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Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies Environmental Science Program

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Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies Environmental Science Program ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE PROGRAM Impact of Resettlement on Woody Plant Species and Local Livelihood: The Case of Guraferda Woreda in Bench Maji Zone, South Western, Ethiopia By Dejenie Abere A Thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental science Advisor: Mekuria Argaw (Ph.D.) June 2011 i Addis Ababa ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE PROGRAM IMPACT OF RESETTLEMENT ON WOODY PLANT SPECIES AND LOCAL LIVELIHOOD: THE CASE OF GURAFERDA WOREDA IN BENCH MAJI ZONE, SOUTH WESTERN, ETHIOPIA. BY DEJENIE ABERE FANTAYE A Thesis submitted to the Graduate studies of Addis Ababa University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science Approved by the Examining Board: Dr. Mekuria Argaw (Advisor)……………………………………………….. Dr. Teshome Soromessa (Examiner)………………………………………………… Dr. Gajananda Khwairakpan (Examiner)…………………………………………………. June 2011 ii Acknowledgements First and for most, I would like to express my deepest and heartfelt gratitude to my advisor Dr. Mekuria Argaw, a person who can really be an advisor, realized my dream by patiently correcting this paper. I would like to thank all the farmers who participated in the survey in the study area for their friendly cooperation and willingness in providing me the relevant information from day one of the research. I would like to also acknowledge zonal and woreda level administrative and Guraferda woreda agricultural and rural development main offices for their unselfish help in coordinating the field works. I also thank Addis Ababa University for its financial support for this study. I wish to express my sincere thanks to my mother, Bayech W/yohannes, she did much for the completion of this paper. iii Tables of Contents Contents Page Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………....II Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………...III List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………………VII List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………………..VIII List of Appendices……………………………………………………………………………….IX Abbreviations and Acronyms…………………………………………………………………….X Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... XI 1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1 1.1. Background ........................................................................................................................1 1.2. Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................................3 1.3. Scope of the study ..............................................................................................................4 1.4. Significance of the study ...................................................................................................4 1.5. Objectives ...........................................................................................................................5 1.5.1. General Objective .......................................................................................................5 1.5.2. Specific objectives ......................................................................................................5 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...............................................................................................6 2.1.Definitions and concepts .....................................................................................................6 2.2.History of Resettlement in Ethiopia ....................................................................................7 2.2.1. Resettlement during Derg Regime .............................................................................8 2.2.2. Resettlement during EPDRF regime ..........................................................................9 2.2.3. Resettlement in SNNPRS ........................................................................................11 2.3.Impacts of resettlement on the livelihood of native people ..............................................12 2.3.1. Impacts of resettlement on the environment ............................................................12 2.4. Population Growth, Forest and Soil ................................................................................13 2.4.1. Population Growth and Forest ...................................................................................13 2.4.2. Population Growth and Land Degradation ................................................................14 2.5.Resettlement Experiences ..................................................................................................15 2.6.Policy Issues ......................................................................................................................16 2.6.1. Pillars of the current resettlement Programme......................................................16 iv 2.6.1.1 Resettlement program should rest on the voluntary settlers . .................................16 2.6.1.2 The availability of underutilized land ...................................................................16 2.6.1.3 Consultation with the host communities ................................................................16 2.6.1.4 Proper preparation ..................................................................................................17 2.6.2 Environmental policy of Ethiopia ...............................................................................17 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................................18 3.1. Description of the study area ................................................................................................18 3.1.1.Location ...........................................................................................................................18 3.1.2.Climate ............................................................................................................................19 3.1.3.Vegetation ........................................................................................................................20 3.1.4.Population ........................................................................................................................20 3.1.5.Farming systems ...............................................................................................................20 3.1.6.Topography ......................................................................................................................21 3.2. Sampling Design ...................................................................................................................21 3.2.1. Reconnaissance Survey .................................................................................................21 3.2.2. Vegetation Sampling ....................................................................................................21 3.2.3. Survey of Local farmers Perception on Resettlement and its Impact ..........................22 3.2.3.1. Questionnaires........................................................................................................22 3.2.3.2 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) ............................................................................23 3.3. Vegetation Data Analysis .......................................................................................................23 3.3.1. Species Diversity, Evenness and Similarity ..................................................................23 3.3.2. Woody plant species Structural data analysis ...............................................................24 3.3.2.1 Density ........................................................................................................................24 3.3.2.2 Relative density .........................................................................................................24 3.3.2.3 Frequency ..................................................................................................................24 3.3.2.4 Relative Frequency .....................................................................................................25 3.3.2.5 Relative Dominance ..................................................................................................25 3.3.2.6 Importance Value Index (IVI) ....................................................................................25 3.3.2.7 Woody plant species regeneration status ....................................................................25 v 3.3.2.8 Woody plant species height and DBH distribution ....................................................25 3.3.3. Woody plant diversity analysis .....................................................................................26 3.3.4. Data Analysis of Local farmers’ Perception on Resettlement and its Impact ..............27 3.3.5. Data Analysis ................................................................................................................27 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...........................................................................................28 4.1. Floristic Composition Diversity of woody species ...............................................................28 4.1.1
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