Cow Dung but for Most of Us, Caught up in the Daily Grind, It’S Hardly a Subject Worth Pondering Over
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Cow Dung As a Bioresource for Sustainable Development Kartikey Kumar Gupta1*, Kamal Rai Aneja2 and Deepanshu Rana1
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Gupta et al. Bioresour. Bioprocess. (2016) 3:28 DOI 10.1186/s40643-016-0105-9 REVIEW Open Access Current status of cow dung as a bioresource for sustainable development Kartikey Kumar Gupta1*, Kamal Rai Aneja2 and Deepanshu Rana1 Abstract Cow dung, an excreta of bovine animal, is a cheap and easily available bioresource on our planet. Many traditional uses of cow dung such as burning as fuel, mosquito repellent and as cleansing agent are already known in India. Cow dung harbours a diverse group of microorganisms that may be beneficial to humans due to their ability to produce a range of metabolites. Along with the production of novel chemicals, many cow dung microorganisms have shown natural ability to increase soil fertility through phosphate solubilisation. Nowadays, there is an increasing research interest in developing the applications of cow dung microorganisms for biofuel production and management of environmental pollutants. This review focuses on recent findings being made on cow dung that could be harnessed for usage in different areas such as medicine, agriculture and industry. Keywords: Cow dung, Biogas, Bioremediation, Enzymes, Antibiotics, Antimicrobial Background alcaligenes, Providencia stuartii and Pseudomonas spp. Cow dung can be defined as the undigested residue of from cow dung. consumed food material being excreted by herbivorous In India, 69.9 % population resides in rural areas (The bovine animal species. Being a mixture of faeces and Hindu 2011), where cow (Bos indicus) is major cattle and urine in the ratio of 3:1, it mainly consists of lignin, cellu- generates 9–15 kg dung/day (Werner et al. -
From Sacred Cow Dung to Cow 'Shit': Globalization and Local Religious Practices in Rural North India*
1 ■ Article ■ From Sacred Cow Dung to Cow 'shit': Globalization and Local Religious Practices in Rural North India* ● Susan S. Wadley The global forces of modern capitalism are often critiqued for their power to create a homogenous world order, one that will erode the local cultures with which it comes into contact. Simply put, globalization can usefully be conceived of as the product of the "myriad linkages and interconnections between the states and societies which make up the modern world system" [McGrew 1992: 23]. Although these linkages move ideas and traditions between first world and third world, and back, the consumer culture and cultural norms of the western (Euro-Ameri- can)1) world have tended to dominate this cross-fertilization. But to be- lieve in the all-consuming power of global forces is to deny any power and agency to local cultural traditions and to the people who enact them2), to deny people's abilities to accommodate, to resist, or to reject the ide- als, symbols, practices, and goods emerging from the cultural and mate- rial 'supermarket' [Mathews 2000] of the globalization process. While there is evidence that global forces can be oppressive and lead to the erosion of cultural traditions while challenging identities, others see the processes of globalization as potentially liberating. For example, Frederic Susan S. Wadley, Ford Maxwell Professor of South Asian Studies, Syracuse University. Subject: South Asian Anthropology. Publications: Struggling with Destiny in Karimpur, 1925-1984 (1994, University of California Press) and (edited with L. A. Babb), Media and the Transformationof Reli- gion in South Asia (1995, University of Pennsylvania Press). -
Green Illusions Is Not a Litany of Despair
“In this terrific book, Ozzie Zehner explains why most current approaches to the world’s gathering climate and energy crises are not only misguided but actually counterproductive. We fool ourselves in innumerable ways, and Zehner is especially good at untangling sloppy thinking. Yet Green Illusions is not a litany of despair. It’s full of hope—which is different from false hope, and which requires readers with open, skeptical minds.”— David Owen, author of Green Metropolis “Think the answer to global warming lies in solar panels, wind turbines, and biofuels? Think again. In this thought-provoking and deeply researched critique of popular ‘green’ solutions, Zehner makes a convincing case that such alternatives won’t solve our energy problems; in fact, they could make matters even worse.”—Susan Freinkel, author of Plastic: A Toxic Love Story “There is no obvious competing or comparable book. Green Illusions has the same potential to sound a wake-up call in the energy arena as was observed with Silent Spring in the environment, and Fast Food Nation in the food system.”—Charles Francis, former director of the Center for Sustainable Agriculture Systems at the University of Nebraska “This is one of those books that you read with a yellow marker and end up highlighting most of it.”—David Ochsner, University of Texas at Austin Green Illusions Our Sustainable Future Series Editors Charles A. Francis University of Nebraska–Lincoln Cornelia Flora Iowa State University Paul A. Olson University of Nebraska–Lincoln The Dirty Secrets of Clean Energy and the Future of Environmentalism Ozzie Zehner University of Nebraska Press Lincoln and London Both text and cover are printed on acid-free paper that is 100% ancient forest free (100% post-consumer recycled). -
Kinetic Analysis of Thermochemical Processes for Dried Cattle Dung
Kinetic analysis of thermochemical processes for dried cattle dung Tejas Tankaria ([email protected]) Supervisor: Prof. Francisco Lemos, Prof. Amelia Lemos, Dr. Adam Klimanek Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal September 2016 Summary Cattle dung is a lignocellulosic material with high moisture and high ash content, which has the potential of energy generation or conversion. Currently, for energy conversion it is utilized in anaerobic digestion and direct combustion process. Anaerobic digestion generates biogas but has a low carbon conversion efficiency, and requires removal of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia from the biogas before use. Direct combustion is only used in developing countries as cheap energy resources for cooking and heating purposes in low efficiency stoves which causes many chronic respiratory diseases and deaths due to poor indoor air quality. Cattle dung is a cheap source of fuel which can be utilized in various thermochemical conversions to convert it into various solid, liquid and gaseous fuels, which are more efficient and high in energy density. As, the fuel has to be dried for thermochemical conversion, dried cattle dung is used for experiments. In this thesis, the kinetics of three major types of thermochemical processes; pyrolysis, combustion and gasification (partial oxidation) is studied. Ultimate and proximate analysis of dried dung is performed to predict behavior of fuel. Thermo gravimetric (TG), Differential Thermo gravimetric (DTG) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) techniques are used to understand effect of heat rate and flow rate in thermochemical conversion processes. Cattle dung ash that results from the thermochemical processes contains a high amount of mineral matter, majorly silica. -
(Eg Phd, Mphil, Dclinpsychol) at Th
This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Making carbon count: The role of carbon accounting in carbon management and markets Francisco Ascui Doctor of Philosophy University of Edinburgh 2014 [This page is intentionally blank] Ascui (2014) 2 Abstract Society’s efforts to ‘manage’ the problem of human-induced climate change – for example through setting targets, tracking progress, imposing sanctions and incentives, and creating markets in emission rights and offsets – have given rise to numerous calculation, measurement, attribution, monitoring, reporting and verification challenges, which are being addressed by many different communities (including scientists, governments, businesses and accountants) in many different ways. Carbon accounting – this diverse and ever-expanding assemblage of calculative practices – is a rapidly evolving phenomenon, which has only recently become a subject of academic accountancy-related research. This thesis explores what carbon accounting means, who it involves, and how different communities define and lay claim to competence in the field. -
Time-Temperature Model for Bacterial And
iolog ter y & c P a a B r f a o s i l Journal of Bacteriology and t o a l n o r g u y o J Parasitology Mahmud et al., J Bacteriol Parasitol 2016, 7:4 ISSN: 2155-9597 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597.1000284 Research Article Open Access Time-Temperature Model for Bacterial and Parasitic Annihilation from Cow Dung and Human Faecal Sludge: A Forthcoming Bio-Fertilizer Zahid Hayat Mahmud1*, Pankoj Kumar Das1, Hamida Khanum2, Muhammad Riadul Haque Hossainey1, Ehteshamul Islam1, Hafij Al Mahmud1, Md Shafiqul Islam1, Khan Mohammad Imran1, Digbijoy Dey3 and Md Sirajul Islam1 1International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Mohakhali, Dhaka -1212, Bangladesh 2Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh 3BRAC WASH Programme, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh *Corresponding author: Zahid Hayat Mahmud, Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh, Tel: +880-2-9827069; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: June 29, 2016; Accepted date: July 29, 2016; Published date: August 08, 2016 Copyright: © 2016 Mahmud ZH, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract The present study investigated the optimum time and temperature for inactivation of bacteria and parasites in cow dung and pit faecal sludge, a forthcoming fertilizer. Samples were collected from different areas of Bangladesh and were examined through modified centrifugal flotation and conventional culture techniques to isolate parasites and bacteria respectively. -
Lecture-8 Biogasification of Cow Dung Page-1
Page-1 Lecture-8 Biogasification of Cow Dung Introduction cow dung or manure can be defined as the undigested residue of consumed food material being excreted by herbivorous bovine animal species which include domestic cattle (cows), bison (buffalo), yak and water buffalo it is a mixture of faeces and urine in the ratio of 3:1, it mainly consists of lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses it also contains 24 different minerals like nitrogen, potassium, along with trace amount of sulphur, iron, magnesium, copper, cobalt and manganese it is a cheap and easily available bioresource on our planet many traditional uses of cow dung such as burning as fuel, mosquito repellent and as cleansing agent are already known in India cow dung harbours a diverse group of microorganisms that may be beneficial to humans due to their ability to produce a range of metabolites along with the production of novel chemicals, many cow dung microorganisms have shown natural ability to increase soil fertility through phosphate solubilisation nowadays, there is an increasing research interest in developing the applications of cow dung microorganisms for biofuel production and management of environmental pollutants . Indian Scenario the indigenous Indian cow also contain higher amount of calcium, phosphorus, zinc and copper than the cross-breed cow cow dung harbours a rich microbial diversity, containing different species of bacteria (Bacillus spp., Corynebacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp.), protozoa and yeast (Saccharomyces and Candida) some researchers have also isolated many different bacterial genera such as Citrobacter koseri, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Kluyvera spp., Morgarella morganii, Pasteurella spp., Providencia alcaligenes, Providencia stuartii and Pseudomonas spp. -
Some Ecological Aspects of Animal Excrement
Some Ecological Aspects Of Animal Excrement JANE THOMAS ROWLAND A similar situation is created by fungus-growing ants who fertilize the leaves they cut and carry to their nests with their own exereta. Weber (1966) mentions that some ants may add broken caterpillar excrement to the original leaf sections. The feces of the ants con- tain certain enzymes which the fungus lacks. The ants eat the fungus to complete this food energy cycle. Us- Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/37/3/154/33012/4445129.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 ing the feces accomplishes for the ants much the same thing as the intestinal symbionts of wood-eating ter- ANIMAL EXCREMENT is, to many persons who mites (Odum 1971). Unlike the common wood-eating are not science oriented, a rather unmentionable, even termite, fungus-growing termites have no intestinal repulsive product cast to earth as a completely useless symbionts and thus use their fecal material as do ants substance. Persons with a knowledge of gardening or to grow fungi for food. agriculture may realize the important place animal Still another example is the betsy beetle, Popilius. waste has in the overall biological cycle, but the gen- This beetle lives in decaying logs and feeds upon a eral public and even students of science may not be combination of fecal pellets and chewed wood which aware of some of the very unique and fascinating as- has become enriched by fungi (Odum 1971). Certain pects of the relationships of animal solid waste to both mammals such as rats habitually practice copro- the animal and the plant kingdoms. -
Assessment of a Cattle Manure Vermicomposting System Using Material Flow Analysis: a Case Study from Uganda
sustainability Article Assessment of a Cattle Manure Vermicomposting System Using Material Flow Analysis: A Case Study from Uganda Joseph Jjagwe 1,*, Allan John Komakech 1 , Jeninah Karungi 2 , Arabel Amann 3,*, Joshua Wanyama 1 and Jakob Lederer 3,4 1 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; [email protected] (A.J.K.); [email protected] (J.W.) 2 School of Agricultural Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; [email protected] 3 Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, A-1040 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] 4 Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/166, A-1060 Vienna, Austria * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.J.); [email protected] (A.A.); Tel.: +25-670-019-8407 (J.J.); +431-588-012-2632 (A.A.) Received: 24 August 2019; Accepted: 16 September 2019; Published: 20 September 2019 Abstract: Growth in cattle population is associated with increased manure generation whose current management in low-income countries is associated with health and environmental problems as well as low utilization rates. This trend can be reversed by promoting better manure management technologies. This study assessed vermicomposting as one of the technologies to manage organic wastes, using the case study in Uganda. A vermicomposting system using cattle manure and earthworms (Eudrilus euginea) was monitored for one year with the harvesting of products (compost, earthworm biomass) after every three months. -
The Significance of Cows in Indian Society Between Sacredness and Economy
Govindasamy Agoramoorthy, Minna J. Hsu: The significance of cows in Indian society between sacredness and economy The significance of cows in Indian society between sacredness and economy Govindasamy Agoramoorthy Tajen University, [email protected] Minna J. Hsu National Sun Yat-sen University, [email protected] Abstract Cows are still considered holy to the people of the Hindu faith across the Indian sub- continent. In this paper, the authors discuss details of the religious, historical, economic, cultural and sociological significance of the sacred cow in Hinduism. The authors also suggest options to use the sacred cow for the enhancement of eco-friendly living in India in the near future. KEYWORDS: Hinduism, cow protection, religion, culture, economy, society, India Introduction The Hindu religion recognises the rights of animals to co-exist with humans; therefore, people are taught to love, nurture and worship them. The religion promotes the belief that various Hindu gods and goddesses incarnate in various animal forms. In the past, kings and emperors used various species of animals in their emblems to show their respect. Many festivals in India are still being celebrated to honour different animals (Agoramoorthy & Hsu 2006). From a source of milk to a provider of labour and religious inspiration, cows often play a prominent role in Hindu society. To the population of 900 million Hindus spread across the Indian sub-continent and elsewhere, the cow is a holy animal that cannot be harmed. The faith first evolved near the Indus River valley nearly 3,000 years ago; re- specting the cow remains a central theme in the daily lives of the Hindu faith even today. -
Animal Agriculture Liability for Climatic Nuisance: a Path Forward for Climate Change Litigation?
Animal Agriculture Liability for Climatic Nuisance: A Path Forward for Climate Change Litigation? Daniel E. Walters∗ Introduction .................................................................................... 300 I. The Regulatory Gap ..................................................................... 305 A. Massachusetts v. EPA and the Regulatory Track ..................... 306 B. American Electric Power v. Connecticut and the Displacement of the Litigation Track .......................................................... 309 1. The Federal Common Law of Public Nuisance ................. 310 2. The American Electric Power Case and Its Aftermath ........... 313 II. Filling the Gap: Animal Agriculture as Climate Nuisance ...... 316 A. The Climate Impacts of Animal Agriculture ......................... 317 B. Agricultural Exceptionalism and the CAA ............................. 320 C. The Non-Displacement of Animal Agricultural Climate Nuisance Suits ........................................................................ 326 III. The Promise of the Approach .................................................. 328 A. The Path to Climatic Nuisance Liability for Animal Agriculture ............................................................................. 328 1. Merits Issues ......................................................................... 329 2. Jurisdictional Issues ............................................................. 333 B. The Indirect Effects of the Litigation .................................... 335 1. “Prodding” -
Spectroscopic and Thermal Degradation Study of Cow-Dung During Combustion and Pyrolysis
International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science (IJARCS) Volume 3, Issue 4, April, 2016, PP 47-55 ISSN 2349-039X (Print) & ISSN 2349-0403 (Online) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2349-0403.0304006 www.arcjournals.org Spectroscopic and Thermal Degradation Study of Cow-Dung during Combustion and Pyrolysis Abdul Munam a *, Jahangir Ahmad Rather a, Tansir Ahamadb a Department of Chemistry, Sultan Qaboos University, Box 36, Al-Khod 123, Oman b Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia *[email protected] Abstract: This study reports the analysis of gases evolved during controlled pyrolysis and combustion of cow- dung. The combined thermogravimetric (TG)/ Fourtier transform infrared (FTIR)/ mass spectrometry (MS) were employed to analyze the evolved gaseous products. The results revealed that the thermal decomposition of cow-dung occurs in three steps assigned to drying of the sample, fast thermal decomposition and further cracking. The complete combustion of cow-dung occurs at 500°C, while during pyrolysis the total weight loss of 58.91 wt.% was found at 950°C. The release of gaseous product during pyrolysis was CO2, CO, methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, acetic acid, whereas the products during combustion were CO2, CO. Among them, CO2 was the dominant gaseous product in the whole combustion process. Keywords: Cow-dung; Thermal degradation; Hazardous materials; TG-FTIR-MS. 1. INTRODUCTION More than half of the global population lacking clean cooking facilities lives in India, China and Bangladesh,” says the UN report. According to WHO countries like India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka used biomass as fuel for daily household cooking.