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Venemaa Positiivse Hõlvamise Poliitika Ja Teiste Välispoliitiliste Liinide Mõjud Eesti-Vene Suhetele Aastail 1991-2011

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Venemaa Positiivse Hõlvamise Poliitika Ja Teiste Välispoliitiliste Liinide Mõjud Eesti-Vene Suhetele Aastail 1991-2011 MAJANDUS H27 Venemaa positiivse hõlvamise poliitika ja teiste välispoliitiliste liinide mõjud Eesti-Vene suhetele aastail 1991-2011 JUHAN VÄRK TALLINNA TEHNIKAÜLIKOOL Majandusteaduskond Rahvusvaheliste suhete instituut Väitekiri on lubatud kaitsmisele majandusteaduskonna dekaani 15.05.2012 otsusega nr 8 taotlemaks doktorikraadi rahvusvahelistes suhetes ja Euroopa uuringutes. Juhendaja: Professor Peeter Müürsepp, Rahvusvaheliste suhete instituut, Tallinna Tehnikaülikool Kaasjuhendaja: Akadeemik Jüri Martin, Euroakadeemia Oponendid: Filosoofiadoktor Priit Järve, Flensburgi Euroopa Rahvusvähemuste Instituudi teadur Filosoofiadoktor Marika Kirch, Riigikogu Kantselei õigus- ja analüüsiosakonna nõunik Kaitsmine: 26. juuni 2012 Autorideklaratsioon: Deklareerin, et käesolev väitekiri, mis on minu iseseisva töö tulemus, on esitatud Tallinna Tehnikaülikooli filosoofiadoktori kraadi taotlemiseks ja selle alusel ei ole varem taotletud akadeemilist kraadi. Autoriõigus: Juhan Värk, 2012 ISSN 1406-4782 ISBN 978-9949-23-307-6 (publication) ISBN 978-9949-23-308-3 (PDF) SISUKORD SISSEJUHATUS ........................................................................................ 6 1. EESTI-VENE SUHTED PRESIDENT BORISS JELTSINI VÕIMUPERIOODIL ............................................................................... 42 1.1. Tingimuste kujunemine perestroika lõpuperioodil Eesti taasiseseisvumisele ja Eesti-Vene suhete ametlikule taastumisele ...... 42 1.2. Eesti-Vene suhete areng vahetult pärast Eesti taasiseseisvumist .. 53 1.2.1. Eesti-Vene riikidevaheliste läbirääkimiste delegatsioonide esmased kohtumised ......................................................................... 56 1.2.2. Eesti-Vene läbirääkimiste põhiprobleemide laienemine rahvusvaheliste organisatsioonide tasandile ..................................... 60 1.2.3. Eesti-Vene läbirääkimised pärast 1992. aasta Riigikogu valimisi Eestis .................................................................................. 65 1.2.4. Eesti välismaalaste seadus ja selle mõjud Eesti-Vene läbirääkimiste käigule ...................................................................... 71 1.2.5. Eesti-Vene läbirääkimised 1993. aasta sügisest kuni Vene vägede lahkumiseni 31. augusti 1994. aastal ................................... 74 1.2.6. Eesti-Vene kokkulepete allkirjastamine Raul Mälgu ja Vitali Tšurkini kohtumiste tulemina ........................................................... 77 1.2.7. Vene Föderatsiooni välisministri A. Kozõrevi rollist Vene välispoliitika ja Eesti-Vene suhete kujundamisel ............................. 81 1.3. Eesti-Vene suhted Jevgeni Primakovi välis- ja peaministriks oleku ajal .............................................................................................. 86 1.4. Eesti-Vene majandussuhted aastail 1990-1999 .................... 96 2. EESTI-VENE SUHTED VLADIMIR PUTINI PRESIDENTUURI AJAL ...................................................................................................... 111 2.1. Peaminister Vladimir Putini tõus presidendiks, seda soodustanud asjaolud ja “riiklike oligarhide” esilekerkimine ................................. 111 2.2. President V. Putini sammud keskvõimu tugevdamiseks ja personaalvõimu kindlustamiseks ning neist tulenenud järelmõjud Eestile ................................................................................................. 119 2.3. President V. Putini korraldusel uuendatud doktriinid ja kontseptsioonid ning nende mõjud Eestile ......................................... 123 2.4. Informatsioonilise Julgeoleku doktriin kui president V. Putini juriidiline instrument Venemaa ajakirjanduse allutamisel tsensuurile ning Eesti vastase propagandasõja intensiivistamiseks ...................... 129 3 2.5. Eestit puudutavad infomaterjalid Vene massimeedias aastail 1991- 2000 ja nende mõjud vene üldsusele ning Venemaa Eestivastase propaganda arengusuunad .................................................................. 135 2.6. Eesti-Vene suhted poliitilisel tasandil aastail 2000-2005 ........... 144 2.7. Eesti-Vene piirilepingute allkirjastamine Moskvas ja sellele järgnenud sündmused ......................................................................... 152 2.8. 2007. aasta aprillirahutused Eestis ja nende järelkajad ning mõjud Eesti-Vene suhetele ............................................................................ 159 2.9. Eesti-Vene majandussuhted V. Putini presidentuuri ajal aastail 2000-2007 ........................................................................................... 170 3. EESTI-VENE SUHTED DMITRI MEDVEDEVI PRESIDENTUURI AASTAIL 2008-2011 ............................................................................ 177 3.1. Dmitri Medvedevi asumine riigipea-ametisse ja selle vastukajad Eestis .................................................................................................. 177 3.2. Dmitri Medvedevi sammud oma võimu tugevdamisel 2009. aastal ja muutused Venemaa Balti-suunalises välispoliitikas ...................... 183 3.3. Eesti-Vene majandussuhted aastail 2008-2009 .......................... 195 3.4. Eesti Apostlik-Õigeusu Kiriku ning Moskva Patriarhaadi Õigeusu Kiriku alluvus- ja omandisuhted kui häiriv faktor Eesti-Vene suhetes ............................................................................................................ 200 3.5. Veel kord Venemaa positiivse hõlvamise poliitikast .................. 204 3.6. Riigiidentiteedi kujundamisest, riigi kaitsevalmidusest ja riiklikust propagandast Eestis ............................................................................ 214 KOKKUVÕTE ....................................................................................... 230 SUMMARY ........................................................................................... 242 ALLIKAD .............................................................................................. 248 Kirjandus ............................................................................................ 248 Meedia ja perioodika .......................................................................... 254 Õigusaktid, dokumendid ja uurimused ............................................... 257 Võrguväljaanded ................................................................................ 259 Intervjuud ........................................................................................... 259 Arvamusküsitlus ................................................................................. 260 LISAD .................................................................................................... 261 Lisa 1. Elulookirjeldus ....................................................................... 261 Lisa 2. Curriculum vitae .................................................................... 267 4 Lisa 3. Postimehe ja Eesti Päevalehe 2005. aasta I poolaasta arvamuslugudes enim mainitud (kordades) Venemaa persoonid, organisatsioonid ja Venemaaga seotud ajaloolised faktid ................. 273 Lisa 4. Kaupade väljavedu ja sissevedu, 2004 .................................. 275 Lisa 5. Kaupade väljavedu ja sissevedu, 2005 .................................. 286 5 SISSEJUHATUS Käesoleva väitekirja näol on tegu Eestis esmakordselt teostatud Eesti-Vene suhteid Eesti taasiseseisvumisest tänapäevani puudutava ulatusliku multitasandilise (poliitiline, sotsiaalne ja majanduslik tasand) uurimusega, kus on arvesse võetud Venemaa positiivse hõlvamise liini ja teiste kahe riigi välispoliitiliste liinide ning nendega seostuvate kontseptuaal-doktrinaarsete dokumentide, aga ka lähimineviku Eesti-Vene võtmesündmuste (Eesti-Vene piirilepingute ratifitseerimine, 2007. aasta aprillirahutused, tüli 2 erineva kanoonilise alluvusega õigeusukiriku vahel jne) järelmite mõjusid Eesti-Vene suhetele. Teatavasti on “Venemaa positiivse hõlvamise poliitikat” kui taasiseseisvunud Eesti esimest Vene-suunalist välispoliitilist liini lubamatult vähe Eesti ajakirjanduses tutvustatud, mistõttu on poliitikute hulgas ja neilt ka üldsusele levinud väärarvamus, et see liin oli lääneriikide või ka NATO ja Euroopa Liidu otsene ettekirjutus Eestile käitumises Venemaaga. Käesoleva väitekirja autor näitab Eesti juhtivpoliitikute ja Eesti Vene-suuna suursaadikute küsitlemise kaudu, et ettepaneku sellise liini väljatöötamiseks ja lühiajaliseks rakendamiseks tegid Eesti diplomaatidele USA diplomaadid eesotsas Strobe Talbottiga. Konkreetse Venemaa positiivse hõlvamise liini aga töötasid välja EV Välisministeeriumi diplomaadid eesotsas Jüri Luigega. Kõnealuse liini põhisisuks oli Venemaale soodsate majandus- ja kultuurialaste koostöövõimaluste pakkumine ning talle poliitiliste ja majanduslike järeleandmiste tegemine, et sellega aidata lääneriikidel murda Venemaa jäik vastuseis Eesti ühinemisele NATO ja Euroopa Liiduga. Käesolevas väitekirjas rõhutatakse, et tänastes Eesti-Vene mitmetasandilistes suhetes on Venemaa poolt esiplaanile seatud majandushuvid. Venemaa on Eestit suurema eduta püüdnud survestada majandussanktsioonidega (topelttollid Eesti kaupadele, transiidivoogude katkestamine jne), mis väitekirjas teostatud analüüsi tulemusel näitab korreleerumist kahe riigi vaheliste eksport/importmahtude lühiajaliste muutustega. Samas juhitakse väitekirjas tähelepanu Eesti-Vene majandussuhteid takistavale riikidevahelise lepingulise baasi nõrkusele (puuduvad näiteks piirileping, kaubandus-majanduskoostöö leping, investeeringute vastastikkuse kaiotse leping jt). Väitekirja autor peab vajalikuks Eesti majanduskoostöö
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