Women, Domestic and Family Violence and Homelessness
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Flinders Institute for Housing, Urban and Regional Research Women, Domestic and Family Violence and Homelessness A Synthesis Report Prepared for the Office for Women Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs August 2008 © Commonwealth of Australia 2008 ISBN: 978-1-921380-11-2 DISCLAIMER: Flinders Institute for Housing, Urban and Regional Research prepared the information in this publication about domestic and family violence and homelessness. It draws on information, opinions and advice provided by a variety of individuals and organisations, including the Australian Government. The Commonwealth accepts no responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of any material contained in this publication. Additionally, the Commonwealth disclaims all liability to any person in respect of anything, and of the consequences of anything, done or omitted to be done by any such person in reliance, whether wholly or partially, upon any information presented in this publication. The views expressed in this report do not represent the views of the Australian Government or indicate a commitment to a particular course of action. Authors: Dr Selina Tually, Dr Debbie Faulkner, Mrs Cecile Cutler and Associate Professor Michele Slatter Flinders Institute for Housing, Urban and Regional Research Flinders University Table of Contents List of Figures and Boxes........................................................................................ ...ii Acknowledgements................................................................................................. ..iii Acronyms ................................................................................................................ ..iv Summary................................................................................................................ ..v 1. Introduction ............................................................................................... ..1 1.1 Introduction...................................................................................... ..1 1.2 Objectives and Aims of the Report .................................................. ..4 1.3 Key Terms Defining Domestic Violence, Family Violence and Homelessness .......................................................................... ..4 2. Methodology and Limitations .................................................................. ..8 2.1 Methodology.................................................................................... ..8 2.2 Limitations of the Report.................................................................. 10 3. Domestic and Family Violence Related Homelessness ........................ 12 3.1 Extent of Domestic and Family Violence Related Homelessness ................................................................................. 12 3.2 How Domestic and Family Violence Lead to Homelessness........... 16 3.3 Characteristics of Women Most Likely to Become Homeless because of Domestic and Family Violence...................................... 18 4. Emerging Groups of Women in Need...................................................... 21 4.1 Introduction: Emerging Groups of Women ...................................... 21 4.1.1 Older women ....................................................................... 21 4.1.2 Younger women and girls .................................................... 23 4.1.3 Women with disabilities ....................................................... 23 4.1.4 Women from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds ........................................................................ 26 4.1.5 Women with large numbers of children ............................... 28 4.1.6 Rural and regional women................................................... 28 4.1.7 Women living in (remote) mining communities .................... 28 4.1.8 Home owners....................................................................... 29 4.1.9 Other groups in need ........................................................... 29 4.2 Conclusion....................................................................................... 30 5. Successful Strategies and Models .......................................................... 31 5.1 Prevention of Violence Related Homelessness............................... 31 5.1.1 One response: safe at home programs ............................... 35 5.1.2 Other issues and needs....................................................... 41 5.2 Support and Accommodation for Women........................................ 43 5.2.1 Refuges/Shelters and the continuum of support.................. 44 5.2.2 Specific housing options for Indigenous women: safe houses and cooling off houses .................................... 47 5.2.3 Supportive housing and the Housing First model ................ 50 6. Discussion and Recommendations......................................................... 54 Appendices ............................................................................................................. 59 References.............................................................................................................. 66 List of Boxes, Figures and Tables Box 1.1: Behaviours associated with domestic and family violence ................. .5 Box 1.2: Chamberlain and MacKenzie’s three levels of homelessness ........... .6 Box 1.3: Definition of homeless in the SAAP Act 1994 (Cth)............................ .7 Box 3.1: General characteristics of female SAAP clients escaping domestic and family violence, 2003-04 .............................................. 14 Box 5.1: Case study – Staying Home Leaving Violence Project, Sydney, NSW..................................................................................... 37 Box 5.2: Safe at home models: Sanctuary Schemes, UK ................................ 38 Box 5.3: The Housing First model, Beyond Shelter, California, US.................. 51 Figure 3.1: A diagrammatic representation of the pathway to homelessness from family breakdown....................................................................... 17 Figure 5.1: The Housing First program process ................................................... 53 Table 3.1: Percentage of women who experienced violence (by Type) in the 12 months prior to the Personal Safety Survey by a current or previous partner who accessed a crisis service after the latest incidence of violence.......................................................................... 15 ii Acknowledgements A number of people assisted us with writing and information for this report. We would like to thank the people who provided comments on an earlier draft of this report – Professor Andrew Beer and Dr Jo Baulderstone from Flinders University, Ms Linda Pascal and Ms Anne Meuronen from the Federal Office for Women and the people from the homelessness taskforce and women’s safety strategy within the Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs. We would also like to thank Mr Michael Kroehn and Mrs Louise O’Loughlin of the Flinders Institute for Housing, Urban and Regional Research for their invaluable administration support. The authors would also like to say a special thank you to all the people working in the domestic violence and homelessness sectors across Australia who were so willing to share with us their thoughts and experiences about this important issue. A big thank you also to the staff of the Australian Domestic and Family Violence Clearinghouse (especially Ms Ludo McFerran), and to Ms Pauline Woodbridge, Ms Julie Oberin and Ms Vicki Lachlan of WESNET for their thoughts and opinions and assistance with appropriate contacts in the sector. iii Acronyms ATSISJC Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics ACT Australian Capital Territory ADFVC Australian Domestic and Family Violence Clearinghouse AHURI Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute AIFS Australian Institute of Family Studies AIHW Australian Institute of Health and Welfare AVO Apprehended Violence Order CRA Commonwealth Rent Assistance DAA Data Analysis Australia DfCaLG Department for Communities and Local Government (UK Government) DfWaP Department for Work and Pensions (UK Government) DoCS Department of Community Services (UK Government) DoH Department of Health (UK Government) DoJaIR Department of Justice and Industrial Relations (Tas.) DVIRC Domestic Violence and Incest Resource Centre (Melbourne) FHOG First Home Owners Grant HOME Household Organisational Management Expenses Advice Programme IVAWS International Violence Against Women Survey NDCA National Data Collection Agency (for SAAP by the AIHW) NPoA National Plan of Action NSW New South Wales PADV Partnerships Against Domestic Violence Qld. Queensland S4W Security for Women SCARCS Senate Community Affairs References Committee Secretariat SA South Australia SDVS Southern Domestic Violence Service (Adelaide) SAAP Supported Accommodation Assistance Program SAWG State Aboriginal Women’s Gathering (SA) SOMIH State Owned and Managed Indigenous Housing Program UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UK United Kingdom Vic. Victoria WESNET Women’s Services Network WRM Women’s Refuge Movement (NSW) WWDA Women with Disabilities Australia YWCA Young Women’s Christian Organisation iv Summary Domestic and family violence related homelessness is a widespread and growing problem in Australia. However, establishing the true extent of domestic and family