CURRENT STATUS and FUTURE PROSPECTS I.Y.Shirali Industrial Safety Department, SOCAR, Baku, Azerbaijan

SOCAR Proceedings No.3 (2020) 165-173

SOCAR Proceedings

Environmental Protection and Safety Techniques

journal home page: http://proceedings.socar.az

OVERVIEW OF BIOFUEL AS AN ALTERNATE ENERGY SOURCE: CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS I.Y.Shirali Industrial Safety Department, SOCAR, Baku, Azerbaijan

A b s t r a c t Keywords: The correlation between the development of the world’s population is examined Population; and, in connection with this, the expansion and development of the list of problems Problems; necessary for solving the problems of life support for a growing population is Energy supply; considered. It is indicated that the solution of these problems will contribute Biomass; to the consumption of energy resources, which requires the identification and Bioenergy; implementation of alternative sources. It was noted and justified that for this Modularity; purpose the most promising in this direction around the world are biomass, Processing resources. which are involved in the production of renewable fuel bioenergy based on them. The classification and possibilities of biofuel compositions and the technology of thermochemical production of them and on their basis thermal energy, electricity and the development of bio-based chemicals and materials from biomass are given. The modularity of production was confirmed, including the collection, conversion, energy supply, classification and processing of the remains - products of these stages of production. A list of factors that negatively affect the social, economic and environmental conditions is formulated.

Problem setting produced in the country. By 2020, this figure is It should be noted that the world population is planned to be increased to 20 percent of all electricity growing rapidly and is expected to grow by more generated in the country. than 8 billion by 2050 (fig.1), which is caused by many The capacity of the energy system of Azerbaijan problems, including those presented in figure 2. is about 12 thousand megavolt-amperes. Moreover, All this stimulates an increase in energy according to experts, the potential of renewable consumption and, accordingly, a rapid increase in energy sources in the country is over 25.3 thousand

CO2 emissions, from the 450 existing scenarios of megavolt-amperes. Most of the country’s potential its distribution among the leading countries of the world, is shown in figure 3 [1]. All this contributes to climate change and will lead to its tightening by 2035 by about 4 times. Therefore, in recent years, various energy sources and energy production technologies are beginning to be mastered more and more (fig.4) [2,3]. Among these sources and technologies for their development, a special place is occupied by Biomass, which are involved in the production of renewable fuel bioenergy based on them. Below is the distribution of bioenergy in the world (fig.5). Azerbaijan has great opportunities for the development of the sphere. At present, alternative energy in Azerbaijan accounts for about nine percent of all electricity

E-mail: isgandar.shirali@socar.az http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/OGP20200300458 Fig.1. World populalation grouth

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Northern hemisfere average temperature Population Co2 concentration Loss of tropical rainforest and woodland GDP Water use Motor vehicles Species extinction Paper consumption Fisheries exploited Foreign investments Ozone depletion

1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

Fig.2. Appropriate problems

38 36 34 China 32% 32 United States 18% 30 13.7 Gt European Union 8% Gt 28 India 7% 26 Middle East 4% 24 Russia 4% 22 Rest of world 27% 20 2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Fig.3. Climate change

Renewable Energy Sources

Biomass

Electrochemical Biological Termochemical

H /CO H2/CO2 H2/CO2 H2/CO2 2 2 H2/CO2

Fig.4. Renewable energy sources

in this area comes from solar energy. for example, the wind - were widely used in the past, Recently, more and more attention has been and today are experiencing a rebirth. One of the attracted to unconventional - from a technical point «forgotten» types of raw materials is biogas, which of view - energy sources: solar radiation, sea tides was used in ancient China and again «discovered» and waves, and much more [2,4-7]. Some of them - in our time. What is biogas? This term refers to a

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Energy liner scale W/m2

Fig.5. Bioenergy in the world gaseous product obtained as a result of anaerobic, why, probably, the first biogas plants appeared in that is, occurring without access of air, fermentation countries with a warm climate. However, the use of (maturation) of organic substances of various reliable thermal insulation, and sometimes heated origins. A significant amount of manure, plant tops, water, allows you to master the construction of biogas and various wastes are collected in any peasant generators in areas where the temperature in winter farm during the year. Usually after decomposition drops to -20°. There are certain requirements for raw they are used as organic fertilizer. However, few materials: it must be suitable for the development of people know how much biogas and heat is released bacteria, contain biodegradable organic matter and during fermentation. But this energy can also serve large amounts of water (90-94%). It is desirable that a good service to rural residents. Biogas is a mixture the medium is neutral and free of substances that of gases. Its main components: methane (СН / 0 - interfere with the action of bacteria: for example, 55-70% and carbon dioxide (COi) - 28-43%, as well soap, laundry detergents, antibiotics. as other gases in very small quantities, for example, To obtain biogas, you can use plant and hydrogen sulfide (HiS). On average, I kg of organic household waste, manure, wastewater, etc. During matter, 70% biodegradable, produces 0.18 kg of the fermentation process, the liquid in the tank tends methane, 0.32 kg of carbon dioxide, 0.2 kg of water to be divided into three fractions. The upper crust, and 0.3 kg of indelible residue. formed from large particles carried away by rising gas bubbles, can become quite hard after some time Factors affecting biogas production and will interfere with the release of biogas. In the Since the decomposition of organic waste occurs middle part of the fermenter, liquid accumulates, and due to the activity of certain types of bacteria, the the lower, mud-like fraction precipitates. Bacteria environment has a significant effect on it. So, the are most active in the middle zone. Therefore, the amount of gas produced is largely dependent on contents of the tank must be periodically mixed - temperature: the warmer, the higher the rate and at least once a day, and preferably up to six times. degree of fermentation of the organic feed. That is Mixing can be carried out using mechanical devices,

Biomass

Theochemical Biochemical Extraction conversion conversion

Combusionersion Gasification Pyrolysis Digestion Fermentation

Flue gas Syn gas Bio oil Bio gas Ethanol Bio diesel

Heat Electricity Bio diesel Bio-based chemical Bio-based materials

Fig.6. Biofuels, produced from biomass

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20 El 15

0 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

Biomethane Biojet Biodisel-advanced Biodisel-conventional Ethanol-cellulosic Ethanol-cane Ethanol-conventional

Fig.7. Varieties of biofuels

hydraulic means (recirculation under the action of Of great importance in the production of biofuels a pump), under the pressure of a pneumatic system and in their subsequent use are technologies and the (partial recirculation of biogas), or using various degree of purification of the resulting products in methods of self-mixing. their life cycle, which is presented in figure 9. The technology for the production of biofuels Biomass production is a modular process, from biomass includes thermochemical, the basis including collection, conversion, energy supply, of which provides and allows the development classification and processing of the remains - of biofuels and on their basis thermal energy, products of these stages of production (fig.10). electricity and biochemical conversion, the basis Among biofuels, biodiesel produced from of which involves the development of bio-based soybeans is not the least important (fig.11). chemicals and materials from biomass (fig.6). For example, from 1 kg. yield of soybeans in The energy potential of biofuels [8,9] is supposed comparison with the used volume of materials is to increase by 2050, depending on their basis and 4.45 units. and has a large range of produced gases will develop in different ways (fig.7). (fig.12), and for the production of 1 kg of diesel engine this ratio is approximately = 2.30 (fig.13). Problem solving In world, biogas generators are widespread. One Compositions of biofuels are classified into 4 of the first individual installations was put into levels with the content of gas diversity in their operation in December 1982. In Romania. Since then, composition (fig.8). it has successfully supplied gas to three neighboring

Fig.8. Composition of biogas

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Life-Cycle Chain

Raw material acquisition Useful Product

Processing/Manufacturing Main Product(s) Co-Products Imput Flows Transportation/Distribution Energy Emissions Raw Materials Use/Reuse/Maintenance Atmosphere

Recycle Soil

Water Waste Management

Fig.9. Life cycle assessment families, each with a conventional gas stove with a pipe located inside the fermenter and having three burners and an oven. The fermenter is located three underground branches - to three farms. In in a pit with a diameter of about 4 m and a depth addition, the water in the groove of the hydraulic of 2 m (volume of about 25 m3), laid out from the lock is flowing, which prevents icing in the winter. inside by a roofing iron welded twice: first by The fermenter is loaded with about 12 m of fresh electric welding, and then, for reliability, by gas. For manure, over which cow urine is poured (without corrosion protection, the inside of the tank is coated adding soda). The generator starts to work 7 days with resin. Outside the top edge of the fermenter, an after filling. Another installation has a similar layout annular groove is made of concrete with a depth of (fig.9,10). Its fermenter is made in a pit having a about 1 m, which acts as a water seal; in this groove square cross section of 2x2 in size and a depth of filled with water, the vertical part of the bell closing about 2.5 m. The pit is lined with reinforced concrete the tank slides. The bell is about 2.5 m high - made slabs 10-12 cm thick, plastered with cement and of two-millimeter steel sheet. In its upper part, gas coated with a resin for tightness. Water lock groove is also collected. The author of this project chose the about 50 cm deep also concrete, weld bell. The option of collecting gas, unlike other plants, using biogas plant includes the following units (fig.14).

Goal and scope definition

Inventory of extractions and Interpretation emissions

Impact assessment

Fig.10. Life cycle assesment of biofuels

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Fig.12. Biofuels

Fig.11. Biofuels

Fig.13. Biofuels

heat exchanger cooling air inlet

evaporator reformer

analysing panel

electrical switchboard

service panel

compressor

Fig.14. Biogas reforming unit

Results for various types of energy carriers and practical The use of biofuels has negative [6,10] applications (fig.15). environmental, social, economic and other directions Biofuels can be used to generate electricity by at various stages depending on the existing using biogas as fuel based on resource-saving uncertainties in production processes (tabl.1a-d). electrochemical generators, including SOFC. But Thus, it was established that the energy potential this application is not without limitations associated of agricultural waste is quite large and can be used with the purity of biofuels obtained and used for this for the production of biofuels for their further use purpose.

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Modern electric power systems have a number using solid oxide fuel cells meet all of the above of requirements that determine the prospects of requirements, i.e. can use various fuel resources their application in various industries, including (have flexibility), environmental impact is minimized oil and gas. These requirements are aimed at (have compatibility), are designed taking into account improving the consumer quality of the systems commercial attractiveness (affordability), have a used and are reduced mainly to the degree of their wide range of practical applications (adoptability), commercialization (determines accessibility), a lot of are able to work both for the production of electric functionality (determines the ability), environmental energy and chemical production (capability). loyalty (determines the interaction with the environment), compliance with the conditions of Conclusions the functioning area (determines the requirements • There are strict limitations on the tolerance of of the area) availability and availability in terms of SOFC to biofuels; quality and volume of fuel consumed (determines • There is a need for optimized solutions on the flexibility in the use of fuel). This is due to the gas clean up and SOFC development; fact that the level of energy consumption in the • Biofules represent a great opportunity for world and, accordingly, the negatively harmful sustianable energy solutions; effect of production processes implemented for this • Integration of energy - food – water; purpose on the environment is growing rapidly. • Major concerns regarding the environmental, Technologies for the production of electric energy social, economic and other impact.

Table 1a Environmental impacts Uncertainty Value Economic impacts Impact type: Uncertainty ranges and ε cents/MJ scope Direct costs 1.5-6 Resource use (energy pay-back time given) 2.7 y Large NQ Labour requirements (manufacture 17 p y/MW Large NQ Import fraction (for Romania) 0 Large NQ Benefits from energy sold 2-5

Table 1b Social impacts Uncertainty Impact type: Value Social impacts Uncertainty ranges and ε cents/MJ Cases per PJ scope Occupational health damage (manuf. & operation): death 0.6 Large 0.02 local major injury 0.8 Large 0.12 local minor injury 0.3 Medium 0.00 local reduced span of life 2.0 Medium 0.62 local

Table 1c Economic impacts Uncertainty Impact type: Value Environmental impacts Uncertainty ranges and emissions (g/MJ) ε cents/MJ scope From fossil energy currently used in plant construction and operation:

CO2 equiv. Plant and truck construction: 9 Large 0.2 0.15-0.3 Transportation of feedstock/residues 33 Large 0.9 0.5-2 Methane leaks -106 Medium -2.9 -2 to -5

SO2 (leading to acid rain and aerosols) 0.09 Large 0.02 regional NOx (possibly aerosols and health impacts 0.13 Large 0.4 regional particulates (lung diseases) 0.01 Large 0.00 regional Land use NQ

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Table 1d Economic impacts

Value Uncertainty range Other Impact Impact type: Uncertainty E cents/MJ and scope Suply security High NQ Robustness (up front investment binds, High NQ Entry based on technical reliability) Qlobal issues (non-exploiting) Compatible NQ Decentralization &choice Good NQ (less with large size) Institution building Modest NQ (collection management)

Available EU2010* agricultural grain waste production p.a. EU27* 273 mln.t 225-270 mln.t

Slurry and manure are not included in this contempplation explore further opportunities.

Fig.15. Waste-to-energy potential

References

1. Safety page. Beginners guide to biogas (2007). 2. Be green - make gas http://www.alfagy.com/ 3. Biomethane fueled vehicles the carbon neutral option. (2009). UK: Claverton Energy Conference. 4. Biogas & engines (2011). www.clarke-energy.com 5. Gupta, S. (2011). Bio gas comes in from the cold. London: New Scientist, Sunita Harrington. 6. http://www.az-buki.com 7. Biomass energy: manure for fuel. (2009). Texas: State Energy Conservation Office. 8. Basic information on biogas. (2007). www.kolumbus.fi 9. NNFCC Renewable fuels and energy factsheet: anaerobic digestion. (2011). National Non-Food Crops Centre. 10. LFG energy projects. http://www.epa.gov/ 11. Biogas - bioenergy association of New Zealand (BANZ). (2006). www.bioenergy.org.nz

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Биотопливо, как альтернативный источник энергии: текущее состояние и перспективы будущего

И.Я.Ширали Управление промышленной безопасности, SOCAR, Баку, Азербайджан

Реферат

В статье рассматривается связь между ростом населения планеты и перечнем про- блем, связанных с решением задач жизнеобеспечения растущего населения. Показано, что решение этих проблем будет сопровождаться потреблением энергоресурсов, что в свою очередь требует выявления и внедрения альтернативных источников. Установлено, что наиболее перспективным направлением во всем мире является применение био- массы в качестве возобновляемого источника получения энергии. Приведены класси- фикация и возможные составы биотоплива, а также технология его термохимического производства и тепловой энергии на его основе, электроэнергии и разработанных на основе биотехнологий химикатов и материалов из биомассы. Представлена модуль- ность производства, включающая сбор, конверсию, энергоснабжение, классификацию и переработку отходов - продуктов этих стадий производства. Сформулирован перечень факторов, негативно влияющих на социально-экономические и экологические условия.

Ключевые слова: население; проблемы; энергоснабжение; биомасса; биотопливо; модульность; ресурсы обработки

Bioyanacaq alternativ enerji mənbəyi kimi bioyanacaq: cari vəziyyət və gələcək perspektivləri

İ.Y.Şirəli SOCAR-ın Sənayenin Təhlükəsizliyi İdarəsi, Bakı, Azərbaycan

Xülasə

Məqalədə planetin əhali sayının artması və artan əhalinin həyat təminatının məsələlərinin həlli ilə bağlı problemlərin arasındakı əlaqələrə baxılmışdır. Bu problemlərin həlli enerji resurslarının istehlakı ilə müşayiət olunacağı və bu istehlakın öz növbəsində alternativ mənbələrin aşkarlanmasını və tətbiqini tələb edəcəyi göstərilmişdir. Bərpa olunan enerji mənbəyi kimi biokütlənin tətbiqi bütün dünyada ən perspektivli istiqamət olduğu müəyyən edilmişdir. Bioyanacağın təsnifatı və müxtəlif tərkibləri, həmçinin onun termokimyəvi istehsalı texnologiyası və onun əsasında istilik enerjisi, elektrik enerjisi və onun əsasında kimyəvi maddələrin biotexnologiyaları və biokütlə materialların işlənib hazırlanması müzakirə olunur. Tullantıların yığılması, konversiyası, enerji təchizatı, təsnifatı və emalı mərhələləri daxil olan intehsalatın modul tipli olduğu göstərilir. Sosial-iqtisadi və ekoloji şəraitə mənfi təsir göstərən amillər siyahısı formalaşdırılmışdır.

Açar sözlər: əhali; problemlər; enerji təchizatı; biokütlə; boiyanacaq; modul; emal resursları.

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