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Community Connections to Marine Heritage in China: Exploring the Factors That Influence Local Resident Support for Marine Heritage Conservation and Management

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Community Connections to Marine Heritage in China: Exploring the Factors That Influence Local Resident Support for Marine Heritage Conservation and Management University of Missouri, St. Louis IRL @ UMSL Dissertations UMSL Graduate Works 6-19-2018 Community Connections to Marine Heritage in China: Exploring the Factors that Influence Local Resident Support for Marine Heritage Conservation and Management Aixia Feng [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://irl.umsl.edu/dissertation Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Feng, Aixia, "Community Connections to Marine Heritage in China: Exploring the Factors that Influence Local Resident Support for Marine Heritage Conservation and Management" (2018). Dissertations. 761. https://irl.umsl.edu/dissertation/761 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the UMSL Graduate Works at IRL @ UMSL. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of IRL @ UMSL. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COMMUNITY CONNECTIONS TO MARINE HERITAGE IN CHINA Community Connections to Marine Heritage in China: Exploring the Factors that Influence Local Resident Support for Marine Heritage Conservation and Management Aixia Feng M.Ed., Adult Education, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 2015 M.Ed., Theory of Curriculum and Instruction, Beijing Normal University, 2014 B.S., Environmental Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, 2011 A Dissertation Submitted to The Graduate School at the University of Missouri-St. Louis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Education August 2018 Advisory Committee Theresa Coble, Ph.D. Chair Keith Miller, Ph.D. Carl Hoagland, Ph.D. Phyllis Balcerzak, Ph.D. Copyright, Aixia Feng, 2018 COMMUNITY CONNECTIONS TO MARINE HERITAGE IN CHINA Abstract This study used a mixed-methods approach (i.e., exploratory sequential design) to identify the factors that influenced local resident connection to, involvement with, and support for marine heritage conservation and management in China. This study also developed a marine heritage site conservation and management model to maximize local resident support in China. Through interviews with fifteen local residents and five marine heritage site managers in Changshan Islands National Marine Park (Changshan Islands) and Xinghai Bay National Marine Park (Xinghai Bay) in the Dalian area of Liaoning Province, and written questionnaires administered to 495 local residents in Changshan Islands, Xinghai Bay, and Xiamen National Marine Park (Xiamen) in Guangdong Province, results identified factors that influence local resident support for marine heritage conservation and management. Through a thematic analysis of the qualitative data, five themes emerged related to local resident meanings, perceptions, and interactions with Xinghai Bay and Changshan Islands. Qualitative data analysis also explored manager perspectives toward marine heritage and local resident engagement with marine heritage sites. iii COMMUNITY CONNECTIONS TO MARINE HERITAGE IN CHINA Three implications emerged from the qualitative data analysis results. First, local resident perceptions of, and how much local residents know about, marine heritage in general, and its conservation and management in particular, influences local resident interactions with marine heritage conservation and management. Second, local resident perceptions of marine heritage and its conservation and management influences their interaction with marine heritage conservation and management. Third, park management efforts influence local resident interactions with marine heritage and its conservation and management. Results also suggest that there is a huge opportunity to enhance local resident connection to, involvement in, and support for marine heritage conservation and management through park manager education and outreach efforts. However, it may be unrealistic to expect marine heritage site managers to act independently at the site level in the absence of systemic change in China’s marine heritage system. Thus, revising mandates, rethinking strategies, and/or increasing resource allocations at the national level could greatly strengthen onsite management efforts. Explanatory factor analysis and multiple linear regression analysis indicates that local resident support for marine heritage conservation and management is a function of several influential factors, including local resident perceptions, connections, involvement, respondent annual income, the interaction of age, family composition, and years of residence, and the interaction of gender and birthplace. An updated conceptual framework was developed to better explain how key factors relate to each other and influence local resident support for marine heritage conversation and management iv COMMUNITY CONNECTIONS TO MARINE HERITAGE IN CHINA (Figure 6). Finally, the study presents six conclusions related to the research questions identified at the beginning of the study, outlines a series of management recommendations, and highlights areas for future research. Keywords: local residents; marine heritage; support; connection; involvement; perception; conservation and management v COMMUNITY CONNECTIONS TO MARINE HERITAGE IN CHINA Acknowledgements A dissertation is a journey. I am so glad that I have been through this journey with joy, tears, happiness, disappointment, love, confusion, support, difficulties, encouragement, pressure and help. I feel like it is not a dissertation done by me alone, it is like a labor of love that I and other beloved friends and colleagues finished together. They provided love, support, encouragement and help during my dissertation journey. I would like to thank Dr. Theresa Coble who is my advisor professor and the chairman of my dissertation committee. She has devoted so much time, effort and wisdom during my doctoral program. She provided me with a graduate assistantship for three years. Without the assistantship that she has provided, I would not be able to finish my degree program. A dissertation is not as easy as how you see it all laid out. I wanted to give up when I encountered some difficulties. It was her encouragement, support, help and love that pulled me back to the journey. I really appreciate it. I cannot finish my dissertation without her support, she really has made so many contributions to my dissertation. I would like to thank my dissertation committee members. They gave me lots of insightful ideas. Dr. Keith Miller provided me lots of support and help during the quantitative data analysis process. Whenever I had problems with factor analysis and vi COMMUNITY CONNECTIONS TO MARINE HERITAGE IN CHINA multiple linear regression analysis, he was always there for me. Dr. Carl Hoagland gave me valuable suggestions on my literature review. He pointed out the disadvantages of early literature review efforts in detail, and gave me an explicit instructions to improve my literature review. Dr. Phyllis Balcerzak energized me when I lost my way during the coding process. She shared her personal experiences with me, releasing my anxiety and clearing my confusions away. I would like to thank Dr. Dean Coble, who encouraged me a lot when I worked on my research design and quantitative data analysis. The suggestions he gave me were really wonderful. He was neither my advisor nor a professor on my committee, but when I asked him to read my quantitative data analysis and give me some feedback and suggestions, he did not hesitate to say yes. I really appreciate what he has done! I would like to thank Dr. Dongying Wei and Dr. Min Wang from Beijing Normal University. Dr. Wei was my major professor for my master’s degree program. Dr. Wang was the director of my master’s degree program. I regard them as family members. Their love to me is just priceless. In addition, they provided me so much assistance during the data collection period. I could not have finished my dissertation if they had not helped me out gain access to marine heritage site managers. I would like to thank Dr. Jim Wilson, who was my first advisor professor at UMSL. He retired in 2015. But his love for me has never retired. He often emails me to check on me and gives me encouragement and help. He is a role model for me. vii COMMUNITY CONNECTIONS TO MARINE HERITAGE IN CHINA I would like to thank everyone of E. Desmond Lee Technology Learning Center (TLC) Team, especially the director, Michael Butler. Mr. Butler provided me with an opportunity to work at both the TLC and Ed Collabitat front desk. He gave me a very flexible work schedule, ensuring that I had enough time to work on my dissertation. He is awesome! Everyone in the TLC is awesome. It’s you guys who have helped me grow and shaped me into a better person. I just love you all. I will miss you so much when I am back in China. I would like to thank all my friends in China and America. Friendship is always good, and it’s the source of my spiritual strength. Words cannot express how beautiful it is. I would like to thank the Chinese Students Bible Study Group. Thank you for your love and thanks for praying for me. I would like to thank the Cultural Bridges Group. Thank you for your openness and inclusion. We are like a big family and I love it. I will miss you a lot when I am back in China. I would like to thank Dr. Carol Murphy, Chewy, Dr. Richardson and Judith, who support me as my American family during my time in the U.S. I would like to thank my family. I love you all, and I am glad I will go back to see you with a doctoral degree. I know this is what my parents expected of supporting me every step of the way. Love you all! viii COMMUNITY CONNECTIONS TO MARINE HERITAGE IN CHINA I would like to thank my fiancé, Da Zhao. Thank you for being with me all the time whether I was in a good situation or a bad situation. I love you very much and more than I can say. I am so excited that I will see you soon at the Beijing airport. I am excited to be your friend and partner forever! ix COMMUNITY CONNECTIONS TO MARINE HERITAGE IN CHINA Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................
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