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Trinity River Basin Resource Library TRINITY RIVER BASIN RESOURCE LIBRARY State of California The Resources Agency DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME o AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN FOR ADULT FALL CHINOOK SALMON By Paul M. HUDDell and L. B. Boydstun Inland Fisheries Division September 1985 An Assessment of the Current Carrying Capacity of the ~lamath River Basin for Adult Fall Chinook Salmonll by Paul M. Hubbell and L. B. Boydstun Inland Fisheries Division California Department of Fish and Game e In 1970, the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) adopted a spawner escapement goal for fall chinook salmon in the Klamath River basin of 115,000 adult fish. That escapement goal ~s based on estimates from the California Fish and Wildlife Plan (1905) of the average annual number of chinook spa~ers occurring in ~he system in the early 1960's. The 115,OOO-fish goal included 97,500 natural spa~ers and 17,500 hatchery spawners. SUbsequent to its adoption by the CDFG, the Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC) adopted the goal for use in regulating ocean salmon fisheries. Since CDFG began developing basin-wide spa~er escapement figures there in 197~, estimates of adult fall chinooK escaping to spawn each year in the Klamath River system ranged from 71,q51 in 197~ to 22,b6b in 19~4. During those years, the average spawning escapement amounted to only 34.9% (QO,125 fish) of the spa~er escapement goal (range: 19.7~-62.1~). Because during this period the spa~er escapements have never approached the 197~ goal. an interim ~b,OOO-adult spawning escapement goal ~s established oeginning in 1900 (PFMC 1900). A SUbsequent StOCK rebuilding schedule, ~ith attendant lo~ered annual in-river escapement objectives, ~s established and implemented in 19d3 (PFMC 19d5) (Figure 1). The StOCK rebuilding program that is currently in place, and the dO,OOO-adult spawner escapement goal that preceded it. ~ere implemented in order to minimize adverse social and economic impacts on the various user groups and those serVicing them. Ho~ever. since implementation of the rebuilding schedule in 19d3, adult fall chinook in-river escapements in the Klamath basin have failed to approach even these lowered annual target levels. Successive failures at meeting annual goals led to progressive tightening of ocean and river fishery regulations. These regulation changes culminated in 1985 in a total closure of the ocean commercial salmon fishery bet~een Point Delgada, California. and Cape Blanco. Oregon, and further restrictions on the ocean sport and in-river sport and Indian gill-net fisheries. The 197d Klamath River adult spawner escapement goal has, from the onset, been contested. The ocean commercial fishermen have been the most vocal of the various user groups in expressing concerns regarding its appropriateness for the Klamath system as it presently exists. 1/ Prepared September 30, 1905. Presented to the Klamath River Technical Team of the Klamath River Salmon Management Group, Pacific Fishery Management Council, October 9, 19~5. - Totallnriver - .- Total Spawning 100 -···-Indlan .•..•. Sport -+- Escapement Goal (87.2) (87.2) + -t- o 75 (6'::9) (~6) ~ \ ::l 0 \ c( \ u. 0 \ ~ 50 \ ~ \ , ::l \ ,/: ."- .- ._. \ I 0 --" --" N :I: \.. ./ \. / I t- o. ........... /. ~'. [ ..... " ~.., .'.. \., / . 1·· 25 ,. ,. 'V:' , ., \./ ,,' ........ / '. , . ..... .."... .. -.. ............ -" .•.- ' ~ , ....... I, .. "" ............ .,,--,- ' .. ..... .. ...... ..'" " ' .... •••••••••••••••••••••••••• ' ... .• a ....... ' ,._ • # ••• . 401 0 --.-.---...,---......., ----..---...,...---.....-.-.--,..,---...,r----_. 78 79 80 81 02 83 84 85 86 YEAR FIGURE 1. Klamath River adult fall-run chinook salmon escapements and inland landings, 1970-1984, including 1903-1986 escapement goals. (From ('fMC l~l:l~.) .. ~~ In 19d2, partly in response to concerns expressed by the commercial trollers, a PFMC-sponsored task force reviewed the 115,000 adult goal. Following their review, members of the task force elected not to recommend a change in the goal at that time. HOftever, one of several recommendations the group did put forward called for reevaluation of habitat quantity and quality, spawner success and contributions made by naturally spawning fish in the system, with the intent of adjusting basin spawning escapement goals upward or downward to accommodate existing conditions (Figure 2). .. In the seven years since the initial 115.000 adult spawner escapement goal was adopted, CDFG personnel have made annual determinations of the distribution and numbers of fall chinook salmon spawning naturally in the Klamath River system. They have, additionally, made assessments of both the amounts and qualities of spawning habitat occurring in the various parts of the basin, and of the relative use made by fall chinook salmon of the available habitat in those years. In June 19d5, a meeting of CDFG fishery biologists working with chinook salmon in the Klamath River basin was convened in Redding, Cal~fornia. Purpose of the meeting. was to pull together all pertinent data regarding current capabilities of the Klamath River basin to produce fall chinooK salmon, and to identify, based on existing knowledge, optimum numbers and distributions for adult fall chinook salmon spawners in the system. For purposes here, optimum spawning stock size is defined as that number of adult spawners needed to ~aximize the Klamath River system's output of seaward migration. Results of the June meeting are summarized in the following paragraphs. PROCEDURES For purposes of discussion during the meeting, the Klamath-Trinity oasin below Iron Gate and Lewiston dams was broken into its various components SUbbasins. In the case of the four major SUbbasins (Shasta, Scott, Salmon, Trinity), stream systems within each were further broKen down and discussed individually. The main stems of the Klamath and Trinity rivers ftere also segmented and discussed by river section. Field oiologists working in, and most familiar with, the various areas presented and discussed their assessments of the numbers of adult fall chinOOK salmon needed to achieve optimum spawner escapements in each subbasin or stream reach under current habitat conditions. Estimates were based on currently available data on stream accessibility to fall chinooK, spawning and rearing habitat abundance and quality, the area's current and past utilization by fall chinOOK salmon, and the biologist's personal knowledge of the particular area and of Klamath River fall chinooK salmon life history reqUirements. Miles of habitat accessible to fall chinook salmon for virtually all streams in the Klamath River basin have been previously determined through field surveys conducted by CDFG·and U. S. Forest Service (USFS) fisheri~s personnel. Much of the information on stream accessibility for fall chinook salmon in the Klamath-Trinity basin has been summarized oy CH2M HILL (1985). -4- FIGURE 2 RECOMMENOArIONS OF KLA~~lH RIVER TASK FORCE No\'e:~er 10, 19821.1 The Klamath River Task F.jrce does not at this time recomrr.~nd a change in the long-term Klam~th Basin fall chinook escapeme~t goc:l of 115,000 adults, but recommends: 1. That a plan needs to be prssented for meeting the ~al specifying yearly escapements of hatch~rJ and natural fish that will continually move toward the goal. 2. That the Council recognize that the state of Cal i fOini a, in conjunct; on with ot~cr manage~ent authorities and USGr grc~ps, has the primarJ responsibility for de'lclqJing a fully s:.zprcrted escapcrT:ent and recuilding program. 3. That distr~bution cf spa~ners in ~'e sy~t~ is alse ;~~r~ant a~c n~e~$ to be mon1tcred, and where necessarJ, evalu~ted• • That nabit~t Guantity a~d q~ali~' needs to be reev~juJted in S~T.e areas of the Klamat~ Sasine Upon evaluation of fut:Jre datJ. ~l:C~ as habitat qual it:!, spa\·mer suc::~ss, and contribution cf raatul""a1 spa~'i!'!ing stocks, esca~e~ent goals coulJ be adjusted up or denn• • That guaranteerl instiearn flows nee-i to bE:: provided. especially in t.'le Trinity River, to make escapement productive. he Task Force further reccmmer.ds that a pl an be developed. that contai ns a ~ tep-by-step process to achi eve an escapem::nt goa1 ~'at all O'riS for year-to- ear contingencies. / Presented to pm1C at its November 17-18, 1982 meeting in ~lonterey, California. The problems of the Klamath River are not comparable to the Columbia and analogies should not be made. The plan should be agreed to by all entities involved (Le., the management author; ti es and the represanted user grcups). The pl an shaul d address the problems.. which have impeded and will impede the attainment of a long-term goal, and should outline the stategies to arrive at that goal. The Pacific Fishe~ Management Council is responsible for allowing .escapement from the ocean but is not responsible for allocating in-river. ~ ine Klamath River Task Force supports t~e document rrrinity River 3asin Fish nd '..'il dl i fe Management Programll and the resul ts fiC:n t.1e Bursa!.! of Indi an ffairs contrac~ will not'be available for another 18 months. The Request for rcposal and the Task River Basin reports are in the Council office for eference. • -~ - -., .::..._.~ FHC 1-10-82 0. _ 6 ••• _- CDFG and USFS fishery biologists have conducted habitat surveys and developed recent estimates of total chinook salmon habitat area available in those streams lying within the Klamath National Forest. CDFG Region 1 fishery Diologists provided estimates of the percentages of the total available habitat area for each stream that ~s suitable for spawning, as part of the present spawner escapement assessment. These estimates were based on individuals' kno~ledge and familiarity with those waters. A comparative data set for the main stem Shasta River-was developed for this assessment by CDFG Diologists working in that drainage. This data set included estimates of mean stream width, stream mileages, and proportions of available habitat consisting of suitable spa~ing riffles.
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