in San visited. The idea of the story came to Falla when Fernando, and another, for piano performance, he read, in the periodical Blanco y Negro, a short by the piano makers Ortiz y Cussó. Falla poem of clear social content, written by Carlos opted for the opera section of the Academy Fernández-Shaw, which would become the heart competition and, encouraged by his teacher of the libretto entrusted to the same writer: José Tragó, also prepared for the competition ¡Malhaya el hombre, malhaya, in performance, although he was overwhelmed que nace con negro sino! by the coincidence of the dates. On the closing ¡Malhaya quien nace yunque date for entries to the composition competition en vez de nacer martillo!... (that is, on 31 March 1905) Falla submitted to the Real Academia de Bellas Artes the score Wretched is the man of La vida breve. The effort he put into these born to a terrible fate! weeks was tremendous, but it was rewarded Wretched is the man born to be an anvil with success, as Falla won both competitions. rather than a hammer!... 9 This is sung at the beginning of the opera quien nace yunque, en vez de nacer martillo!...’ by the voz en la fragua, a mournful anonymous (Wretched is the poor woman, born to a terrible voice who denounces: ‘Hay que trabajar! ¡Y fate! Wretched is the man born to be an anvil pa que disfruten otros, nosotros, siempre rather than a hammer!...). After a beautiful nosotros, lo tenemos que sudar!...’ (We orchestral interlude – a piece that I consider have to work. We’re the ones who have to the creative peak of early Falla – we attend toil, so others can have a good time!...). The the lively celebration of the wedding that has voice comes from the forge, the entrance taken place between Paco and Carmela, a to which figures in the background of the deeply Andalusian party in which flamenco is stage action, which is set in the courtyard of sung and a lively dance is performed. Driven a house of gypsies in the neighbourhood of by a terrible curiosity, Salud has come to the El Albaicín in Granada. The young Salud and party to observe the reality of her destiny; her grandmother attend to a caged bird the along, too, have come the grandmother and fragility of which the grandmother compares Uncle Sarvaor. Paco hears Salud sing, and with that of Salud, who is lovesick due to breaks down. He is looked after by Manuel, the the disdainful and distant behaviour of her brother of Carmela, both of whom are trying to beloved, Paco. Salud sings an aria (‘¡Vivan ensure that the party does not break up. Uncle los que ríen! ¡Mueran los que lloran!’ – Long Sarvaor cannot contain himself and is poised live those who laugh! Those who weep will to intervene in the midst of the celebration in die!) with vague echoes of the seguiriya, and order to expose Paco’s betrayal in front of the dominated by dark premonitions of the fate of guests. But neither he nor the grandmother her love. Paco, her sweetheart, appears, and can prevent Salud from moving forward and in a tender scene the young man cynically facing the man who has tricked her, urging him promises Salud eternal love while, to one side, to kill her (‘¡que me acabe, por fin, de matar!’ – without the couple noticing them, Sarvaor, kill me, finish me off once and for all!). As she an uncle of Salud, tells her grandmother what approaches Paco, Salud is overcome with grief he has discovered: a few days later Paco will and falls dead at his feet in front of general marry a ‘girl of his own rank and class, a pretty commotion. enough girl and very rich as well’. While Salud This is, in short, the story of La vida breve, and Paco embrace, the voice from the forge a Spanish contribution to the development of deepens in its message: ‘¡Malhaya la jembra verismo opera, which was so characteristic in pobre, que nace con negro sino! ¡Malhaya Europe around 1900.