El Calcio Desde Los Ojos De Enric González
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UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN Departamento de Periodismo II TESIS DOCTORAL La crónica como género interpretativo de Enric González: análisis de las historias del calcio MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Roberto Díez Yagüe Directores Javier Fernández del Moral Pedro García- Alonso Madrid, 2014 © Roberto Díez Yagüe, 2014 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN DEPARTAMENTO PERIODISMO II Roberto Díez Yagüe “La crónica como género interpretativo de Enric González. Análisis de las Historias del Calcio” Tesis dirigida por el Catedrático Javier Fernández del Moral y el Profesor Pedro García-Alonso Madrid, marzo de 2014 1 A Mayte, por confirmarme que Ella existe y que tiene un catálogo de caras para alegrarme la vida A mis padres, por guiarme sin descanso y servirme de referentes A Pedro García-Alonso y Javier Fernández del Moral, por ayudarme sin reservas con esta bendita locura A Enric González, por escribir A Amparín, por su apoyo mientras yo estaba cara a la pared A todos los conocidos y desconocidos que han arado y sembrado en esta humilde parcela 2 Índice 1. Resúmenes.…………………………………………………………………….. 9 1.1 Resumen en inglés..…………… ……………………………………. 9 1.2 Resumen en castellano……………………………………………….13 2. Introducción…………………………………………………………………….. 19 2.1 Presentación.…………………… …………………………………….19 2.2 Justificación de la investigación……….……………………...……. 20 2.3 Objetivos….….….….….….…..…………………………………….. 23 2.4 Hipótesis……………………………………………………………… 24 2.5 Metodología de la investigación………….………………………. 26 3. La crónica…………………………………………………………………...…. 33 3 3.1 ¿Qué es una crónica?.……………………………………………… 33 3.2 La interpretación……….……………………………………...…….. 90 3.3 La selección de los hechos…………………………………...…….132 3.4 La crónica interpretativa……..…………………………………….. 147 3.5 Objetividad y prejuicios…………………..……………….…………167 3.6 Los juicios…………………………………….……………………….202 3.7 Los titulares…………………………………….……………………..211 4. Lenguaje y estilo ……………………………………….……………………..221 4.1 Introducción…………………………………….…………………… 221 4.2 Prensa y deporte…………………………….…………………..… 268 * La crónica deportiva…………………..…………………….… 268 4 * El vocabulario deportivo……………………….…………….. 276 1) Las palabras del fútbol………..……………………. 277 a) El 10+1…………………………………………………301 b) „Agonismo‟ y „fantasista‟…………………………… 302 c) „Catenaccio‟……………………………………………304 4.3 El italiano del corresponsal….…………………………………… 314 *El vocabulario de la pasión………………………………… 321 1) Los adjetivos y el tremendismo…………………… 323 2) El lenguaje bélico…………………………………… 334 * Las frases………………….……………..…………………… 339 5. Los clubes italianos en las 'Historias del Calcio'…………………………. 355 5.1 Introducción……………………………...………………………… 355 5 5.2. El Inter de Milán……………………...…………………………… 358 5.3 El Juventus……………………………………………………….... 372 5.4 El Milan …………………………………………………………..… 385 5.5 El Roma……………………………………………………………. 393 5.6 Los otros equipos……………………………………………….... 402 5.6.1 Nápoles………………………………………………..… 402 5.6.2 Torino………………………………………………..…… 407 5.6.3 Atalanta……………………………………………...…… 411 5.6.4 Siena………………………………………...……..…… 415 6. Conclusión….………………………………………………………………… 419 6.1 Conclusiones………………………………………….……. 443 6 Bibliografía……………………………………………………………………… 455 Bibliografía general……………………………………………………. 455 Artículos de E. GONZÁLEZ.…………………………………....……. 465 7 8 LA CRÓNICA COMO GÉNERO INTERPRETATIVO DE ENRIC GONZÁLEZ. ANÁLISIS DE LAS „HISTORIAS DEL CALCIO‟ 1. Resúmenes 1.1 Resumen en inglés This work focuses on items written by Enric González and published under the title Historias del Calcio, that collects the texts published in his work as a correspondent in Italy about sport, particularly about the football league in that country. There are a total of 125 articles. This doctoral thesis classifies the Historias del Calcio within the journalistic genres. Through the study of style, vocabulary and content, it exposes the duality between chronicle written by a correspondent and sports chronicle, or what might be called sports chronicle written by a correspondent. The Historias del Calcio belong to the interpretive journalistic genre, specifically, the chronicle. There is continuity, regularity, literary links, connection to the present situation and relevant interpretive nuances in subjects and in style. The subjectivity of the author is recognized from the 9 beginning. First, by signing as a relevant element. And then, through style, more personal and free. The chosen genre significantly affects the development of the Historias del Calcio. Enric González knows in advance that he must write a chronicle rather than a new or an opinion piece and this is an advantage from the start, and even in the process of finding information. It is a chronicle in a fixed section, so the journalist knows that he has to look for the necessary information about a particular topic to send a chronicle every Sunday when there are football league matches in Italy . His chronicle include a personal stamp not only because it bears his signature , but because he selects, explains, extends, links and orders the facts his way through a literary style that, however, is still journalist. The balance between density and relevance of the data and the factors closest to comments depends exclusively on the writer . This freedom in the style grows with time, according as the Historias del Calcio are consolidated as a fixed text in the Sports pages of El País on Mondays. As the author recognized, knowing that these chronicles were not somewhat circumstantial and they were a fixed section allowed his style were freed to provide further greater enjoyment to the editor, in line with the common trend in journalism interpretation of the press early XXI century. This type of chronicle corroborates a new relationship between the journalist, the text and the reader, where the issuer recognizes the subjectivity from the start. Initially, by signing as a relevant element which, on the one hand, increases the responsibility of the editor and, on the other hand, gives him the possibility to write with a less flat and informative tone, and more 10 direct and confidential. In fact, the subjectivity of the issuer is explicit from the signing. Not surprisingly, the signature on this kind of texts not only worth what counts, but also by how it tells it. And then, through style, this special relationship between the writer and the reader gives the interpretive journalism one of its most common feature: the journalist appropriates received information from a source without necessarily resorting to a direct quotation. In fact, the study of the psychological attitudes of the sender and the receiver is useful in identifying the genre. The writer can inform, interpret or comment , but his attitude does not always appear explicitly. In the case of the Historias del Calcio, Enric González already has the previous idea of connecting with the reader, so he is implied in the text and, in turn, implies the receiver by asking somewhat challenging with each text. It is not a one way phenomenon, because the reader expects what the journalist gives and the editor does everything he can to have a receiver capable of understanding his pre-positioning. It is understood that the Historias del Calcio are "a chronicle of Italy through football". Thus, texts that deal with football reflect not only the present situation in the Italian league, but what happens in the country over the years in which the texts are published in the Sports pages. In fact, the final intention of the texts, underlined by the author and explicitly recognized in many cases- is to give an overall picture of the country or, at least, present a series of Italian features through its football. It's a kind of synecdoche, where a part (calcio) is used to talk about a whole (Italy). 11 Enric González writes the Historias del Calcio as a correspondent in Italy, not as a specialist in the field. The chronicle is a genre usually written by an expert on the subject in question, but it‟s not like that in this case and this fact makes them special. The Historias del Calcio are chronicles about football, published in the Sports pages and under a clearly sporting title. But, in the same way, they are international chronicles because they are written by a correspondent, they are exclusively about Italy and mention other aspects of the present situation and the idiosyncrasies of that country. This also is reflected in the writing, vocabulary and resources used. The Historias del Calcio encompass, therefore, the characteristics of sports chronicles and international chronicles. Although the common theme to all Historias del Calcio is obviously italian football, these chronicles by Enric González also collect allusions to politics, history, society or religion. This topics range so wide allows a less closed style than the news, including personal references and interpretation. This circumstance, in fact, brings the table the debate on the close relationship between literature and journalism. There are, in the Historias del Calcio, opening paragraphs talking about very different to football issues -history, economics, philosophy, society, literature, politics or religion-, althoug they conect quickly with Italian football news. Thus, we find chronicles with very specific characteristics because they are not written by an expert in the field and because, for the same reason and because they arise from the pen of a correspondent, they include references to other aspects of life in Italy and allow percolation of other issues