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NORTHERN KENTUCKY LAW REVIEW N0 SALMON P CHASE COLLEGE OF LAW NORTHERN KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY NORTHERN KENTUCKY LAW REVIEW Volume 46 Symposium Issue Number 2 COPYRIGHT © NORTHERN KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY Cite as 46 N. Ky. L. REv. (2019) Northern Kentucky Law Review is published three times during the academic year by students of Salmon P. Chase College of Law, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, Kentucky 41099. Telephone: 859/572-5444. Facsimile: 859/572-6159. Member, National Conference of Law Reviews. All sections which appear in this issue are indexed by the H.W. Wilson Company in its Index to Legal Periodicals. Northern Kentucky Law Review articles are also available on microfilm and microfiche through University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Subscription rates are $35.00 per volume, $10.00 per individual issue. If a subscriber wishes to discontinue a subscription at its expiration, notice to that effect should be sent to the Northern Kentucky Law Review office. Otherwise, it will be assumed that renewal of the subscription is desired. Please send all manuscripts to the address given above. No manuscript will be returned unless return is specifically requested by the author. Editor-in-Chief AMY L. ROBINSON Executive Editor Lead Articles Editor STEPHANIE WILLIAMS TARAJH REMY Symposium Editor Lead Notes Editor JUSTIN WAYNE RUSSELL GRIBBELL Senior Associate Editors ANDREW COUNTRYMAN JOSH KEMME ROBERT LOTZ JENNIFER MOORE ALEXANDER WILCOX Associate Editors TYLER ARNZEN TANNER DUNCAN DEREK FREITAS JAMES HUBER LAUREN LENTSCH WILLIAM LOYD KATI MASSEY REBECCA MCDONOUGH KATHERINE MONTGOMERY HALEY PANNELL JEFFREY ROSENBERGER NATHANIEL TRU ITT MICHAEL VOTEL BRITTANY WRIGHT Symposium Collaborator Faculty Advisor PROFESSOR URS ULA PROFESSOR MICHAEL DOYLE J.Z. MANNHEIMER SALMON P. CHASE COLLEGE OF LAW ADMINISTRATION AMY HALBROOK, B.A., J.D. MICHAEL WHITEMAN, B.A., M.S.L.S., J.D. of Children'sLaw Center Clinic & Interim Dean & Professorof Law Director Professor of Law JENNIFER KINSLEY, B.A., J.D. LAWRENCE ROSENTHAL, B.A., J.D., LL.M. Learning & Professorof Lav Associate Deanfor Academics & Professor of Law Directorof Experiential KERRY KLUMPE, B.A., J.D. MICHAEL J.Z. MANNHEHMER, B.A., J.D. Associate Deanfor FacultyDevelopment Directorof Communications B.S., J.D. & Professorof Law BARBARA McFARLAND Directorof Student Success Initiatives & DAVID H. MAcKNIGHT, B.S., J.D. Professor of Law Associate Dean for Law School Advancement Assistant LISA MOORE, B.A., J.D. JENNIFER A. KREDER, B.A., J.D. Directorof CareerServices Associate Deanfor Law School Affairs & Professorof B.A., J.D. Law DAVID SINGLETON, Directorof Constitutional Litigation Clinic & HEATHER CRABBE, B.S., J.D. of Law Assistant Dean of Students Professor BARBARA WAGNER, B.A. M.S.B.A., J.D. ASHLEY GRAY, B.A., J.D. Small Business & Nonprofit Law Directorof Admissions Director of Clinic & Professor of Law JEANNINE ABUKHATER LAMBERT, B.A., J.D. Assistant Director ofAdvancement Centers & Institutes FACULTY ERIC ALDEN, B.A., M.A., J.D. Professorof Law JOLLY-RYAN, B.A., J.D. Professor of Law JENNWER Professorof Legal Writing JOHN M. BICKERS, A.B., J.D., LL.M. KENNETH D. KATKIN, A.B., J.D. Professorof Law Professor of Law SHARLENE BOLTZ, B.A., J.D. K. KAZEE, B.A., M.A., J.D. Professorof Law DONALD Associate Professor of Legal Writing CAROL BREDEMEYER, A.B., M.S.L.S. KINSLEY, B.A., J.D. Professorof Law Library Services JENNIFER Director,Field Placement Program ANTHONY E. CHAVEZ, B.S., J.D. Professor of Law Professorof Law JENNIFER KREDER, B.A., J.D. URSULA DOYLE, B.A., M.A., J.D. Professorof Law Professor of Law SHELDON B. LYKE CAROL FURNISH, B.A., M.L.S. Assistant Professor of Law Professor of LibraryServices MICHAEL J.Z. MANNHEIMER, B.A., J.D. CHRISTOPHER GULINELLO, B.A., J.D., LL.M. Professor of Law Professorof Law BARBARA MCFARLAND, B.S., J.D. AMY HALBROOK, B.A., J.D. Directorof Student Success Initiatives Directorof Children'sLaw Center Clinic & Professor of Law Professorof Law Assistant LUBOMIR NACEV, B.A., J.D., LL.M. JACK HARRISON, B.A., J.D. Professorof Law Directorof Centerfor Excellence in Advocacy LAWRENCE ROSENTHAL, B.A., J.D., LL.M. Professorof Law Associate Deanfor Academics THOMAS E. HEARD, B.A., M.L.S., J.D. Professor of Law Associate Professor of Library Services & DAVID SINGLETON, B.A., J.D. Associate Directorfor Information Technology Director of ConstitutionalLitigation Clinic DENNIS HONABACH, A.B., J.D. Professorof Law Assistant Professor of Law Library Services & JEFFREY STANDEN, A.B., J.D. Assistant Directorfor User Services Professor of Law Coordinatorfor the Pro Bono Project HENRY L. STEPHENS, JR., B.A., J.D. MICHAEL WHITEMAN, B.A., M.S.L.S., J.D. Professor of Law Interim Dean & Professor of Law JANE UNDERWOOD, B.A., M.L.S., J.D. EMERITI FACULTY CAROL B. ALLRED ROGER D. BILLINGS JR. ROBERT M. BRATTON DAVID A. ELDER NANCY L. FreAK MARING J. HUELSMANN WILLIAM R. JONES LOWELL F. SCHECHTER FREDERICK R. SCHNEIDER GERARD A. ST. AMAND MARK M. STAVSKY JOHN VALAURI CARYL A. YZENBAARD ADJUNCT FACULTY MARK ARNzEN B.S., B.A., J.D. FRANK MUNGO, B.S., J.D. DAVID BARRON, J.D. DANIEL MURNER, B.A., J.D. HON. GREGORY M. BARTLETT, A.B., M.A., J.D. FELIX OKPE, J.D. MELISSA BODNER, J.D. COL OWENS, B.A., J.D. DAVID BOLEK, J.D. ZACHARY PETERSON, J.D. HELEN GULGUN BULKULMEZ, B.A., J.D. STEVEN RAY, B.A., J.D. MIKE CARR, B.A., J.D. ERiC W. RICHARDSON, B.A., J.D. ERIN CORKEN, B.F.A., J.D. JEFFREY ROSENSTIEL, J.D. JOHN CRUZE, B.S., J.D. DEBRA ROTHSTEIN, B.A., M.A., J.D. PETER DEHAAN, B.S., J.D. THOMAS ROUSE, J.D. DAVID DORTON, B.A., J.D. KRISTEN SAFIER, J.D. ROBERT FURMER, B.A., J.D. ANN SCHOEN, B.S., J.D. AMANDA GERKEN, B.A., J.D. TAMARA SCULL, J.D. ROBERT A. GOERING, JR., B.A., J.D. ADAM C. SHERMAN, B.A., J.D. ROBERT A. GOERING, SR., B.A., J.D. GREGORY SIZEMORE, B.A., J.D. WILLIAM GUSTAVSON, B.A., J.D. NATHANIEL SIZEMORE, B.A., J.D. PENNY HENDY, B.A., J.D. CARRIE MASTERS STARTS, J.D. DAVID JEFFERIES, B.A., J.D. CHRISTEN STEIMLE, B.A., J.D. RICHARD KATZ, B.A., J.D. JOSEPH TANSINO, B.A., J.D. SHANE KRUGLER, J.D. HON. AMuL THAPAR, B.S., J.D. JUSTIN LAWRENCE, J.D. HON. KAREN A. THOMAS, B.A., J.D. J.B. LIND, B.A., J.D. BERNADINE C. TOPAzio, B.A., M.B.A., J.D. WILLIAM LUNCEFORD, B.A., J.D. BARBARA WAGNER, J.D. HON. ROBERT LYONS, B.A., J.D. ELIZABETH WINCHELL, J.D. JACOB D. MAHLE, B.A., J.D. J. STEPHEN WIRTHL[N, JR., B.A., J.D. JOSEPH MORDINO, J.D. ARTICLES Contemporary State Anti-"slavery" Efforts: Dishonest and Ineffective K aren E .Bravo ........................................................................................................................106 What Can International Transitional Justice Offer U.S. Social Justice Movements? LaurelE . F letcher.................................................................................................................... 132 NOTES The Investigatory Power of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission: Toward a Rule Against Perpetuities Tyler C. A rnzen ........................................................................................................................143 An Analysis of Recent Reconsiderations for Battered Women as A Particular Social Group K ati Massey .............................................................................................................................162 P CHASE N<VolSALMONCOLLEGE OF LAW CONTEMPORARY STATE ANTI-"SLAVERY" EFFORTS: DISHONEST AND INEFFECTIVE Karen E. Bravo* Abstract: Contemporary state anti-"slavery" efforts are dishonest with respect to the types of anti-"slavery" methodologies that states implement, including the use of slavery terminology. State anti-"slavery" efforts demonstrate three types of dishonesty: (1) the rhetorical misrepresentation to the public, and within state entities themselves, of the nature of the contemporary exploitation targeted by states; (2) hypocritical protestations of concern, coupled with the pretense that the types of initiatives that states support can succeed (this despite state failure to address the root causes and the fundamental interrelationships of the exploitation with state- supported and -implemented policies and structures); and (3) a form of willful innocence that refuses to acknowledge or deliberately ignores the interrelationships among state policies and the types of exploitation that are targeted by the anti-"slavery" initiatives. In addition, state efforts are ineffective in addressing the types of exploitation that states purport to target. State anti-"slavery" efforts are largely ineffective because the conceptual paradigms supported by states do not challenge the role of states or existing modalities of wealth and resource allocation upon which they depend. Keywords: human trafficking, slavery, modern slavery, anti-slavery, exploitation, anti-exploitation, Trafficking Protocol PRELUDE: EXPLOITATION AND ANTI-"SLAVERY" Toward the end of 2017, international media excitedly reported the existence / of real live slave markets in Libya. The reports justifiably elicited widespread and breathless expressions of horror, and condemnation of the perpetrators of the violations. However, deeper examination of the context and background of the slave markets point to state indifference to, and complicity in, their existence. For * Karen E. Bravo, Vice Dean and Professor of Law, Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law. I am grateful to Runa Lazzarino, organizer of the symposium "Victims of Human Trafficking: A Multidisciplinary Problematization of a Category" held at the Institute of Advanced Studies, University College London, London, UK, June 7, 2017, for her helpful feedback, and to the participants and attendees of the symposium. 1. David D. Kirkpatrick, Europe Wanted Migrants Stopped - Now Some are Being Sold as Slaves, N.Y. TIMEs, Nov. 30, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/30/world/africa/slave- market-libya-european-migrants.html; Nour Youssef, Sale of Migrants as Slaves in Libya Causes Outrage in Africa and Paris, N.Y. TIMES, Nov. 20, 2017; https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/19/world/africa/libya-migrants-slavery.html?_r=o.