Spredning Av Fremmede Arter Med Planteimport Til Norge II – Jakten Fortsetter

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Spredning Av Fremmede Arter Med Planteimport Til Norge II – Jakten Fortsetter 1256 Spredning av fremmede arter med planteimport til Norge II – jakten fortsetter ... Anders Endrestøl, Oddvar Hanssen, Anders Often, Odd Stabbetorp, Arnstein Staverløkk, Kristine Bakke Westergaard, Frode Ødegaard og Jan Ove Gjershaug NINAs publikasjoner NINA Rapport Dette er en elektronisk serie fra 2005 som erstatter de tidligere seriene NINA Fagrapport, NINA Oppdragsmelding og NINA Project Report. Normalt er dette NINAs rapportering til oppdragsgiver etter gjennomført forsknings-, overvåkings- eller utredningsarbeid. I tillegg vil serien favne mye av instituttets øvrige rapportering, for eksempel fra seminarer og konferanser, resultater av eget forsk- nings- og utredningsarbeid og litteraturstudier. NINA Rapport kan også utgis på annet språk når det er hensiktsmessig. NINA Kortrapport Dette er en enklere og ofte kortere rapportform til oppdragsgiver, gjerne for prosjekt med mindre arbeidsomfang enn det som ligger til grunn for NINA Rapport. Det er ikke krav om sammendrag på engelsk. Rapportserien kan også benyttes til framdriftsrapporter eller foreløpige meldinger til opp- dragsgiver. NINA Temahefte Som navnet angir behandler temaheftene spesielle emner. Heftene utarbeides etter behov og se- rien favner svært vidt; fra systematiske bestemmelsesnøkler til informasjon om viktige problemstil- linger i samfunnet. NINA Temahefte gis vanligvis en populærvitenskapelig form med mer vekt på illustrasjoner enn NINA Rapport. NINA Fakta Faktaarkene har som mål å gjøre NINAs forskningsresultater raskt og enkelt tilgjengelig for et større publikum. De sendes til presse, ideelle organisasjoner, naturforvaltningen på ulike nivå, politikere og andre spesielt interesserte. Faktaarkene gir en kort framstilling av noen av våre viktigste forsk- ningstema. Annen publisering I tillegg til rapporteringen i NINAs egne serier publiserer instituttets ansatte en stor del av sine viten- skapelige resultater i internasjonale journaler, populærfaglige bøker og tidsskrifter. Spredning av fremmede arter med planteimport til Norge II – jakten fortsetter ... Anders Endrestøl Oddvar Hanssen Anders Often Odd Stabbetorp Arnstein Staverløkk Kristine Bakke Westergaard Frode Ødegaard Jan Ove Gjershaug Norsk institutt for naturforskning NINA Rapport 1256 Endrestøl, A., Hanssen, O., Often, A., Stabbetorp, O., Staverløkk, A., Westergaard, K.B., Ødegaard, F. og Gjershaug, J.O. 2016. Spredning av fremmede arter med planteimport til Norge II – jakten fortsetter ... – NINA Rapport 1256. 115 s. Oslo, mai 2016 ISSN: 1504-3312 ISBN: 978-82-426-2907-4 RETTIGHETSHAVER © Norsk institutt for naturforskning Publikasjonen kan siteres fritt med kildeangivelse TILGJENGELIGHET Åpen PUBLISERINGSTYPE Digitalt dokument (pdf) REDAKSJON Anders Endrestøl KVALITETSSIKRET AV Inga E. Bruteig ANSVARLIG SIGNATUR Forskningssjef Inga E. Bruteig (sign.) OPPDRAGSGIVER(E) Miljødirektoratet OPPDRAGSGIVERS REFERANSE M-565|2016 KONTAKTPERSON(ER) HOS OPPDRAGSGIVER Tomas Holmern FORSIDEBILDE Pachyrhinus lethierryi (Curculionidae, snutebiller). Foto: Arnstein Staverløkk NØKKELORD Fremmede arter, karplanter, invertebrater, importkontainere, jordprøver, feltundersøkelser, lysfeller, importsteder KEY WORDS Alien species, vascular plants, invertebrates, import containers, soil samples, field surveys, light traps, import-sites KONTAKTOPPLYSNINGER NINA hovedkontor NINA Oslo NINA Tromsø NINA Lillehammer Postboks 5685 Sluppen Gaustadalléen 21 Framsenteret Fakkelgården 7485 Trondheim 0349 Oslo 9296 Tromsø 2624 Lillehammer Telefon: 73 80 14 00 Telefon: 73 80 14 00 Telefon: 77 75 04 00 Telefon: 73 80 14 00 www.nina.no 2 NINA Rapport 1256 Sammendrag Endrestøl, A., Hanssen, O., Often, A., Stabbetorp, O., Staverløkk, A., Westergaard, K.B., Ødegaard, F. og Gjershaug, J.O. 2016. Spredning av fremmede arter med planteimport til Norge II - jakten fortsetter ... – NINA Rapport 1256. 115 s. Planter og terrestriske invertebrater utgjør de to største gruppene av fremmede arter i Europa. Fremmede arter er definert som arter, underarter eller lavere taksa som opptrer utenfor sitt naturlige utbredelsesområde og spredningspotensial, herunder arter som har kommet som blindpassasjerer under transport/forflytting av mennesker, dyr, planter og varer. Antall fremmede arter registrert i et land i Europa er korrelert med landenes handelsvolum, lengde på veinettet og befolkningstetthet, noe som tydeliggjør at økonomi og demografi, men også politiske forhold, er av betydning for spredningen av fremmed arter. I Norge har vi hatt en betydelig økning av importerte planter de siste 20 årene, og grensene innad i Europa er åpnet opp for handel og trafikk i større grad enn tidligere. Dette gjør at fremmede arter som eksponeres for norsk natur trolig også har økt dramatisk i samme periode. Hvor stor negativ effekt de fremmede artene har på stedegent naturmangfold avhenger av hvorvidt de klarer å etablere seg og spre seg videre (invasjonspotensiale) og hvilke endringer de kan forårsake direkte eller indirekte i norsk natur (økologisk risiko). Dette prosjektet gjennomfører kartlegging og overvåkning av spredningsveien import av planteprodukter, for å skaffe et best mulig kunnskapsgrunnlag om hvordan denne indirekte importen av fremmede arter skjer (hvor kommer de fra, med hva og i hvilke mengder), og ut fra det vurdere problemet generelt, vurdere økologiske konsekvenser og gi konkrete råd til forvaltningen. Denne rapporten omhandler resultatene fra det andre av tre år, og fokuserer på resultatene fra innsamlingene i 2015, og omtaler av de viktigste funnene og artene. Utover de lokalitetene som er omtalt i prosjektets første rapport (Westergaard et al. 2015) er det dessuten lagt til en kombinert planteimport- og plantesenterlokalitet i Sandnes, gjort undersøkelser i og rundt plantesentra på Nes i Hedmark, og gjort spesifikke undersøkelser etter fremmede maurarter. Materialet fra importlokalitetene er som tidligere samlet inn via jordprøver, lysfeller og bankeprøver, mens materiale fra plantesentra er samlet inn ved hjelp av krysslister og ruteanalyser av karplanter og manuell innsamling av invertebrater. Invertebrater er drevet ut av jordprøvene, før jordprøvene er lagt i drivhus for spiring av frøbank. Vi har i 2015 samlet fem jordprøver á 2 liter fra hver av 21 kontainere (20 med utenlandsk plantemateriale og en med norsk). 95 av disse jordprøvene er analysert for invertebrater, og inneholdt anslagsvis 260 000 individer. Dette er betydelig mer enn i 2014, og skyldes metodiske endringer. Hoveddelen av invertebratene (97%) er spretthaler og midd. Av spretthalene ble det funnet 28 arter som ikke var registrert i 2014, hvorav fem tidligere ikke er registrert fra Norge. Det ble funnet 65 arter av biller, hvorav 43 ikke ble registret i 2014 og 11 anses som fremmedarter (derav én ikke tidligere registrert i Norge). Fra lysfellene ble det samlet omkring 21 000 individer invertebrater totalt, hvor hoveddelen var mygg. Ellers var det 606 individer biller fordelt på 78 taksa, hvorav tre som ikke har vært registrert med import til Norge før. Det var også 184 individer sommerfugler, hvorav en art som ikke tidligere er registrert fra Norge, og 159 individer nebbmunner, hvorav tre arter som ikke tidligere er registrert i Norge. 3 NINA Rapport 1256 I jordprøvene fra de 21 kontainerne (110 jordprøver) samlet inn fra plantene i importkontainerne ble det spirt og registrert til sammen 5 926 frøplanter av 61 ulike karplantearter. Dette er omkring samme antall som for 2014. Vårskrinneblom Arabidopsis thaliana er (foreløpig) den vanligste arten spiret i 2015, med 2 251 individer fra 15 ulike prøver. Prøver samlet høsten 2015 er nylig tatt ut fra kuldebehandling, og resultatene av disse er derfor ikke klare. Av de spirte frøene ble det funnet 36 stedegne norske arter, hvorav tre rødlistede. Totalt 12 arter funnet er vurdert som svartelistearter, mens 5 er ansett som NK (fremmedart uten kjent risiko). Det ble også i 2015 gjort ruteanalyser av karplantefloraen i tilfeldige ruter rundt plantesentra. Det ble funnet 268 plantearter hvorav 41 er vurdert som svartelistearter. En vesentlig andel av de fremmede artene er forvillede hageplanter. Artsutvalget er for øvrig nær identisk med det som ble funnet i 2014. For invertebratene ble det gjort spesifikke søk rundt de ulike plantesentraene, både etter potensielle arter, men og i miljøer som kunne antas å huse fremmede arter. Det ble blant annet tatt såldeprøver av kompost og hageavfall. Gjennom denne metoden har vi påvist en rekke fremmede og nye arter rundt hagesentre, spesielt på de lokalitetene hvor de har planter på friland. For de spesifikke maurundersøkelsene, ble det påvist 13 fremmede maurarter innendørs fordelt på to ulike lokaliteter. Metodene for innsamling er for en stor del blitt videreført fra 2014, men vi har forsøkt noe ulik metodikk for å påvise etablerte fremmede arter. Vi vil vurdere å eventuelt teste ytterligere metoder for dette i 2016. Generelle problemer i forhold til deteksjonsfeil og estimering av totalt antall innførte arter diskuteres. Endrestøl, A. ([email protected]), Often, A. & Stabbetorp, O. NINA, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo. Hanssen, O., Staverløkk, A., Westergaard, K.B., Ødegaard, F. & Gjershaug, J.O. NINA, Postboks 5685 Sluppen, 7485 Trondheim. 4 NINA Rapport 1256 Abstract Endrestøl, A., Hanssen, O., Often, A., Stabbetorp, O., Staverløkk, A., Westergaard, K.B., Ødegaard, F. and Gjershaug, J.O. 2016. Dispersal of alien species through plant import to Norway II – the hunt continues ... – NINA Report 1256. 115 p. Plants and terrestrial invertebrates make up the two largest groups
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