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Laevicaudata Catalogus (Crustacea: Branchiopoda): an Overview of Diversity and Terminology

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Laevicaudata Catalogus (Crustacea: Branchiopoda): an Overview of Diversity and Terminology Laevicaudata catalogus (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) an overview of diversity and terminology Rogers, D. Christopher; Olesen, Jørgen Published in: arthropod systematics & phylogeny Publication date: 2016 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: Other Citation for published version (APA): Rogers, D. C., & Olesen, J. (2016). Laevicaudata catalogus (Crustacea: Branchiopoda): an overview of diversity and terminology. arthropod systematics & phylogeny, 74(3), 221-240. http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/publikationen/arthropodsystematics/asp_74_3/01_asp_74_3 _rogers_221-240.pdf Download date: 28. Sep. 2021 74 (3): 221 – 240 13.12.2016 © Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 2016. Laevicaudata catalogus (Crustacea: Branchiopoda): an overview of diversity and terminology D. Christopher Rogers *, 1 & Jørgen Olesen 2 1 Kansas Biological Survey, Kansas University, Higuchi Hall, 2101 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047-3759 USA; D. Christopher Rogers [[email protected]] — 2 Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Jørgen Olesen [[email protected]] — * Corresponding author Accepted 19.ix.2016. Published online at www.senckenberg.de/arthropod-systematics on 02.xii.2016. Editor in charge: Stefan Richter Abstract The Laevicaudata (smooth clam shrimp) are a small group of freshwater bivalved branchiopod crustaceans in need of taxonomic revision. Here the extant Laevicaudata are defined and diagnosed according to modern standards, and synapomorphies are listed, discussed, and illustrated. A catalogue of the Laevicaudata is presented with synonyms and some taxa are partially revised. One hundred and three recent laevicaudatan taxa are presented, of which 39 are considered valid species. Chresonyms are provided for taxa redescribed according to modern standards. Furthermore we designate a neotype for Lynceus brachyurus Müller, 1776. This species catalogue will provide a basis for further taxonomic revision and phylogenetic work within the Laevicaudata. Key words Lynceus, Paralimnetis, Lynceiopsis, checklist, synapomorphies. 1. Introduction The Laevicaudata (smooth clam shrimp; Figs. 7, 8) are sidered only 34 valid species in three genera. None of a small group of freshwater dwelling bivalved branchio- these studies addressed fossil forms. Since that time the pod crustaceans long grouped with other bivalved bran- only important revisionary work on the genus was TIMMS chiopods (Spinicaudata and Cyclestherida), but mor- (2004) revision of the Australian species. phological and molecular studies have recognized them Current laevicaudatan taxonomy is confusing in sev- as distinct from these (e.g., LINDER 1945; FRYER 1987; eral regions and is clearly in need of a revision, initiated OLESEN 1998; RICHTER et al. 2007). Laevicaudatans have already (e.g., ROGERS et al. 2016). In many cases the been well known since the 1700s with the first species descriptions are ultrabrief or poorly illustrated, which, (Lynceus brachyurus) described by the Danish naturalist combined with the occasional apparent absence of ac- O.F. Müller in 1776 from temporary spring pools, and cessible type material, make the group difficult to handle with very few comprehensive reviews or revisions since. taxonomically (ROGERS et al. 2016). As a basis for fur- DADAY (1913c, 1927) presented 17 species in two genera, ther work with laevicaudatan taxonomy, we provide here however six species presented as new in his 1913c key a checklist, or catalogue, of the recent species that we were not described until his 1927 monograph. MARTIN & consider valid prior to an eventual larger revision of the BELK (1988) revising the New World forms, reported 37 taxonomy in various parts of the world. species in three genera globally. BRTEK (1997) reported In total there are 103 recent taxa presented in this 35 species in three genera as valid, and then in 2002, con- catalogue under the order Laevicaudata, including one ISSN 1863-7221 (print) | eISSN 1864-8312 (online) 221 Rogers & Olesen: Laevicaudata catalogus valid family, three valid genera, and 39 valid recent spe- 3. Laevicaudata synapomorphies cies. Some 61 taxa are considered synonyms, homonyms, nomina nuda, or nomina dubia. Chresonyms are provided for taxon redescriptions to facilitate identification and Laevicaudatans are a morphologically distinct group of evolutionary relationships. clam shrimps within the Branchiopoda. Laevicaudata We did not include fossil forms. Branchiopod crusta- shares with other clam shrimps (Spinicaudata and ceans do not preserve well, being very soft bodied (TASCH Cyclestherida) the presence of a large bivalve carapace 1969; SCHRAM 1986), and the fossil laevicaudatan taxa which encloses the body, and, at least at the general level, are very poorly understood and described (TASCH 1956, similarly shaped phyllopodous thoracopods of which the 1969). first pair(s) in males is modified as claspers composed of We also provide a diagnosis of the Laevicaudata and quite similar parts. SARS (1867) grouped all clam shrimps give a preliminary discussion of some important morpho- in the taxon ‘Conchostraca’, one of the four higher level logical variation within the group as a basis for future categories in which he divided the Branchiopoda, the phylogenetic considerations, all primarily based on re- other three being Anostraca, Notostraca, and Cladocera. cent papers on laevicaudatan taxonomy and morphology LINDER (1945) was the first to point out that ‘Conchostraca’ in which the authors have been involved (OLESEN 2005; masked significant differences between two groupings PESSACQ et al. 2011; OLESEN et al. 2013, 2016; KAJI et of clam shrimps which he named Laevicaudata and al. 2014; SIGVARDT & OLESEN 2014; ROGERS et al. 2015, Spinicaudata (in which Cyclestheria was included). A 2016). first (but not full) step in abandoning ‘Conchostraca’ was taken by FRYER (1987), who supported further LINDER’s (1945) distinction between two separate groups of clam shrimps (Laevicaudata and Spinicaudata, again without 2. Catalogue structure separating Cyclestheria). Later phylogenetic approaches involving both morphological and molecular data have indeed shown no basis for upholding ‘Conchostraca’ as a The catalog portion follows the format of the recent taxon of branchiopod clam shrimps, but instead that these catalogs on branchiopod (ROGERS 2013) and decapod are better treated taxonomically as three separate groups, crustaceans (e.g., NG et al. 2008; DE GRAVE & FRANSEN Laevicaudata, Spinicaudata, Cyclestherida (OLESEN 2011). Supraspecific taxa are presented in bold. Genera 1998, 2000, 2007; BRABAND et al. 2000; STENDERUP et al. and species are presented alphabetically. Subgenera and 2002; RICHTER et al. 2007). subspecies are presented with the nominate taxon listed Since the first characterization of Laevicaudata first. Synonyms are presented following an equal sign by LINDER (1945) no serious concerns about its valid- (=). Where an important analysis is presented for a syno­ ity or monophyly has been expressed, probably due to nymy, a reference is provided as “fide” the synonymizer. the shared distinct morphology of its members. In the For example: = Lynceus caeca (Joseph, 1882) (attributed few phylogenetic treatments involving molecular data to L. brachyurus, fideB RTEK 1997). Chresonyms are pre- there is always support for the Laevicaudata, but only sented parenthetically after the original author and date, rather few species of Lynceus have been included (e.g., and are referred to as “in the sense of” the redescriber. three in RICHTER et al. 2007), and never any species of For example: Lynceus tatei (Brady, 1886) (sensu TIMMS Paralimnetis or Lynceiopsis. 2013). We present the more obvious of the many synapo- morphies of the Laevicaudata mostly relating to external Acronyms of institutions: AM – Australian Museum, Sydney, morphology of both adults and larvae. We treat some of NSW, Australia; BMNH – British Museum (Natural History), the known variation within Laevicaudata in order to iden- London, United Kingdom; HNHM – Hungarian Natural History tify possible character systems for a future morphology Museum, Budapest, Hungary; LACM – Natural History Museum based laevicaudatan phylogeny. We also will consider the of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, USA; MACN – Museo morphological origin within the Branchiopoda of some Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Invertebrate Division Collection; MLPA – Museo de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; MNHB aspects of the unusual laevicaudatan morphology. – Museum für Naturkunde – Leibniz Institut für Evolutions­ und Biodiversitätsforschung an der Humboldt­Universität zu Berlin; MNHN – Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France; 3.1. Carapace: smooth, globular, true hinge dorsally. NMW – Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien (Vienna); NRS – Several aspects of the bivalved laevicuadatan qualify as Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden; SAM – Izikio Museum, Cape Town, South Africa; SAMA – South Australia putative separate synapomorphies: (1) It is smooth (Figs. Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; SNM – Slovenské 1D,E, 2M – O), e.g., without growth lines as those seen in národné múzeum, Bratislava, Slovakia; USNM – US Natural Spinicaudata, Cyclestherida, and some cladocerans (see History Museum, Washington D.C., USA; WAM – Western OLESEN 1998). LINDER (1945) reported on an undescribed Australian Museum, Perth, WA, Australia; YPM – Yale Peabody laevicaudatan
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