ME TADIAPTOM US CHEVR E UXI (COPEPODA: CALANOIDA: DIAPTOMIDAE) AND L EPTESTHERIA MAYE TI (: CONCHOSTRACA: LEPTESTHERIIDAE), TWO AFRICAN FRESHWATER RECORDED IN MAJORCA

D. Jaume Departament d'Ecologia, Universitat de Barcelona. Avda. Diagonal, 645. 08028 Barcelona, Spain.

Keywords: Metadiaptomus, Leptestheria, biogeography, ecology, temporary pools, Spain.

ABSTRACT

In the course of a faunistic intensive prospection of small temporary freshwater pools in the sub-steppic zone of Majorca (Balearic Islands), two crustaceans characteristic of the arid regions of north Africa were recorded, namely Metadiaptomus chevreuxi (Calanoida: Diaptomidae), and Leptestheria mayeti (Conchostraca: Leptesthe- riidae). Information about their morphology, habitat and ecology is presented, together with some biogeographi- cal comments of their presence so far froni north Africa.

INTRODUCTION only four bibliographic references on this subject, some of them very bare. The first one is very old Temporary freshwater bodies of the sub-step- (LUIS SALVADOR, 1871) and refers to the finding pic and steppic zones of the world are the habitat of (= Apus) cancriformis and Branchipus of greatly diversified communities. stagnalis (= B. schaefferi) in Majorca. The work There anostracans, notostracans, conchostracans, of MARGALEF (1953) has been the most accurate diaptomid copepods and cladocerans are the most intent of tipification of the Majorcan water bo- characteristic taxa (GAUTHIER, 1928; ALONSO, dies, but references to temporary waters are scar- 1985a, 1985b; THIERY, 1986). This fauna has an ce and reduced to findings of some relevant or- accentuated degree of endemism or restricted dis- ganisms (Le. Triops cancriformis and Branchipus tribution in spite of its potential for passive dis- schaefferi). It was not taken in mind the impor- persa1 (resting eggs, ephippiums), acquired as a tance and extension of these environments on result of adaptations to temporarily dried habi- Majorca until the work of LLORENS(1979), who tats. This has opened a new point of view on reported the presence of the Zsoetion alliance in freshwater crustacean Biogeography (FREY, 1982; some freshwater temporary pools of the southern DUMONT,1980; ALONSO, 1987). This point of view part of the island. Later, MAYOL(1977) reported is now fully accepted, and contrasts with that Triops cancriformis (Bosc 1801) and the conchos- which considers the cosmopolitanism of the spe- tracan Leptestheria dahalacensis (Rüppel 1837) cies belonging to the major freshwater crustacean from the same localities. taxa (BIRGE, 1918). The aim of this work is to refer the existence The Majorcan temporary biota has not been of two crustacean species with a great biogeogra- studied until a short time ago. In fact, there are phical value in Majorca, namely the diaptomid Limnética, 5: 101-109 (1989) Metadiaptomus chevreuxi Guerne & Richard @ Asociación Española de Lirnnología, Madrid, Spain 1894, and the conchostracan Leptestheria mayeti Simon 1885. These two taxa are restricted to zo- Table 1. - Some limnological parameters of 22 temporary pools nes with less than 400 mm of annual rainfall studied in the semi-arid region of Majorca. Algunos parámetros limnológicos de 22 balsas temporales es- AUTHIER HIERY AMDANI (G , 1928; T , 1986; R , 1986) tudiadas en la región semi-árida de Mallorca. and, up to date, they were only known froni arid and semi-arid zones o€ north Africa, Mesopota- Parameter X Range mia and Arabia. In Majorca they have been co- PH llected in 22 small temporary freshwater bodies Cond. (~Slcm) placed in the semi-arid region. HCO, (meqll) CO; (meqll) Cl(mgll) ~a++(mgi~)

MATERIAL AND METHODS m++imgil) Na + (mgll) K+ (mgil) Sampling was done qualitatively, specially among the aquatic vegetation. Samples were collected with a plankton net of 40 micrometers mesh size, preserved in 4 % formaldehide and analized un- coral reef (POMAR et al., 1983). Ulterior diagene- der microscope. Drawings were done with came- tic processes have originated impermeable soil ra lucida. profiles («Caliche») that form small pools (Po- mar, pers. com.), reaching 40-500 m2 and 30- 60 cm deep. Flooding period spreads from Octo- Study area ber to May in mean. Waters are clear, but they can be moderately muddy at the beginning of the The survey was done in the semi-arid part of rainy period, when the pools flood. This is a re- the island, in the area known as Marina de Lluc- sult of the lack of macrophyte development, that major (fig. 1). This zone is a platform 90 m.a.s.1. do not fix the sediment, which is consequently re- originated by sub-aerial exposure of a Messinian moved by (mainly Triops). The values of some limnological parameters of these waters are presented in table 1.

RESULTS

Leptestheria mayeti Simon 1885 (figs. 2,3) Shell outline is elongated in males; rostrum with an apical hook in both males and females; postabdomen with regularly distributed dorsal spinules, al1 roughly of the same size. It closely re- sembles Leptestheria dahalacensis (Rüppel, 1837), however it can be easily differentiated by: a) the number of legs with modified epipodites for egg-carrying in females (two in L. mayeti ins- Figure 1.- Regional distribution of annual rainfall in Majorca tead 4-5 in dahalacensis); b) the situation of the (from JANSÁ, 1985). Dotted area indicates the restricted zone first abdominal terguite armed with a dorsal row where Leptesrheria mayeti and Meladiaptomus chevreuxi have of spines (the first one just before postabdomen bcen registered. in dahalacensis, or some terguites behind in ma- Distribución de la precipitación anual en la isla de Mallorca yeti) . (tomado de JANSÁ, 1985). La zona punteada indica el área de distribución conocida de los taxones Lepresrheria mayeri y Me- The Majorcan population was first referred by iadiaplomus chevreuxi en la isla. MAYOL(1977) as Leptestheria dahalacensis and re- died during last 1986-87 are given in table 2. It re- flects a maximum relative body size increase at the beginning, as should be expected for an spe- cies adapted to habitats of unpredictable dura- tion. Maximum length recorded was 10.8 mm for males (10/04/87), and 8.9 mm for females (6103187). Valvar growth has been isometric in both males and females:

Males: H = 0.57 = 0.41 L (r = 0.95; n = 43), Females: H = 0.31 = 0.45 L (r = 0.91; n = 44),

where H: height, and L: length of shell (cm). Table 2 summarizes the growth pattern of a sin- gle population of L. mayeti studied during the last 1986-87. When the sample size was great enough, standard error of mean was calculated for confi- dence intervals as high as p < 0.01. The values obtained were very low and allow us to suspect that the population studied was composed by only one cohort, with egg eclosions concentrated the first days after flooding. Copulatory behaviour was observed during al1 of the flooding period. Largest individuals had very dark valves and were Figure 2.- Leptestheria mayeti Simon 1885. Male from Lluc- covered by filamentous algae. major, Majorca. A, left valve; B, postero-dorsal corner of left Leptestheria mayeti was only known from north valve, detail; C, detail of the valve sculpture between the African temporary freshwater bodies of the arid growth lines; D, last abdominal somites and post-abdomen; and semi-arid zones (less than 400 mm annual E, postabdomen dorsal denticulation, detail; F, terminal claw rainfall) (GAUTHIEK, 1928; THIERY, 1986). DADAY of postabdomen, inner side; G, detail of the post-abdominal claw denticulation. (1923) considered this species as endemic of the Leptestheria mayeti Simon 1885. Macho procedente de Lluc- Moghreb. There, it lives in clear or muddy, mo- major, Mallorca. A, valva izquierda; B, detalle del extremo derately mineralized waters (30-500 pS/cm; postero-dorsal de la valva izquierda; C, detalle del esculpido 1.0-3.6 meqll total alkalinity), with a very charac- de las valvas entre las líneas de crecimiento; D, últimos ter- guitos abdominales y post-abdomen; E, detalle de la denticu- teristic aquatic vegetation (Marsilea pubescens, lación de la región dorsal del post-abdomen; F, garra termi- Glyceria fluitans, Damasonium alisma, Scirpus nal del postabdomen vista por su cara interna; G, detalle de maritimus, Isoetes velata, Ranunculus aquatilis, la denticulación de la garra terminal del post-abdomen. Heleocharis palustris and filamentous algae as Spirogyra and Oedogonium (THIERY, 1986). taken by ALONSO(1985b). In ALONSO(1986) a good drawing of female L. mayeti is given again Metadiaptomus chevreuxi Guerne & Richard 1894 under the name L. dahalacensis. (figs. 4, 5) Populations develop from the first days of floo- This diaptomid was previously recorded from ding. Naupliar stadiums were recognized one day the arid zones of north Africa, Arabia and Me- after first flooding (1110186). First post-naupliar sopotamia (GAUTIER, 1928; KIEFER, 1978; Du- stadiums were recorded seven days after first MONT, 1980; RAMDANI, 1986). GAUTHIER(1928) flooding (length: 4.29 mm), but empty valves less considers this species as typical of the steppic zone than 1.98 mm were recorded as well. So, pro- of north Africa (annual rainfall less than 300 bably, larval development takes les~than seven mm). RAMDANI (1986) considers it a typical Saha- days. Data on growth of a single population stu- rian species. The Majorcan populations corres- Figure 3.- Leptestheria mayeti Simon 1885. Male from Llucmajor, Majorca. A, cephalon, lateral view; B, anterior region of the cephalon, detail; C, dorsal view of the middle zone of the cephalon, with two lateral prominentes (based on a moult); D, clasper of the first right leg. Leptestheria mayeti Simon 1885. Macho procedente de Llucmajor, Mallorca. A, cefalon en visión lateral; B, detalle de la región anterior del cefalon; C, visión dorsal de la región media del cefalon, mostrando dos prominencias laterales (basado en una muda); D, pinza de la primera pata derecha.

pond to the Kiefer's description (KIEFER, 1978) the lack of algae in the pool, which are the sour- (figs. 43). ce of beta-carotene for copepods (RINGELBERG, In Majorca, Metadiaptomus chevreuxi is the 1980). Habitat conditions for M. chevreuxi are the most abundant diaptomid in temporary pools. same as L. mayeti. Adult individuals appear 14 days after first floo- ding and populations are maintained until the pools dry (May). Maximum length recorded were: 2.59 mm for males, and 4.27 mm for fema- DISCUSSION les (furcal setae not included). Individuals are red coloured, except a population from a pool cove- The temporary pools of the arid zone of Ma- red by a small building, made in order to reduce jorca are the habitat for a well characterized bio- evaporation. Inside the building there is a com- ta (tables 3, 4) with the majority of the species plete darkness, and the M. chevreuxi population characteristic of steppic water bodies (GAUTHIER, is completely uncoloured, probably as a result of 1928; ALONSO, 1985a). Some of these taxa (i.e. Table 2.- Mean values of length (L) and height (H) (cm) for both males and females of a population of Leptestheria mayeti studied during the last 1986-87. Standard error of mean with confidence intervals p < 0.01 is presented for every sample N > 3. Valores medios de la longitud (L) y altura (H) de las valvas, expresadas en cm, para una población de Leptestheria muyeri estu- diada durante el ciclo 1986-87. El error estándar de la media para p < 0.01 se presenta para muestras de tamaño N > 3.

Date Males Females N XL X,I N XL XH

Pleuroxus letourneuxi) are widely distributed over mented the steppic regions of the Mediterranean, the Mediterranean region. Others even have a isolating populations of some species once widely more reduced distribution, and they appear res- distributed (MARGALEF,1947). In fact, DUMONT tricted to certain geographic zones (i.e. Metadiap- (1980) has proposed that Metadiaptomus species tomus chevreuxi, Ephemeroporus phintonicus) of North Africa have moved following the displa- (GAUTHIER, 1928; ALONSO,1985a). If this pattern cements of climatic belts during the Pleistocene, is a result of an historic process (implying restric- and could have left relic populations after retro- ted potential for dispersal) (ALONSO, 1985a,b; gression (he has found such populations in Mali). 1987) or, on the other hand, is a consequence of Nevertheless, there is no proof that the displace- the unavailability of suitable «niche» in the areas ment of climatic belts of north Africa has affec- where these species are absent (DUMONT, l980), ted the Balearic Islands, and it is difficult to is a theme of discussion. explain why these two species are absent in the Metadiaptomus chevreuxi and Leptestheria ma- Iberic Peninsula, where suitable habitats have al- yeti appear as the most characteristic and diffe- ways been present (Alonso, pers. com.). rentiating elements of the steppic crustacean com- Another hypothesis we propose to explain the munity in Majorcan temporary pools. They link dispersion of these two African taxa as fas as the this community with that of north African arid Balearics concerns dust rains. They consist on the and semi-arid regions (GAUTHIER, 1928; THIERY, precipitation of dust, coming from the Atlas va- 1986; RAMDANI, 1986). On the other hand both Ileys, on the shores of the western Mediterranean, two species differentiate the Majorcan fauna from specially the Balearic Islands (COLOM, 1948; JAN- that of equivalent environments in the Iberic Pe- sÁ, 1948; PRODIet al., 1979; FIOL, 1985). FIOL ninsula (ALONSO,1985a,b). (1985) has analized the granulometry of this dust On the question about what is the origin of the and concludes that it is formed 61 % by particles colonization of Majorca by these two species, less than 20 ym, and the remainder 39 % by par- some hipothesis can be proposed. First of all, we ticles greater than 20 ym (exceptionally they can can consider these species as relics of a period attain 80 ym). The identified biogenic elements with more generalized steppic conditions. Geo- of this dust were spicules of sponges, diatoms, etc, graphic and climatological changes during the Up- al1 of marine origin. In order to test if this dust per Tertiary and Quaternary would have frag- can be a potential vector of dispersal for the two Figure 4.- Metadiaptomus chevreuxi (Guerne & Richard 1894) from Llucmajor, Majorca. A, fifth pair of legs of the male; B, fifth leg of the female; C, abdominal region of male, dorsal view; D, labrum of male; E, tip of the geniculate antenna of male. Metadiaptomus chevreuxi (Guerne & Richard 1894) de Llucmajor, Mallorca. A, quinto par de patas del macho; B, quinta pata de la hembra; C, visión dorsal de la región abdominal del macho; D, labro masculino; E, segmento apical de la antena geniculada del macho. Table 4.- List of the most characteristic crustaceans of the tem- porary pools of the semi-arid region of Majorca. Lista de las especies de crustáceos más características de las balsas temporales de la región semi-árida de Mallorca.

CL. BRANCHIOPODA O. Branchipus schaefferi Fischer 1834 O. Triops cancriformis (Bosc 1801) O. Conchostraca Leptestheria mayeti Simon 1885 O. F. Kurz 1874 Daphnia bolivari Richard 1888 Daphnia obtusa Straus 1820 Ceriodaphnia laticaudata P.E. Muller 1867 F. Pleuroxus aduncus (Jurine 1820) Pleuroxus letourneuri Richard 1888 Ephemeroporus phintotzicus (Margaritora 1969) Dunhevedia crasa King 1853 Tretocephala ambigua (Lilljeborg 1900) Leydigia acanthocercoides (Fischer 1854) Alona elegans Kurz 1875 Figure 5.- Metadiaptomus chevreuxi (Guerne & Richard 1894) from Llucmajor, Majorca. A, furcal branches of male; B, seg- SCL. COPEPODA ments 9 to 14 of the male geniculated antenna; C, anterior ab- O. Calanoida dominal region of female, dorsal view; D, furcal branches of F. Diaptomidae female. Metadiaptomus chevreuxi Guerne & Richard 1894 Metadiaptomus chevreuxi (Guerne & Richard 1894) de Lluc- Neolovenula alluaudi (Guerne & Richard 1890) major, Mallorca. A, ramas furcales del macho; B, segmentos Mirodiaptomus incrassatus (G.O. Sars 1903) 9 a 14 de la antena geniculada del macho; C, visión dorsal de Arctodiaptomus wierzejskii (Richard 1888) la región abdominal anterior de la hembra; D, ramas furcales femeninas.

Table 3.- Aquatic macrophytes recorded in the temporary pools of the semi-arid region of Majorca. species we deal with, we have measured the size Macrófitos citados en las balsas temporales de la región semi- of their disseminules (eggs). Thus, M. chevreuxi: árida de Mallorca. 101.5 ym (mean) (n = 25; range: 88.4-119.6 ym); L. mayeti: 180 ym (n = 5). Our data fa11 far from PTERZDOPHYTA SPERMATOPHYTA the size range of dust particles in L. mayeti, but F. Marsileaceae F. Ranunculaceae in the case of the calanoid is more difficult to be Marsilea strigosa Willd. Ranunculus baudoti Godr. sure that they are too big to be dispersed by this F. Crassulaceae vector. Nevertheless, if dust was the vector of dis- Crassula vaillantii (Willd.) Roth persal, it continues being difficult to explain why F. Alismataceae Damasonium alisma Mill. they are not present in the Iberic Peninsula, whe- F. Zannichelliaceae re dust rains are not unknown phenomena. Zannichellia peltata Bertol. A third hypothesis can ben conceived attending F. Callitnchaceae the known migratory routes of birds over the Callitriche brutia Petagna western Mediterranean (LUIS et al., 1980, and re- F. Elatinaceae ferences therein). It is fully accepted that birds Elatine macropotoda Guss. are a very important vector for passive dispersa1 F. Lythraceae of aquatic organisms (MARGALEF, 1983). PROCTOR Lythrum hyssopifolia L. (1964) and PROCTORet al. (1967) have demons- trated the suitability of the digestive tract of wa- we consider the two taxa we deal with as relics of terfowl, especially waders, for the dispersal of dis- a period with more generalized steppic condi- seminules of many freshwater crustacean species. tions, we will be in agreement with ALONSO THIERY & PONT (1987) considers that the distri- (1985a, b; 1987), who sustains that the tendency bution of Eoleptestheria ticinensis (Balsamo-Cri- to relictism or endemism in the zooplancton is a velli 1859) in western Europe is a result of disper- result of limitations in dispersal potentialities. On sal mediated by tran-Saharian migrating birds co- the other hand, if we explain their presence as a ming from central Europe. In our case, dispersal result of a suitable habitat («niche») availability, by birds could not be accepted if, as it seems to we will be in agreement with DUMONT(1980), who be (LUIS et al., 1980), the prenuptial tran-Saha- sustains that the pattern of distribution of a zoo- rian migration of non-gliding birds discurred over plancter is given by the availability of suitable ha- al1 the western Mediterranean basin, and did not bitats for colonization, no matter that the disper- concentrate on the straits (Cap Bon, Gibraltar). sal potentials were. Nevertheless, we think that Nevertheless, our knowledge of these migratory these two hypothesis are not mutually exclusive. routes is not so solid as to generalize. We should The colonization of the Balearic islands by these accept more restricted routes (Le. over the straits two taxa can be explained as the result of habitat and the Balearics) of non-gliding birds (i.e. wa- availability and coincidence with that occupied in ders, ducks, etc.) to explain why L. mayeti and north Africa (THIERY, 1986), combined with the M. chevreuxi are not present in suitable habitats posibility of dispersal over a restricted zone (is- of western Europe (i.e. Sardinia, Iberia, south of lands along the main routes of bird migration France, etc.). The importance of the Balearic is- from north Africa to Europe). lands as a migration pathway, referred elsewere (ARAUJO et al., 1977), and the possible occurren- ce of Leptestheria mayeti in Sicily (COTTARELLI& MURA, 1979; THIERY, 1986) point to this last ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS hypothesis. It would be necessary to have a more accurate knowledge of the lifespan of disseminu- We are very indebted to Dr. Alain Thiery les in the digestive tract of the birds involved, and (Avignon) for the correct assignement of our con- a better knowledge of the western Mediterranean chostracan samples to L. mayeti. Dr. Joan Rita migration routes, to test if birds have been the has elaborated the machophyte list presented vectors of dispersal of the species we deal with. above and has cooperated with us in both the ob- So, the presence of Metadiaptomus chevreuxi tention and elaboration of the limnological data. and Leptestheria mayeti in Majorca accepts some Dr. Gabriel Moyá (Dept. de Biologia, Univ. Illes explanatory hypothesis, alternatively in concor- Balears), as always, has opened his laboratory to dance with one of the two theories accepted to ex- us during the field work in Majorca. This work plain the non-cosmopolitanism of zooplancton. If fits into the proyect C.A.I.C.Y.T. PB85-0166.

RESUMEN

METADIAPTOMUS CHEVREUXI (COPEPODA: CALANOIDA: DIAPTOMIDAE) Y LEPTESTHERIA MAYETI (BRANCHIOPODA: CONCHOSTRACA: LEPTESTHERIIDAE), DOS CRUSTÁCEOS ESTEPARIOS AFRICANOS HALLADOS EN MALLORCA

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