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The Future: the Story of Squeak, a Practical Smalltalk Written in Itself
Back to the future: the story of Squeak, a practical Smalltalk written in itself Dan Ingalls, Ted Kaehler, John Maloney, Scott Wallace, and Alan Kay [Also published in OOPSLA ’97: Proc. of the 12th ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Object-oriented Programming, 1997, pp. 318-326.] VPRI Technical Report TR-1997-001 Viewpoints Research Institute, 1209 Grand Central Avenue, Glendale, CA 91201 t: (818) 332-3001 f: (818) 244-9761 Back to the Future The Story of Squeak, A Practical Smalltalk Written in Itself by Dan Ingalls Ted Kaehler John Maloney Scott Wallace Alan Kay at Apple Computer while doing this work, now at Walt Disney Imagineering 1401 Flower Street P.O. Box 25020 Glendale, CA 91221 [email protected] Abstract Squeak is an open, highly-portable Smalltalk implementation whose virtual machine is written entirely in Smalltalk, making it easy to debug, analyze, and change. To achieve practical performance, a translator produces an equivalent C program whose performance is comparable to commercial Smalltalks. Other noteworthy aspects of Squeak include: a compact object format that typically requires only a single word of overhead per object; a simple yet efficient incremental garbage collector for 32-bit direct pointers; efficient bulk- mutation of objects; extensions of BitBlt to handle color of any depth and anti-aliased image rotation and scaling; and real-time sound and music synthesis written entirely in Smalltalk. Overview Squeak is a modern implementation of Smalltalk-80 that is available for free via the Internet, at http://www.research.apple.com/research/proj/learning_concepts/squeak/ and other sites. It includes platform-independent support for color, sound, and image processing. -
April 22 -- STEPS NSF 2012 Report
! 2012 REPORT ! STEPS Toward Expressive Programming Systems ! “A#Science#Experiment”# ! by# (In#random#order)#Yoshiki#Ohshima,#Dan#Amelang,#Ted#Kaehler,#Bert#Freudenberg,# Aran#Lunzer,#Alan#Kay,#Ian#Piumarta,#Takashi#Yamamiya,#Alan#Borning,#Hesam# Samimi,#Bret#Victor,#Kim#Rose*# VIEWPOINTS#RESEARCH#INSTITUTE# # # *These#are#the#STEPS#researchers#for#the#year#2012.#For#a#complete#listing# of#the#participants#over#the#length#of#the#project#see#the#section#on#the# NSF#site#which#contains#this#report.# TABLE OF CONTENTS — The STEPS Project for the General Public Summary of the STEPS project . Origin . STEPS aims at personal computing . What does STEPS look like? . STEPS is a “science project” . General approach . “T-shirt programming” . Overall map of STEPS . General STEPS results . Making “runnable maths” . Assessing STEPS Summary of STEPS research in 2012 . Inventing & building a language for STEPS “UI and applications”, and rewriting Frank in it . Producing a workable “chain of meaning” that extends from the screen all the way to the CPU . Inventing methods that create automatic visualizers for languages created from metalanguages . Continuing the start of “What vs How” programming via “Cooperating Languages and Solvers” Reflections on the STEPS Project to Date References Outreach Activities for final year of NSF part of the STEPS project Publications for the NSF part of the STEPS project Appendix I: KScript and KSWorld Appendix II: Making Applications in KSWorld ——— ! The$STEPS$Project$For$The$General$Public$ If#computing#is#important—for#daily#life,#learning,#business,#national#defense,#jobs,#and# -
Smalltalk's Influence on Modern Programming
1 Smalltalk’s Influence on Modern Programming Smalltalk’s Influence on Modern Programming Matt Savona. February 1 st , 2008. In September 1972 at Xerox PARC, Alan Kay, Ted Kaeher and Dan Ingalls were discussing programming languages in the hallway of their office building. Ted and Dan had begun to consider how large a language had to be to have “great power.” Alan took a different approach, and “asserted that you could define the "most powerful language in the world" in "a page of code."” Ted and Dan replied, “Put up or shut up” (Kay). And with that, the bet to develop the most powerful language was on. Alan arrived at PARC every morning at 4am for two weeks, and devoted his time from 4am to 8am to the development of the language. That language was Smalltalk. Kay had “originally made the boast because McCarthy's self-describing LISP interpreter was written in itself. It was about "a page", and as far as power goes, LISP was the whole nine- yards for functional languages.” He was sure that he could “do the same for object-oriented languages” and still have a reasonable syntax. By the eighth morning, Kay had a version of Smalltalk developed where “symbols were byte-coded and the receiving of return-values from a send was symmetric” (Kay). Several days later, Dan Ingalls had coded Kay’s scheme in BASIC, added a “token scanner”, “list maker” and many other features. “Over the next ten years he made at least 80 major releases of various flavors of Smalltalk” (Kay). -
Pharo by Example
Pharo by Example Andrew P. Black Stéphane Ducasse Oscar Nierstrasz Damien Pollet with Damien Cassou and Marcus Denker Version of 2009-10-11 ii This book is available as a free download from http://PharoByExample.org. Copyright © 2007, 2008, 2009 by Andrew P. Black, Stéphane Ducasse, Oscar Nierstrasz and Damien Pollet. The contents of this book are protected under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license. You are free: to Share — to copy, distribute and transmit the work to Remix — to adapt the work Under the following conditions: Attribution. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Share Alike. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same, similar or a compatible license. • For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. The best way to do this is with a link to this web page: creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ • Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. • Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. Your fair dealing and other rights are in no way affected by the above. This is a human-readable summary of the Legal Code (the full license): creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode Published by Square Bracket Associates, Switzerland. http://SquareBracketAssociates.org ISBN 978-3-9523341-4-0 First Edition, October, 2009. -
1. with Examples of Different Programming Languages Show How Programming Languages Are Organized Along the Given Rubrics: I
AGBOOLA ABIOLA CSC302 17/SCI01/007 COMPUTER SCIENCE ASSIGNMENT 1. With examples of different programming languages show how programming languages are organized along the given rubrics: i. Unstructured, structured, modular, object oriented, aspect oriented, activity oriented and event oriented programming requirement. ii. Based on domain requirements. iii. Based on requirements i and ii above. 2. Give brief preview of the evolution of programming languages in a chronological order. 3. Vividly distinguish between modular programming paradigm and object oriented programming paradigm. Answer 1i). UNSTRUCTURED LANGUAGE DEVELOPER DATE Assembly Language 1949 FORTRAN John Backus 1957 COBOL CODASYL, ANSI, ISO 1959 JOSS Cliff Shaw, RAND 1963 BASIC John G. Kemeny, Thomas E. Kurtz 1964 TELCOMP BBN 1965 MUMPS Neil Pappalardo 1966 FOCAL Richard Merrill, DEC 1968 STRUCTURED LANGUAGE DEVELOPER DATE ALGOL 58 Friedrich L. Bauer, and co. 1958 ALGOL 60 Backus, Bauer and co. 1960 ABC CWI 1980 Ada United States Department of Defence 1980 Accent R NIS 1980 Action! Optimized Systems Software 1983 Alef Phil Winterbottom 1992 DASL Sun Micro-systems Laboratories 1999-2003 MODULAR LANGUAGE DEVELOPER DATE ALGOL W Niklaus Wirth, Tony Hoare 1966 APL Larry Breed, Dick Lathwell and co. 1966 ALGOL 68 A. Van Wijngaarden and co. 1968 AMOS BASIC FranÇois Lionet anConstantin Stiropoulos 1990 Alice ML Saarland University 2000 Agda Ulf Norell;Catarina coquand(1.0) 2007 Arc Paul Graham, Robert Morris and co. 2008 Bosque Mark Marron 2019 OBJECT-ORIENTED LANGUAGE DEVELOPER DATE C* Thinking Machine 1987 Actor Charles Duff 1988 Aldor Thomas J. Watson Research Center 1990 Amiga E Wouter van Oortmerssen 1993 Action Script Macromedia 1998 BeanShell JCP 1999 AngelScript Andreas Jönsson 2003 Boo Rodrigo B. -
Actor Model of Computation
Published in ArXiv http://arxiv.org/abs/1008.1459 Actor Model of Computation Carl Hewitt http://carlhewitt.info This paper is dedicated to Alonzo Church and Dana Scott. The Actor model is a mathematical theory that treats “Actors” as the universal primitives of concurrent digital computation. The model has been used both as a framework for a theoretical understanding of concurrency, and as the theoretical basis for several practical implementations of concurrent systems. Unlike previous models of computation, the Actor model was inspired by physical laws. It was also influenced by the programming languages Lisp, Simula 67 and Smalltalk-72, as well as ideas for Petri Nets, capability-based systems and packet switching. The advent of massive concurrency through client- cloud computing and many-core computer architectures has galvanized interest in the Actor model. An Actor is a computational entity that, in response to a message it receives, can concurrently: send a finite number of messages to other Actors; create a finite number of new Actors; designate the behavior to be used for the next message it receives. There is no assumed order to the above actions and they could be carried out concurrently. In addition two messages sent concurrently can arrive in either order. Decoupling the sender from communications sent was a fundamental advance of the Actor model enabling asynchronous communication and control structures as patterns of passing messages. November 7, 2010 Page 1 of 25 Contents Introduction ............................................................ 3 Fundamental concepts ............................................ 3 Illustrations ............................................................ 3 Modularity thru Direct communication and asynchrony ............................................................. 3 Indeterminacy and Quasi-commutativity ............... 4 Locality and Security ............................................ -
Pharo by Example
Portland State University PDXScholar Computer Science Faculty Publications and Computer Science Presentations 2009 Pharo by Example Andrew P. Black Portland State University, [email protected] Stéphane Ducasse Oscar Nierstrasz University of Berne Damien Pollet University of Lille Damien Cassou See next page for additional authors Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy . Follow this and additional works at: http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/compsci_fac Citation Details Black, Andrew, et al. Pharo by example. 2009. This Book is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Computer Science Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Andrew P. Black, Stéphane Ducasse, Oscar Nierstrasz, Damien Pollet, Damien Cassou, and Marcus Denker This book is available at PDXScholar: http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/compsci_fac/108 Pharo by Example Andrew P. Black Stéphane Ducasse Oscar Nierstrasz Damien Pollet with Damien Cassou and Marcus Denker Version of 2009-10-28 ii This book is available as a free download from http://PharoByExample.org. Copyright © 2007, 2008, 2009 by Andrew P. Black, Stéphane Ducasse, Oscar Nierstrasz and Damien Pollet. The contents of this book are protected under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license. You are free: to Share — to copy, distribute and transmit the work to Remix — to adapt the work Under the following conditions: Attribution. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). -
Introduction to the Literature on Programming Language Design Gary T
Computer Science Technical Reports Computer Science 7-1999 Introduction to the Literature On Programming Language Design Gary T. Leavens Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cs_techreports Part of the Programming Languages and Compilers Commons Recommended Citation Leavens, Gary T., "Introduction to the Literature On Programming Language Design" (1999). Computer Science Technical Reports. 59. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cs_techreports/59 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Computer Science at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Computer Science Technical Reports by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Introduction to the Literature On Programming Language Design Abstract This is an introduction to the literature on programming language design and related topics. It is intended to cite the most important work, and to provide a place for students to start a literature search. Keywords programming languages, semantics, type systems, polymorphism, type theory, data abstraction, functional programming, object-oriented programming, logic programming, declarative programming, parallel and distributed programming languages Disciplines Programming Languages and Compilers This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cs_techreports/59 Intro duction to the Literature On Programming Language Design Gary T. Leavens TR 93-01c Jan. 1993, revised Jan. 1994, Feb. 1996, and July 1999 Keywords: programming languages, semantics, typ e systems, p olymorphism, typ e theory, data abstrac- tion, functional programming, ob ject-oriented programming, logic programming, declarative programming, parallel and distributed programming languages. -
Taxonomies of Visual Programming and Program Visualization
Taxonomies of Visual Programming and Program Visualization Brad A. Myers September 20, 1989 School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890 [email protected] (412) 268-5150 The research described in this paper was partially funded by the National Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada while I was at the Computer Systems Research Institute, Univer- sity of Toronto, and partially by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DOD), ARPA Order No. 4976 under contract F33615-87-C-1499 and monitored by the Avionics Laboratory, Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories, Aeronautical Systems Division (AFSC), Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-6543. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the author and should not be interpreted as representing the of®cial policies, either expressed or implied, of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency of the US Government. This paper is an updated version of [4] and [5]. Part of the work for this article was performed while the author was at the University of Toronto in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Taxonomies of Visual Programming and Program Visualization Brad A. Myers ABSTRACT There has been a great interest recently in systems that use graphics to aid in the programming, debugging, and understanding of computer systems. The terms ``Visual Programming'' and ``Program Visualization'' have been applied to these systems. This paper attempts to provide more meaning to these terms by giving precise de®nitions, and then surveys a number of sys- tems that can be classi®ed as providing Visual Programming or Program Visualization. These systems are organized by classifying them into three different taxonomies. -
Instructions Separator
An Introduction to Smalltalk for Objective-C Programmers O’Reilly Mac OS X Conference October 25—28, 2004 Philippe Mougin - [email protected] http://www.fscript.org IT Management & Consulting What you will get from this session • An understanding of the basic principles of Smalltalk. • The ability to read code. • An overview of Smalltalk options available on Mac OS X. Objective-C “Objective-C is a hybrid language that contains all of C language plus major parts of Smalltalk-80.” Brad Cox Objective-C: [playList addSong:aSong] Smalltalk: playList addSong:aSong Xerox Palo Alto Research Center Alan Kay Dan Ingalls Adele Goldberg Ted Kaehler Steve Jobs meets Smalltalk • “They showed me 3 things: graphical user interfaces, object oriented computing and networking.” • z • z • z • z Steve on a chair Smalltalk on a Xerox Alto III • “I only saw the first one which was so incredible to me that it saturated me...” • “If I'd only stayed another 20 minutes!” • “It took really until a few years ago for the industry to fully recreate it, in this case with NeXTSTEP.” Smalltalk • ANSI standard approved in 1998: ANSI INCITS 319-1998 • A pure object language: everything is an object •“Smalltalk'sdd design is due to the insight that everything we can describe can be represented by the recursive composition of a singled kind of behavioral building block that hides its •combination of state and process inside itself and can be dealt with• onls y through the exchange of messages.” Alan Kay • Message sending is (almost) the only control structure. • Interactive environment. • Simplicity and power. -
On the Revival of Dynamic Languages
On the Revival of Dynamic Languages Oscar Nierstrasz, Alexandre Bergel, Marcus Denker, St´ephane Ducasse, Markus G¨alli, and Roel Wuyts Software Composition Group, University of Bern www.iam.unibe.ch/∼scg Abstract. The programming languages of today are stuck in a deep rut that has developed over the past 50 years. Although we are faced with new challenges posed by enormous advances in hardware and internet technology, we continue to struggle with old-fashioned languages based on rigid, static, closed-world file-based views of programming. We argue the need for a new class of dynamic languages that support a view of pro- gramming as constant evolution of living and open software models. Such languages would require features such as dynamic first-class namespaces, explicit meta-models, optional, pluggable type systems, and incremental compilation of running software systems. 1 Introduction It is no exaggeration to say that mainstream programming languages of today are inherently static. That is to say, these languages tolerate change at compile time, but precious little at run-time. To state the case more strongly, most languages assume a closed world view: specifically, they assume that the world is consistent, and it will not change. That this assumption is patently false is obvious to anyone who has experi- enced the development of real, large software systems. Nevertheless, it is a fact that virtually no programming language today provides specific language mech- anisms to help developers cope with the fact that the systems they work on will, inevitably change [LB85]. As concrete examples, we can observe that it is hard to: – modify a running system, – make changes that impact the whole system, – reason about consequences of change, – introduce run-time reflection on-demand, – keep code, documentation and tests synchronized. -
Smalltalk Reading List
Smalltalkreading list Smalltalk introduced the world to Object Much of the genesis of Smalltalk is explained Smalltalk was created over the course of a For the history in Silicon Valley leading up to Oriented programming, a way of representing in Alan Kay’s Personal Computer for Children decade starting in 1970 at Xerox’s Palo Alto the inspiration and creation of Smalltalk, see software as a network of interconnected and of All Ages wherein he describes the Research Center (better known as Xerox PARC) John Markoff’s What the Dormouse Said. intercommunicating little computers. It has Dynabook computer. The Dynabook was to be by the company’s Learning Research Group. influenced nearly every programming a personal dynamic computer, with a flat language since, including Objective C, Java, screen and a keyboard (today’s iPads bear a When people think about Smalltalk as a and Swift. striking resemblance). professional programming language it’s almost always Smalltalk-80 (released in This reading list contains books, essays, and The Dynabook’s system software was 1980) they’re thinking about, but in fact videos detailing the time and place from intended to be built and modified by anyone, Smalltalk had dozens of versions and which Smalltalk emerged, the mindsets and for books and music, but more importantly for revisions in the preceding decade. visions of its creators, and the influences understanding complex systems. Smalltalk has had on computer systems and Smalltalk was originally intended as a their programming languages. The Smalltalk software and hardware that medium of expression, and not as a For the history of Xerox PARC in the decade came out of Xerox PARC were in direct pursuit professional developer tool until much later.