CURRENT STATUS and FUTURE PROSPECTS I.Y.Shirali Industrial Safety Department, SOCAR, Baku, Azerbaijan

SOCAR Proceedings No.3 (2020) 165-173 SOCAR Proceedings Environmental Protection and Safety Techniques journal home page: http://proceedings.socar.az OVERVIEW OF BIOFUEL AS AN ALTERNATE ENERGY SOURCE: CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS I.Y.Shirali Industrial Safety Department, SOCAR, Baku, Azerbaijan A b s t r a c t Keywords: The correlation between the development of the world’s population is examined Population; and, in connection with this, the expansion and development of the list of problems Problems; necessary for solving the problems of life support for a growing population is Energy supply; considered. It is indicated that the solution of these problems will contribute Biomass; to the consumption of energy resources, which requires the identification and Bioenergy; implementation of alternative sources. It was noted and justified that for this Modularity; purpose the most promising in this direction around the world are biomass, Processing resources. which are involved in the production of renewable fuel bioenergy based on them. The classification and possibilities of biofuel compositions and the technology of thermochemical production of them and on their basis thermal energy, electricity and the development of bio-based chemicals and materials from biomass are given. The modularity of production was confirmed, including the collection, conversion, energy supply, classification and processing of the remains - products of these stages of production. A list of factors that negatively affect the social, economic and environmental conditions is formulated. © 2020 «OilGasScientificResearchProject» Institute. All rights reserved. Problem setting produced in the country. By 2020, this figure is It should be noted that the world population is planned to be increased to 20 percent of all electricity growing rapidly and is expected to grow by more generated in the country. than 8 billion by 2050 (fig.1), which is caused by many The capacity of the energy system of Azerbaijan problems, including those presented in figure 2. is about 12 thousand megavolt-amperes. Moreover, All this stimulates an increase in energy according to experts, the potential of renewable consumption and, accordingly, a rapid increase in energy sources in the country is over 25.3 thousand CO2 emissions, from the 450 existing scenarios of megavolt-amperes. Most of the country’s potential its distribution among the leading countries of the world, is shown in figure 3 [1]. All this contributes to climate change and will lead to its tightening by 2035 by about 4 times. Therefore, in recent years, various energy sources and energy production technologies are beginning to be mastered more and more (fig.4) [2,3]. Among these sources and technologies for their development, a special place is occupied by Biomass, which are involved in the production of renewable fuel bioenergy based on them. Below is the distribution of bioenergy in the world (fig.5). Azerbaijan has great opportunities for the development of the sphere. At present, alternative energy in Azerbaijan accounts for about nine percent of all electricity E-mail: [email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/OGP20200300458 Fig.1. World populalation grouth 165 I.Y.Shirali / SOCAR Proceedings No.3 (2020) 165-173 Northern hemisfere average temperature Population Co2 concentration Loss of tropical rainforest and woodland GDP Water use Motor vehicles Species extinction Paper consumption Fisheries exploited Foreign investments Ozone depletion 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Fig.2. Appropriate problems 38 36 34 China 32% 32 United States 18% 30 13.7 Gt European Union 8% Gt 28 India 7% 26 Middle East 4% 24 Russia 4% 22 Rest of world 27% 20 2008 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Fig.3. Climate change Renewable Energy Sources Biomass Electrochemical Biological Termochemical H /CO H2/CO2 H2/CO2 H2/CO2 2 2 H2/CO2 Fig.4. Renewable energy sources in this area comes from solar energy. for example, the wind - were widely used in the past, Recently, more and more attention has been and today are experiencing a rebirth. One of the attracted to unconventional - from a technical point «forgotten» types of raw materials is biogas, which of view - energy sources: solar radiation, sea tides was used in ancient China and again «discovered» and waves, and much more [2,4-7]. Some of them - in our time. What is biogas? This term refers to a 166 I.Y.Shirali / SOCAR Proceedings No.3 (2020) 165-173 Energy liner scale W/m2 Fig.5. Bioenergy in the world gaseous product obtained as a result of anaerobic, why, probably, the first biogas plants appeared in that is, occurring without access of air, fermentation countries with a warm climate. However, the use of (maturation) of organic substances of various reliable thermal insulation, and sometimes heated origins. A significant amount of manure, plant tops, water, allows you to master the construction of biogas and various wastes are collected in any peasant generators in areas where the temperature in winter farm during the year. Usually after decomposition drops to -20°. There are certain requirements for raw they are used as organic fertilizer. However, few materials: it must be suitable for the development of people know how much biogas and heat is released bacteria, contain biodegradable organic matter and during fermentation. But this energy can also serve large amounts of water (90-94%). It is desirable that a good service to rural residents. Biogas is a mixture the medium is neutral and free of substances that of gases. Its main components: methane (СН / 0 - interfere with the action of bacteria: for example, 55-70% and carbon dioxide (COi) - 28-43%, as well soap, laundry detergents, antibiotics. as other gases in very small quantities, for example, To obtain biogas, you can use plant and hydrogen sulfide (HiS). On average, I kg of organic household waste, manure, wastewater, etc. During matter, 70% biodegradable, produces 0.18 kg of the fermentation process, the liquid in the tank tends methane, 0.32 kg of carbon dioxide, 0.2 kg of water to be divided into three fractions. The upper crust, and 0.3 kg of indelible residue. formed from large particles carried away by rising gas bubbles, can become quite hard after some time Factors affecting biogas production and will interfere with the release of biogas. In the Since the decomposition of organic waste occurs middle part of the fermenter, liquid accumulates, and due to the activity of certain types of bacteria, the the lower, mud-like fraction precipitates. Bacteria environment has a significant effect on it. So, the are most active in the middle zone. Therefore, the amount of gas produced is largely dependent on contents of the tank must be periodically mixed - temperature: the warmer, the higher the rate and at least once a day, and preferably up to six times. degree of fermentation of the organic feed. That is Mixing can be carried out using mechanical devices, Biomass Theochemical Biochemical Extraction conversion conversion Combusionersion Gasification Pyrolysis Digestion Fermentation Flue gas Syn gas Bio oil Bio gas Ethanol Bio diesel Heat Electricity Bio diesel Bio-based chemical Bio-based materials Fig.6. Biofuels, produced from biomass 167 I.Y.Shirali / SOCAR Proceedings No.3 (2020) 165-173 35 30 25 20 El 15 10 5 0 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Biomethane Biojet Biodisel-advanced Biodisel-conventional Ethanol-cellulosic Ethanol-cane Ethanol-conventional Fig.7. Varieties of biofuels hydraulic means (recirculation under the action of Of great importance in the production of biofuels a pump), under the pressure of a pneumatic system and in their subsequent use are technologies and the (partial recirculation of biogas), or using various degree of purification of the resulting products in methods of self-mixing. their life cycle, which is presented in figure 9. The technology for the production of biofuels Biomass production is a modular process, from biomass includes thermochemical, the basis including collection, conversion, energy supply, of which provides and allows the development classification and processing of the remains - of biofuels and on their basis thermal energy, products of these stages of production (fig.10). electricity and biochemical conversion, the basis Among biofuels, biodiesel produced from of which involves the development of bio-based soybeans is not the least important (fig.11). chemicals and materials from biomass (fig.6). For example, from 1 kg. yield of soybeans in The energy potential of biofuels [8,9] is supposed comparison with the used volume of materials is to increase by 2050, depending on their basis and 4.45 units. and has a large range of produced gases will develop in different ways (fig.7). (fig.12), and for the production of 1 kg of diesel engine this ratio is approximately = 2.30 (fig.13). Problem solving In world, biogas generators are widespread. One Compositions of biofuels are classified into 4 of the first individual installations was put into levels with the content of gas diversity in their operation in December 1982. In Romania. Since then, composition (fig.8). it has successfully supplied gas to three neighboring Fig.8. Composition of biogas 168 I.Y.Shirali / SOCAR Proceedings No.3 (2020) 165-173 Life-Cycle Chain Raw material acquisition Useful Product Processing/Manufacturing Main Product(s) Co-Products Imput Flows Transportation/Distribution Energy Emissions Raw Materials Use/Reuse/Maintenance Atmosphere Recycle Soil Water Waste Management Fig.9. Life cycle assessment families, each with a conventional gas stove with a pipe located inside the fermenter and having three burners and an oven. The fermenter is located three underground branches - to three farms. In in a pit with a diameter of about 4 m and a depth addition, the water in the groove of the hydraulic of 2 m (volume of about 25 m3), laid out from the lock is flowing, which prevents icing in the winter.

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