Advanced Instrumentation for Probing Carbon in Earth

Craig M. Schiffries, Robert M. Hazen, Russell J. Hemley, and Andrea Johnson Mangum Deep Carbon Observatory Geophysical Laboratory Carnegie Institution of Washington

Goldschmidt Conference Prague, Czech Republic August 2015 [email protected] deepcarbon.net

Mission

The Deep Carbon Observatory’s overarching mission is to understand Earth’s carbon cycle in toto—beyond the atmosphere, oceans, and shallow crustal environments, which have drawn most previous research attention—to include the entire planet. Deep Carbon Observatory Overview

• A 10-year project launched in September 2009 • Major support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation • Foster international cooperation • Engage over 1,000 researchers from 50 countries • Seed major funding for deep carbon research • Example of proposed scope: Census of Marine Life o $650 million total investment o $70 million Sloan Foundation support o www.coml.org Reservoirs and Fluxes

Hydrous mantle transition zone indicated by ringwoodite included within diamond

Graham Pearson, Frank Brenker, Fabrizio Nestola, John McNeill, Lutz Nasdala, Mark Hutchison, Sergei Matveev, Kathy Mather, Geert Silversmit, Sylvia Schmitz, Bart Vekemans, Laszlo Vincze

MARCH 2014 VOL 507 NATURE Extreme Physics and Chemistry

Carbon enters silica forming a cristobalite-type

CO2-SiO2 solid solutions Mario Santoro, Federico Gorelli, Roberto Bini, Ashkan Salamat, Gaston Garbarino, Claire Levelut, Olivier Cambon, and Julien Haines

APRIL 2014 VOL 5 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS Deep Energy

The contribution of the Precambrian continental lithosphere to global H2 production Barbara Sherwood Lollar, Tullis C. Onstott, Georges Lacrampe-Couloume, Christopher J. Ballentine

18 December 2014 516:379-382 NATURE Deep Life

Aerobic Microbial Respiration in 86-Million- Year-Old Deep-Sea Red Clay

Hans Ray, Jens Kallmeyer, Rishi Ram Adhikari, Robert Pockalny, Bo Barker Jorgensen & Steven D’Hondt

18 MAY 2012 VOL 336 SCIENCE DCO Science Communities

• Each DCO Science Community has a specific set of decadal goals • New instrumentation is needed to achieve each set of decadal goals • The DCO front-loaded its decadal program with investments in instrument development Next generation instrumentation is needed to achieve DCO goals

Panorama and the Panorama team P. A. Freedman, Designer; D. Rumble and E. D. Young, co-PI’s Nu Instruments Ltd. Factory, Wrexham, Wales

5-November-2014

left-right: Andy Burrows (Technical Director), Andy Roberts (Assembler), Simon Hollins (Head of Design), Peter Li (Development Engineer), Aled Taylor (Mechanical Design Engineer), James Bendall (Electronics Design Engineer), Doug Rumble (co-PI), Ed Young (co-PI), Phil Freedman (Chairman), Mark Mills (Senior Development Scientist). New Instruments are a Key to Discovery

Combined Instrument for Molecular Imaging in Geochemistry (CMIG) Andrew Steele, Carnegie/Smithsonian Institution

Novel large-volume diamond anvil cell for neutron scattering Malcolm Guthrie, Carnegie Institution of Washington

Development of an ultrafast laser instrument for in situ measurements of thermodynamic properties of carbon bearing fluids and crystalline materials Alexander Goncharov, Carnegie Institution of Washington

Gas instrumentation sandpit workshop—developing next generation sensors for monitoring volcanic carbon flux Adrian Jones, University College London

Experimental High-P and T Bioreactors Sandpit Workshop Isabelle Daniel, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1

DCO Computer Cluster Peter Fox, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute New Instruments are a Key to Discovery

Detecting the deep biosphere: An in-situ tool for the search for life Katrina Edwards, University of Southern California

Volcanic Carbon Atmospheric Flux Experiment (V-CAFÉ): Development of instrumentation for volcanic carbon flux monitoring Tobias Fischer, University of New Mexico

Advanced synchrotron x-ray spectrometer for deep carbon Wendy Mao, Stanford University

A high P-T device for experimental studies of hydrocarbons Vadim Brazhkin, Russian Academy of Sciences

A modified gas chromatograph for experimental studies of hydrocarbons Vladimir Kutcherov, Swedish Royal Institute of Technology New Instruments are the Key to Discovery

DCO Computer Cluster

• Now installed at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, the DCO Computer Cluster is available to all DCO researchers • Linux cluster can run a wide variety of scientific programs aimed at modeling chemical and physical processes in deep Earth and carrying out data analyses • PSSC Labs PowerWulf MMx Cluster with 640 Intel® Xeon® 2.4 GHz Compute Processor Cores and 544GB System Memory - 1GB Memory Per Compute Processor Core • 154TB of System Storage, a high-speed internal InfiniBand network, and a fast backup system • PI: Peter Fox, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute New Instruments are the Key to Discovery

DEBI-t: Deep Exploration Biosphere Investigative tool

• Proof-of-concept tool (2011) by the Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations (C-DEBI) • Partial DCO support • UV-spectroscopy used to detect microbial life in seafloor boreholes • Used along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge during IODP Expedition 336 aboard the JOIDES Resolution • Will compare microbial life within existing and pristine boreholes • PI: Katrina Edwards, USC New Instruments are a Key to Discovery

V-CAFÉ: Volcanic Carbon Atmospheric Flux Experiment

• Continuously quantify active volcanic CO2 flux • DCO partial support • Multi-institutional • International • Interdisciplinary • New generation ion-trap mass spectrometer that allows for rapid analyses of volcanic gas • Hermetically sealed tube is highly portable • Can be deployed in the volcanic plume on the crater rim • PI: Tobias Fischer New Instruments are the Key to Discovery

Combined Instrument for Molecular Imaging in Geochemistry (CIMIG)

• Earth’s greatest potential carbon reservoirs are the lower mantle and core, where even a few parts per million (ppm) carbon in metallic or silicate phases could represent many times the confirmed planetary carbon content • This instrument is designed to measure trace amounts of carbon (1-10 ppm) in a variety of geologically relevant samples, including mineral phases that are nominally acarbonaceous • Nanoscale analysis is presently impossible by any other single technique • PI: Andrew Steele, Carnegie Institution of Washington; Smithsonian Institution New Instruments are the Key to Discovery

Combined Instrument for Molecular Imaging in Geochemistry (CIMIG)

• The CIMIG involves the modification of an existing $2 million Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) instrument at the Smithsonian Institution • It incorporates surface and depth profiling combined with an integrated sample preparation system for the detection and contamination-free 3-D mapping of inorganic and organic materials at ~100 nm spatial resolution • Figures A & B: 3D CAD designs of CIMIG New Instruments are the Key to Discovery

Advanced Synchrotron X-ray Spectrometer for Deep Carbon

• Carbon-specific X-ray Raman spectroscopy 40-crystal XRS (XRS) is the most definitive probe for in spectrometer situ, non-destructive characterization of the ubiquitous, significant changes in Sample holder KB-Optics carbon-molecular bonding under high- pressure and high-temperature 7-crystal XES • DCO partially supported a Kirkpatrick-Baez spectrometer (K-B) focusing system that enables high- pressure carbon-specific XRS study at Beamline 6-2 of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory • PI: Wendy Mao, Stanford University

Fig. 1: 3D technical drawing of the Beamline 6-2 middle hutch experimental end- station at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL).

Methane Clumped Isotopes

Instrumentation

Measurement of a doubly substituted methane 13 isotopologue, CH3D, by tunable infrared laser direct absorption spectroscopy Shuhei Ono, David T. Wang, Danielle S. Gruen, Barbara Sherwood Lollar, Mark S. Zahniser, Barry J. McManus, David D. Nelson

JUNE 2014 ASAP ONLINE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Clumped Isotopes

Nonequilibrium clumped isotope signals in microbial methane. David T. Wang, Danielle S. Gruen, Barbara Sherwood Lollar, Kai-Uwe Hinrichs, Lucy C. Stewart, James F. Holden, Alexander N. Hristov, John W. Pohlman, Penny L. Morrill, Martin Könneke, Kyle B. Delwiche, Eoghan P. Reeves, Chelsea N. Sutcliffe, Daniel J. Ritter, Jeffrey Seewald, Jennifer C. McIntosh, Harold F. Hemond, Michael D. Kubo, Dawn Cardace, Tori M. Hoehler, Shuhei Ono

24 April 2015 348:428-431 SCIENCE Publication

24 April 2015 348:394-395 SCIENCE Instrumentation

Formation temperatures of thermogenic and biogenic methane Daniel Stolper, Michael Lawson, Cara Davis, Alexandre Ferreira, Eugenio Santos Neto, Geoffrey Ellis, Michael Lewan, Anna Martini, Yongchun Tang, Martin Schoell, Alex Sessions, John Eiler

27 JUNE 2014 VOL 344:1500-1503 SCIENCE

New Class of Mass Spectrometers

Panorama Mass Spectrometer UCLA/Nu Instruments Young et al. 2015

Panorama Mass Spectrometer UCLA/Nu Instruments For more information, see the Midterm Report of the Deep Carbon Observatory and deepcarbon.net