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Central Questions Patterns of Evolution • What are gradualism and punctuated equilibrium? Compare and contrast Extinction them. • What are adaptive radiation and Speed and Path of Evolution convergent evolution? Compare and Adaptive Radiation contrast them. Convergent Evolution • Give a possible example of coevolution not explained in class. Coevolution • What is speciation and how does it Speciation usually happen? Extinction Speed and Path of • Extinction generally means the species no Evolution longer has living members, but an exact definition is kind of tricky • Gradualism- evolutionary • 99% of all species that have lived on this change is slow and gradual planet are now extinct! • Species go extinct for a variety of reasons. • Punctuated Equilibrium- long • Mass extinctions have happened many periods of stability interrupted times in Earth’s history, resulting in large by brief periods of major changes in numbers and types of species. change Adaptive Radiation Convergent Evolution • A single original species • Different, unrelated species evolves into many forms that evolve to live similar lives. live in different ways. These plants aren’t • AKA related but Divergent both have similar Evolution structure because it works well. 1 Coevolution Speciation • Evolution of different species • Speciation is the development of are connected based on their new species ecological interactions • Usually starts when groups from • Evolution of flowers and their same species are separated pollinators are good examples –Separated groups cannot interbreed –Lack of interbreeding results in new species forming Why? Isolating Mechanisms Population Genetics • Behavioral Isolation- population is • An alternate definition of evolution separated because of what they is “change in the frequency of do alleles in a population”. What • Geographic Isolation- separated does that mean? by where they live (new obstacle • As the relative amounts of each may cause this) allele changes, that means the • Temporal Isolation- separated by population’s genetics are when they are active and breed changing. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Central Questions • The Hardy-Weinberg Equation is a • What are gradualism and punctuated equilibrium? Compare and contrast way to determine the relative them. frequency of the alleles in a • What are adaptive radiation and population. convergent evolution? Compare and contrast them. • The equation remains an • Give a possible example of coevolution equilibrium when no evolution is not explained in class. taking place: no new mutations, no • What is speciation and how does it changes in environment, etc usually happen? 2.

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Convergent Evolution
Exploring the KU Natural History Museum Convergent Evolution Target Audience: Middle school and above Differentiated Instruction Summary Strategy Levels Content/Process/Product Grouping(s) Learning modalities Whole group • Level 1 – Visual (spatial) Small groups Process Cubing Level 2 – Kinesthetic (physical) Peer partners • Product • Level 3 – Verbal (linguistic) Homogeneous Heterogeneous * Varied grouping options can be used for this activity, depending on student needs and chaperone ability. Objectives: Explore examples of convergent evolution in vertebrates. Pre-assessment/Prior Knowledge: Prior to their visit, students should be familiar with the idea of convergent evolution, overall evolutionary relationships/classification of vertebrate groups and basic anatomy of those groups. Activity Description: Students explore the idea of convergent evolution through museum exhibits through different learning modalities. Materials Needed: • Student o Cubes (three levels, see attached) o Paper and pencils (alternatively you could use flipchart paper and markers, whiteboards and dry erase markers) o Optional (cell phones or other recording device for visual or kinesthetic levels) Note: Format to record/present findings determined by individual teacher. Provide clear instructions about expectations for documenting participation, particularly for verbal/spatial and body/kinesthetic levels (e.g. stage direction, audio/video recording). • Teacher o Content Outline o Cube labels o Cube template Content: Convergence Overview Convergent evolution refers to the similarities in biological traits that arise independently in organisms that are not closely related, e.g. wings in birds, bats and insects. Similarity among organisms and their structures that was not inherited from a common ancestor is considered to be homoplasy. This can be contrasted with homology, which refers to similarity of traits due to common ancestry.
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The Genetic Causes of Convergent Evolution
Nature Reviews Genetics | AOP, published online 9 October 2013; doi:10.1038/nrg3483 REVIEWS The genetic causes of convergent evolution David L. Stern Abstract | The evolution of phenotypic similarities between species, known as convergence, illustrates that populations can respond predictably to ecological challenges. Convergence often results from similar genetic changes, which can emerge in two ways: the evolution of similar or identical mutations in independent lineages, which is termed parallel evolution; and the evolution in independent lineages of alleles that are shared among populations, which I call collateral genetic evolution. Evidence for parallel and collateral evolution has been found in many taxa, and an emerging hypothesis is that they result from the fact that mutations in some genetic targets minimize pleiotropic effects while simultaneously maximizing adaptation. If this proves correct, then the molecular changes underlying adaptation might be more predictable than has been appreciated previously. (FIG. 1) Fitness Different species often evolve similar solutions to envi introgression . It is worth distinguishing between The potential evolutionary ronmental challenges. Insects, birds and bats evo these scenarios because each provides evidence for a dif success of a genotype, defined lved wings, and octopi, vertebrates and spiders ferent evolutionary path3. The first case, the independent as the reproductive success or evolved focusing eyes. Phenotypic convergence provides origin and spread of mutations, has been called parallel the proportion of genes that an individual leaves in the gene compelling evidence that ecological circumstances can genetic evolution. I suggest that the evolution of alleles 1,2 pool of the next generation in a select for similar evolutionary solutions .
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SARS-Cov-2 Convergent Evolution As a Guide to Explore Adaptive Advantage
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.24.445534; this version posted May 25, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. SARS-CoV-2 convergent evolution as a guide to explore adaptive advantage Jiří Zahradník1, Jaroslav Nunvar2,3, and Gideon Schreiber1* 1 Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel 2 Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 12844, Czech Republic 3 BIOCEV - Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic * Corresponding author email: [email protected] Author Contributions: Author contributions: J.Z. and G.S. conceived the project; J.Z., J.N. and G.S. performed experiments; J.Z., J.N. and G.S. wrote the manuscript. Competing Interest Statement: Authors declare no competing interests. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Convergent Evolution, Mutations bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.24.445534; this version posted May 25, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract Much can be learned from 1.2 million sequences of SARS-CoV-2 generated during the last 15 months. Out of the overwhelming number of mutations sampled so far, only few rose to prominence in the viral population. Many of these emerged recently and independently in multiple lineages. Such a textbook example of convergent evolution at the molecular level is not only curiosity but a guide to uncover the basis for adaptive advantage behind these events.
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Convergent Adaptation and Ecological Speciation Result from Unique Genomic Mechanisms in Sympatric Extremophile Fishes
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.28.450104; this version posted June 28, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Convergent adaptation and ecological speciation result from unique genomic mechanisms in sympatric extremophile fishes Ryan Greenway1‡, Anthony P. Brown2,3, Henry Camarillo1,4, Cassandra Delich1, Kerry L. McGowan2, Joel Nelson2, Lenin Arias-Rodriguez5, Joanna L. Kelley2‡, and Michael Tobler1‡ 1 Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA 2 School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA 3 Current address: California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA 4 Current address: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA 5 División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico ‡ Corresponding authors: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.28.450104; this version posted June 28, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Significance Statement Divergent lineages that coexist in sympatry and are exposed to the same sources of natural selection provide a unique opportunity to study convergent evolution across levels of organization because confounding factors associated with geographic replications are eliminated. Using three sympatric lineages of livebearing fishes inhabiting toxic and adjacent nontoxic habitats, we show that the convergent evolution of phenotypic adaptation and reproductive isolation can evolve in the absence of substantial convergence at the genomic level.
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Convergent Evolution, Evolving Evolvability, and the Origins of Lethal Cancer
Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on March 31, 2020; DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-19-1158 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. TITLE Convergent evolution, evolving evolvability, and the origins of lethal cancer AUTHORS Kenneth J. Pienta1, Emma U. Hammarlund2, Robert Axelrod3, Sarah R. Amend1 and Joel S. Brown4 AFFILIATIONS 1The Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA 2Nordic Center for Earth Evolution, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark and Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. 3Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA 4Cancer Biology and Evolution Program and Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, 33612 USA RUNNING TITLE Evolving evolvability and the origins of lethal cancer KEYWORDS Cancer clade, cancer speciation, evolvability, convergent evolution, cancer ecology, polyploid giant cancer cell (PGCC), poly-aneuploid cancer cell (PACC) FUNDING This work was funded by Swedish Research Council grant 2015-04693, The Crafoord Foundation, and The Swedish Royal Physiograpic Society of Lund to EUH; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 690817), NIH/National Cancer Institute (NCI) R01CA170595, and NIH/NCI U54CA143970-05 to JSB; the Patrick C. Walsh Prostate Cancer Research Fund and the Prostate Cancer Foundation to SRA; and NCI grants U54CA143803, CA163124, CA093900, and CA143055, and the Prostate Cancer Foundation to KJP. This work was also supported by the William and Carolyn Stutt Research Fund, Ronald Rose, MC Dean, Inc., William and Marjorie Springer, Mary and Dave Stevens, Louis Dorfman, and the Jones Family Foundation.
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Extreme Mammals
One of the first giant mammals, Uintatherium A mammoth skull and endocast help demonstrate a comparison of sports such oddities as bony horns, dagger-like mammal brain sizes; behind them, an examination of unusual teeth. teeth, and a tiny brain. OVERVIEW HIGHLIGHTS • Amazing life-like models of In Extreme Mammals: The Biggest, extinct mammals such as Ambulocetus, the “walking Smallest, and Most Amazing Mammals whale” of All Time, the American Museum of • Fossils of Dimetrodon, Natural History explores the surprising Astrapotherium, Onychonycteris finneyi, and more and extraordinary world of mammals. • Taxidermy and skeletons of Featuring spectacular fossils, skele- exotic modern mammals tons, taxidermy, vivid reconstructions, • Touchable samples such as porcupine quills and skunk fur and live animals, the exhibition ex- • Interactives demonstrating amines the ancestry and evolution of a the amazing variety of mammal teeth, skin, and locomotion vast array of species, living and extinct. • Live marsupials—adorable It showcases creatures both tiny and sugar gliders huge who sport such weird features as • A dazzling diorama packed with detailed models and oversized claws, massive fangs, reproductions of mammals and plants from 50 million years ago bizarre snouts, and amazing horns, • A cast of the newly unveiled and it includes what might be the most “missing link,” Darwinius extreme mammals of all—ourselves. masillae, known as Ida Platypus Taxidermy A model Macrauchenia shows how scientists Visitors enter the gallery by walking under the massive Indricotherium, can tell what extinct mammals looked like by an ancient rhinoceros relative that was the largest mammal to walk the Earth. comparing their fossils to modern animals.
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Convergence in Multispecies Interactions
Review Convergence in Multispecies Interactions 1,2, 1,2 Leonora S. Bittleston, * Naomi E. Pierce, 1,3 4 Aaron M. Ellison, and Anne Pringle The concepts of convergent evolution and community convergence highlight Trends how selective pressures can shape unrelated organisms or communities in We present a framework for exploring similar ways. We propose a related concept, convergent interactions, to how selection shapes multispecies associations. describe the independent evolution of multispecies interactions with similar physiological or ecological functions. A focus on convergent interactions clari- We provide examples of functional ﬁ es how natural selection repeatedly favors particular kinds of associations convergence in species interactions. among species. Characterizing convergent interactions in a comparative con- Convergent interactions can be used text is likely to facilitate prediction of the ecological roles of organisms (including to predict the ecology of unknown microbes) in multispecies interactions and selective pressures acting in poorly symbioses. understood or newly discovered multispecies systems. We illustrate the con- Convergent interactions can help elu- cept of convergent interactions with examples: vertebrates and their gut bac- cidate the ecological roles of microbes. teria; ectomycorrhizae; insect–fungal–bacterial interactions; pitcher-plant food webs; and ants and ant–plants. Convergence in Evolution and Ecology The word convergence typically describes convergent evolution, the independent evolution of similar traits in different lineages resulting from strong selective pressures: ‘[a]nimals, belonging to two most distinct lines of descent, may readily become adapted to similar conditions, and thus assume a close external resemblance’ [1]. Although convergent evolution is primarily a descrip- tor of morphological features of animals and plants, it can be used to describe microbes and physiological processes as well (e.g., convergent evolution of transcriptional regulation of gene circuits in bacteria and fungi; see [2]).
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Convergent Evolution in the Genomics Era: New Insights and Directions Royalsocietypublishing.Org/Journal/Rstb Timothy B
Convergent evolution in the genomics era: new insights and directions royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rstb Timothy B. Sackton1 and Nathan Clark2 1Informatics Group, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA 2Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA Introduction TBS, 0000-0003-1673-9216 Cite this article: Sackton TB, Clark N. 2019 Convergent evolution—in which distinct lineages independently evolve similar traits—has fascinated evolutionary biologists for centuries [1], in large part Convergent evolution in the genomics era: new because convergent evolution is often thought to represent a visible manifes- insights and directions. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B tation of the power of natural selection. Intuitively, what could explain 374: 20190102. convergent echolocation ability in bats and toothed whales except natural selec- http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0102 tion in response to foraging and hunting in environments with minimal visibility? Many other examples of phenotypic convergence—including limb- less body plans in burrowing species [2], drug resistance in pathogens [3], Accepted: 18 April 2019 and antifreeze proteins in arctic and antarctic fishes [4]—have similarly intuitive explanations as the result of adaptation to shared environments. Convergent One contribution of 16 to a theme issue evolution, then, can serve as a valuable proxy for repeated experiments in evol- ‘Convergent evolution in the genomics era: ution, and understanding how convergent traits evolve, especially at the new insights and directions’. molecular level, has the potential to inform general rules about adaptation [5,6]. In the past decade, low-cost, high-throughput sequencing has ushered in an era of widespread genome sequencing in model and non-model organ- Subject Areas: isms alike, bringing vast new data to bear on understanding convergence at evolution, genomics the molecular level.
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Convergent Evolution
Convergent Evolution © Eric R. Pianka Convergent evolution is the process by which unrelated or distantly related organisms evolve similar body forms, coloration, organs, and adaptations. Natural selection can result in evolutionary convergence under several different circumstances. Species can converge in sympatry, as in mimicry complexes among insects, especially butterflies (coral snakes and their mimics constitute another well-known example). Mimicry evolves after one species, the ‘model’ has become aposematic (warningly colored) because it is toxic or poisonous and therefore protected (Wickler 1968). Two distinct kinds of mimicry are recognized, Batesian and Mullerian. In Batesian mimicry, the mimic is palatable or unprotected, but gains from being mistaken for the model, which is unpalatable or protected. Two protected model species can also converge because of the advantage of being mistaken for each other (Mullerian mimicry). Mimicry is an interesting consequence of warning coloration that nicely demonstrates the power of natural selection. An organism that commonly occurs in a community along with a poisonous or distasteful species can benefit from a resemblance to the warningly colored species, even though the ‘mimic’ itself is nonpoisonous and/or quite palatable. Because predators that have experienced contacts with the model species, and have learned to avoid it, mistake the mimic species for the model and avoid it as well. Such false warning coloration is termed Batesian mimicry after its discoverer. Many species of harmless snakes mimic poisonous snakes (Greene and McDiarmid 1981); in Central America, some harmless snakes are so similar to poisonous coral snakes that only an expert can distinguish the mimic from the 'model.' A few experts have even died as a result of a superficial misidentifications.
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Lesson Plan—Appearances Are Deceiving
Lesson Plan—Appearances are Deceiving Summary This lesson is intended to introduce students to selection processes that govern convergent evolution. Students will focus on analogous physical and behavioral characteristics of organisms that are found in the deep ocean and how these characteristics are adaptive to this environment. Additionally students will discuss the analogous nature of the chemicals that produce bioluminescence and suggest hypotheses on how and why these chemicals are used. Corollaries to terrestrial and cave ecosystems shall also be discussed. Key Concepts • Natural selection and its evolutionary consequences provide a scientific explanation for the fossil record of ancient life forms, as well as for the striking molecular similarities observed among the diverse species of living organisms. • Organisms evolve due to selective pressures from the environment. • Adaptations provide a selective advantage to individuals of a population that aid in their survival in a specific environment. • Due to the constant factors that are found in the deep ocean (lack of light, cold temperatures, salinity, etc.) organisms evolve strategies that enable them to survive in that habitat. • Convergent evolution is a process in which organisms from different biological backgrounds evolve similar strategies (physiological, morphological, and behavioral) to survive. Objectives Students will be able to: • Differentiate between divergent and convergent evolution • Identify and classify the organisms observed that are found in the deep ocean • Identify morphological characteristics and behavioral characteristics of organisms in the deep ocean environment • Evaluate common characteristics among different classes of deep ocean organisms • Predict if the adaptations observed are due to divergent or convergent evolution Materials • Computers with Internet access • Eye In the Sea video clips downloaded onto computers, or broadband access to the EARTH Website and Flash Media Player 1 • Copies of worksheets for each student o Web Lab Activity: Monsters of the Deep .
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Convergent Evolution of Olfactory and Thermoregulatory Capacities in Small Amphibious Mammals
Convergent evolution of olfactory and thermoregulatory capacities in small amphibious mammals Quentin Martineza,1, Julien Clavelb,c, Jacob A. Esselstynd,e, Anang S. Achmadif, Camille Grohég,h, Nelly Piroti,j, and Pierre-Henri Fabrea,k aInstitut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier (ISEM), CNRS, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier (UM), UMR 5554, 34095 Montpellier, France; bDepartment of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, SW7 5DB London, United Kingdom; cUniv. Lyon Laboratoire d’Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, UMR CNRS 5023, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l’État (ENTPE), F‐69622 Villeurbanne, Cedex, France; dMuseum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; eDepartment of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; fMuseum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), 16911 Cibinong, Indonesia; gDivision of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024; hLaboratoire Paléontologie Évolution Paléoécosystèmes Paléoprimatologie (PALEVOPRIM, UMR 7262, CNRS-Institut écologie et environnement [INEE]), Université de Poitiers, 86073 Poitiers, Cedex 9, France; iInstitut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM, U1194 UM, Institut du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), F-34298 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France; jRéseau d’Histologie Expérimentale de Montpellier, UMS3426 CNRS-US009 INSERM-UM, 34298 Montpellier, France; and kMammal Section, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, SW7 5DB London, United Kingdom Edited by David B. Wake, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and approved February 28, 2020 (received for review October 11, 2019) Olfaction and thermoregulation are key functions for mammals. The partitioning has been documented in histological, airflow dynamic, former is critical to feeding, mating, and predator avoidance behaviors, and performance test studies (9–13).
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Convergent Evolution of SARS-Cov-2 Spike Mutations, L452R, E484Q and P681R, in the Second Wave of COVID-19 in Maharashtra, India
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.22.440932; this version posted April 24, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Convergent evolution of SARS-CoV-2 spike mutations, L452R, E484Q and P681R, in the second wave of COVID-19 in Maharashtra, India Sarah Cherian1,#, Varsha Potdar1,#, Santosh Jadhav1, Pragya Yadav1, Nivedita Gupta2, Mousmi Das1, Soumitra Das3, Anurag Agarwal4, Sujeet Singh5, Priya Abraham1* , Samiran Panda2, Shekhar Mande6, Renu Swarup7, Balram Bhargava2, Rajesh Bhushan8, NIC team@ and INSACOG Consortium$ # Equal authorship *Corresponding author 1 ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 2 Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 3 DBT-The National Institute of BioMedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal 4 CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi 5 National Centre for Disease Control, New Delhi 6 Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi 7 Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi 8 Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India @ Sucheta Patil, Prachi Jagtap, Bhagyashri Kasabe, Ujjaini Shah, Trupti Sanjeev, Gayatri Divekar, Kalpita Korabu, Sunil Shelkande, Pooja Shinde, Sayed Zakiuddin, Veena Vipat, Sheetal Jadhav, Krutika Iyengar, Vinita Malik, Sonali Bhorekar,Abhinendra Kumar, Rima Sahay, Anita Shete, M.L.Choudhary from National Influenza Center (NIC)
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