Marijuana Is a Drug Made from the Leaves and Flower Tops of the Plant Cannabis Sativa

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Marijuana Is a Drug Made from the Leaves and Flower Tops of the Plant Cannabis Sativa Marijuana is a drug made from the leaves and flower tops of the plant Cannabis sativa. All forms of cannabis contain THC, the main active ingredient in marijuana, which is responsible for its psychoactive effects. Marijuana’s effect on the user depends on the strength or potency of the THC it contains. All forms of cannabis also contain more than 400 other chemicals. Types of Slang Terms What it looks like How it is used Marijuana Marijuana (Acapulco Pot, Grass, Weed, Dark green or brown Smoked in a pipe or Gold, Sinsemilla, Thai Reefer, Dope, Kif, shredded leafy rolled in a cigarette Sticks) Skunk, Boom, material, stems, seeds, (called a joint or nail), Gangster, Mary Jane, and flowers of the or eaten 420 hemp plant Hashish Hash Sticky resin from the Smoked or eaten female plant flowers, greenish-brown mass with a bitter taste Hashish oil Hash oil A tar-like liquid Smoked or eaten varying in color from clear to black Effects of Marijuana All forms of marijuana can be harmful in a number of ways, through both immediate effects and damage to health over time. Because users often inhale the unfiltered smoke deeply and then hold it in their lungs as long as possible, marijuana is damaging to the lungs and pulmonary system. Physical effects may include the following: • Bloodshot eyes • Dry mouth and throat • Relaxed inhibitions, risky sexual • Substantial increase in heart rate behavior • Loss of short-term memory (memory • Increased appetite for recent events) • Difficulty concentrating, poor study • Altered perceptions and reaction habits time • Trouble handling complex tasks Today the THC content of marijuana is higher than in past. This makes marijuana more potent, which in turn increases the likelihood of psychotic reactions such as anxiety, amnesia and confusion. Long-term users of marijuana may develop psychological dependence and require more of the drug to get the same effect. The drug can become the center of their lives. Warning Signs • Signs of drugs and drug • Use of incense and other deodorizers paraphernalia, including pipes and • Use of eye drops to clear redness in cigarette “rolling” papers eyes • Odor of burnt leaves on clothes and • Clothes, posters, and jewelry that in the bedroom promote drug use .
Recommended publications
  • Cannabis – a Complex and Rapidly Evolving Landscape
    CANNABIS – A COMPLEX AND RAPIDLY EVOLVING LANDSCAPE Abstract ABOUT THE AUTHOR The humble Cannabis sativa plant, cultivated for millennia for its psychoactive properties and more, is today considered one of the most controversial and complex plants in the world. Starting in the early to mid-20th century, much of its use became recreational, but by the early 1970s discoveries began to emerge around its potential medical efficacies. This article will discuss current knowledge of how cannabis engages with the brain and the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and provide an overview of the new market landscapes brought about by changes in governing laws Dr. Georgiana Willwerth-Pascutiu and regulations, which are affecting usage by our current and potential [email protected] customers. It will also explore the additional hazards, concerns, and Georgiana Willwerth-Pascutiu is Vice President, Global Medical Director considerations of cannabis use in countries where it remains illegal. at RGA. She is board certified in Insurance Medicine by the American Introduction Academy of Insurance Medicine (AAIM) and specialized in internal medicine, Naturally occurring psychoactive substances have been part of human life nephrology and ultrasonography. for millennia. One of the most frequently utilized plant sources of these Dr. Willwerth-Pascutiu is also a past substances, Cannabis sativa, is also the best-known worldwide. For the president of the Canadian Life Insurance Medical Officers Association (CLIMOA) past half-century, scientific and medical interest in its many compounds, and currently chairs its scientific known as cannabinoids, has been increasing. Today, the two best-known, committee. She is a frequent presenter and has contributed several articles to delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), its psychoactive chemical, and insurance industry publications.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on Cannabis Sativa: Its Compounds and Their Effects
    Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 53(2), November - December 2018; Article No. 12, Pages: 59-63 ISSN 0976 – 044X Review Article A Review on Cannabis sativa: Its Compounds and Their Effects Ranju Rajput, *Dr. Krishan Kumar Department of Food and Biotechnology, Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women’s University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. *Corresponding author’s E-mail: [email protected] Received: 01-11-2018; Revised: 25-11-2018; Accepted: 10-12-2018. ABSTRACT Our society often considered the use of cannabis is an under-reported activity. Cannabis is used to relieve neuropathic and chronic pain. Cannabis, produced from the Cannabis sativa plant, have been used in three forms: herbal cannabis, the dried leaves and flowering tops The resin of the cannabis is the pressed secretions of the plant, known as ‘hashish’ or ‘charash. Cannabis sativa is an herbaceous species originated from Central Asia. It has been used in medicine and as a source of textile fiber since ancient times. The cannabis sativa is a fast growing plant attracted the people’s interest because of its multi-purpose applications. It is a rich source of photochemical, cellulose and woody fibers. The more interest is also due to its metabolites which show potent bioactivities on human health. In this review, the phytochemicals is discussed by putting a special emphasis on molecules including cannabinoids, terpenes and phenolic compounds. Cannabinoids are represented as the most studied group of compounds, because of their wide range of pharmaceutical effects in humans, including psychotropic activities. This article aims to update the current knowledge and evidence of using cannabis and its derivatives with a view to the sociolegal context and perspectives for future research.
    [Show full text]
  • Cannabinoid Profile and Elemental Uptake of Cannabis Sativa L. As ¯ ¯ 1 Influenced by Soil Characterxst,Cs
    Cannabinoid Profile and Elemental Uptake of Cannabis sativa L. as ¯ ¯ 1 Influenced by Soil Characterxst,cs C.~ B. Coffman and W. A. Gentner ABSTRACT The consumption of Cannabis products (marihuana) derived from domestic and foreign sources persists in the United States despite its illegality and health hazards. The objectives of this investigation were: 1) to evaluate relationships between soil and plant elements, cannabi- noids, and growth of Cannabis sativa L., and 2) to evaluate the practicality of using chemical analysis of Cannabis products to determine their geographic origin. Knowledge of geographic origin is useful to governmental agencies investigating illicit narcotic traffic. Cannabis sativa L. was grown on 11 different soils for 45 days in the greenhouse. Soils differed significantly in 15 measured elements and pH. Plants were grown from seed of Afghan origin. The following cannabinoids were extracted and measured from leaf tissue: cannabicyclol (CCC), cannabidiol (CBD), Ae.Tetrahydrocannabinol (A~THC), and cannabinol (CBN). Fifteen elements measured in leaf tissue and correlated with soil and cannabinoid measurements. Soil pH was negatively cor- related with leaf concentrations of Mn, Fe, Zn, and S. Extractable soil Mg was negatively correlated with N, A°THC and CBD concentrations in leaf tissue (p 0.05). Plant height was negatively correlated with A°THC concentration, suggesting enhancement of the narcotic principle of marihuana when grown under stress. Ex- tractable soil P205 was negatively correlated with CBD concentration while extractable soil Zn was positively cor- related with CCCconcentration. Several correlations be- tween soil and plant characteristics having potential value for determination of geographic origin of marihuana were elucidated.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Cannabis Sativa L. Extract on Oxidative Stress Markers in Vivo
    life Article The Effects of Cannabis sativa L. Extract on Oxidative Stress Markers In Vivo Asta Kubiliene 1,* , Karolina Mickute 1, Juste Baranauskaite 1, Mindaugas Marksa 1 , Arunas Liekis 2 and Ilona Sadauskiene 2 1 Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu St. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; [email protected] (K.M.); [email protected] (J.B.); [email protected] (M.M.) 2 Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu St. 4, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania; [email protected] (A.L.); [email protected] (I.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: In recent decades, a lot of attention has been paid to Cannabis sativa L. due to its useful applications, including in fibers, oil, food for humans and animals, and therapeutics. The present study aimed to determine antioxidant activity of cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. in vivo, evaluating the possible antioxidative effect of Cannabis sativa L. extract (CE) on malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) concentrations as well as on catalase (CAT) activity in BALB/c mice. In total, 40 mice were divided into five equal groups: the aluminum group (7.5 mg AlCl3/kg/d (0.15 LD50), the saline group, the 10% ethanol group (an appropriate amount of the solution for mouse weight), the CE group (1.6 mg CE/g/day), and the aluminum-CE group (7.5 mg AlCl3 plus 1.6 mg CE/g/day). The results of the study showed that CE significantly decreased (by 26.81%, p < 0.05) the concentration of GSH in blood of the mice and the concentration of MDA in the brain (by 82.12%) and liver (by Citation: Kubiliene, A.; Mickute, K.; 53.5%) of the mice compared to the respective concentrations in the AlCl3 group.
    [Show full text]
  • WHEREAS, the City of Maryville Desires to Protect the Public Health
    479 BILL NO. 2019' 47 ORDINANCE NO. 8198 AN ORDINANCE AMENDING CHAPTER 405. ZONING CODE OF ' 1I1E MUNICIPAL CODE OF MARYVILLE, MISSOURI REGARDING MEDICAL MARIJUANA. WHEREAS, the voters of the State of Missouri approved an Amendment to Article XVI of the Missouri Constitution, known as Constitutional Amendment 2, establishing a Right to Access Medical Marijuana and allowing for the limited legal production, distribution, sale and purchase of marijuana for medical use; and, WHEREAS, the City of Maryville desires to amend Chapter 405. Zoning Code ofthe Municipal Code of Maryville to clarify regulations regarding medical marijuana in accordance with the purposes of the Missouri Constitution; and, WHEREAS, the City of Maryville desires to protect the public health and safety by establishing reasonable regulations on medical marijuana related businesses regarding time, place and manner of operation for medical marijuana facilities; and, WHEREAS, on June 26, 2019, the Planning and Zoning Commission did evaluate proposed amendments to Chapter 405: Zoning Code ofthe Municipal Code ofMaryville related to medical marijuana and recommend approval to the City Council; and, WHEREAS, public notice was given by publication in the Maryville Forum on June 13, 2019, a newspaper having a general circulation in the City ofMaryville, Missouri, that a public hearing of the City Council would take place on July 8, 2019, where the City Council would consider the aforesaid amendments; and, 8th WHEREAS, the City Council at a regular meeting on the day of July, 2019, held a public hearing regarding aforesaid amendments for which public notice was given as required by law. BE IT ORDAINED BY TILE COUNCIL OF THI: CITY OF MARYVILLE, MISSOURI, as follows: SECTION 1: That Chapter 405.
    [Show full text]
  • Cannabis Indica Cannabis Sativa Weed MD Produces Physical, Sedative Effects.Recommended for Nighttime Produces a More "Cerebral" Effect Than Indica
    Cannabis indica Cannabis sativa Weed MD Produces physical, sedative effects.Recommended for nighttime Produces a more "cerebral" effect than indica. Recommended for day- MEDICINAL EFFECTS OF COMMON use. THC content can be as high as 28 percent. time medicinal use. THC content can be as high as 20 percent. MARIJUANA STRAINS AND PREPARATIONS. Tahoe OG Shatter A hybrid of 60 percent sa- Marijuana concentrate tiva and 40 percent indica. made by extraction. Originated in Lake Tahoe, Typically 80 percent California in the late '80s. THC or higher. Con- Around 20 percent THC sumed by heating content. Medicinal uses (vaporization), not include: glaucoma, combustion. arthritis, insomnia. Chocolope Sugar Cookie An almost entirely indica hybrid made from Michigan- A hybrid of 60 percent sativa, 40 per- and Hawaii-grown strains. THC content is between 19 cent indica. Originated in California and 20 percent. Medicinal uses include: chronic pain, (with further breeding in the Nether- insomnia, nausea. lands) in the early 2000s. Up to 25 percent THC content. Medicinal uses include: depression, anxiety, MS. Kief Dabbing Crystals (trichomes) Skywalker from marijuana leaves. (BHO) Can be made into tinc- OG Kush Butane hash oil, a solvent tures. THC content is A 100 percent Indica hybrid originally extract made using butane or around 40 to 50 percent. from Los Angeles (60 percent CO2. 50 to 75 percent THC. Skywalker strain, 40 percent Purple Urkle OG Kush). Around 19 percent Almost pure indica. Originated in THC. Medical uses include: stress , Mendocino and Humbolt counties in insomnia, pain relief. California in the late '80s. Between 16 and 18 percent THC.
    [Show full text]
  • Industrial Hemp (Cannabis Sativa Subsp
    molecules Review Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa) as an Emerging Source for Value-Added Functional Food Ingredients and Nutraceuticals H. P. Vasantha Rupasinghe 1,* , Amy Davis 1, Shanthanu K. Kumar 2, Beth Murray 1 and Valtcho D. Zheljazkov 3 1 Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada; [email protected] (A.D.); [email protected] (B.M.) 2 Section of Horticulture, School of Integrative Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Crop and Soil Science, 431A Crop Science Building, 3050 SW Campus Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Academic Editor: Severina Pacifico Received: 5 August 2020; Accepted: 2 September 2020; Published: 7 September 2020 Abstract: Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L., Cannabaceae) is an ancient cultivated plant originating from Central Asia and historically has been a multi-use crop valued for its fiber, food, and medicinal uses. Various oriental and Asian cultures kept records of its production and numerous uses. Due to the similarities between industrial hemp (fiber and grain) and the narcotic/medical type of Cannabis, the production of industrial hemp was prohibited in most countries, wiping out centuries of learning and genetic resources. In the past two decades, most countries have legalized industrial hemp production, prompting a significant amount of research on the health benefits of hemp and hemp products. Current research is yet to verify the various health claims of the numerous commercially available hemp products.
    [Show full text]
  • Cannabis in the Ancient World Chris Bennet
    Cannabis in the Ancient World Chris Bennet The role of cannabis in the ancient world was manifold, a food, fiber, medicine and as a magically empowered religious sacrament. In this paper the focus will be on archaic references to cannabis use as both a medicine and a sacrament, rather than as a source of food or fiber, and it’s role in a variety of Ancient cultures in this context will be examined. Unfortunately, due to the deterioration of plant matter archeological evidence is sparse and “Pollen records are frequently unreliable, due to the difficulty in distinguishing between hemp and hop pollen” (Scott, Alekseev, Zaitseva, 2004). Despite these difficulties in identification some remains of cannabis fiber, cannabis beverages utensils, seeds of cannabis and burnt cannabis have been located (burnt cannabis has been carbonized and this preserves identifiable fragments of the species). Fortunately other avenues of research regarding the ancient use of cannabis remain open, and etymological evidence regarding cannabis use in a number of cultures has been widely recognized and accepted. After nearly a lifetime of research into the role of psychoactive plants in human history the late Harvard University Professor of ethnobotany, Richard Evans Schultes commented: "Early man experimented with all plant materials that he could chew and could not have avoided discovering the properties of cannabis (marijuana), for in his quest for seeds and oil, he certainly ate the sticky tops of the plant. Upon eating hemp, the euphoric, ecstatic and hallucinatory aspects may have introduced man to the other-worldly plane from which emerged religious beliefs, perhaps even the concept of deity.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Update on Cannabidiol and Hemp Products
    2019 Update on Cannabidiol and Hemp Products Presented by: Charles LoDico, M.S., F-ABFT Senior Chemist/Toxicologist Division of Workplace Programs Drug Testing Advisory Board June 11 , 2019 1 Presentation Objectives • Overview Marijuana • Potency • Scheduling and Research, • Policy • Commercialization of Marijuana 2 Marijuana Contains Over 400 Chemical Compounds: • 110 + Cannabinoids • Δ 9-THC (psychoactive) • CBD (non-psychoactive) • 200 + Terpenes (odor) • Flavonoids (color) 3 Trichome of Marijuana 4 Cultivated Throughout Recorded History Different Uses: • Industrial Fiber (rope, clothes) • Seed Oil (hemp oil) • Food (ground hemp seed for flour) • Recreation ( “high”) • Religious Customs (native cultures in rituals) • Medicine (Marinol®,and Epidiolex® (CBD)) 5 Cannabis Sativa L Cannabis – Hemp - Marijuana Commercial Hemp “Medical”/ Recreational Hemp CBD CBD CBD CBD CBD CBD CBD CBD CBD CBD CBD 6 Structural Similarity of CBD and Δ9-THC Chemistry Δ 9-THC CBD Molar Mass 314.469 Molar Mass 314.464 C-21 H-30 O-2 C-21 H-30 O-2 7 Potency: The New Normal • 1980s Marijuana: 4% THC • Mexican Marijuana: 6 - 11% THC • Current 2019 THC: 13 - 20% THC • Hashish/Hashish Oil: 20 - 40% THC • New Concentrates: 40 - 80% THC 8 Average THC and CBD % Marijuana Seizures 1995 – 2014 9 University of Mississippi, Potency MonitoringProgram Marijuana’s Acute Effects Cognition – Impaired short-term memory – Difficulty with complex tasks – Difficulty Learning Executive Function – Impaired decision-making – Increased risky behavior Mood (especially after high doses or edibles) – Anxiety – panic attacks – Psychosis - paranoia 10 List of Known Marijuana Risk’s • Psychosis • Agitated Delirum • Suicides • Seizures • Drugged Driving • Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome • Cardiovascular Effects • Pulmonary Affects • Contaminant Infections • Allergic Reactions • Anti-Coagulant effects due to contaminants 11 Consuming Marijuana • Smoking – Marijuana is absorbed through the capillaries in the lungs.
    [Show full text]
  • Drug Fact Sheet: Marijuana/Cannabis
    Marijuana/Cannabis WHAT IS MARIJUANA? What is its effect on the mind? Marijuana is a mind-altering (psychoactive) When marijuana is smoked, the active ingredient drug, produced by the Cannabis sativa plant. THC passes from the lungs and into the Marijuana has over 480 constituents. THC (delta- bloodstream, which carries the chemical to the 9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is believed to be the main organs throughout the body, including the brain. ingredient that produces the psychoactive effect. In the brain, THC connects to specific sites called cannabinoid receptors on nerve cells and WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN? influences the activity of those cells. Marijuana is grown in the United States, Canada, Many of these receptors are found in the parts Mexico, South America, Caribbean, and Asia. of the brain that influence: It can be cultivated in both outdoor and indoor • Pleasure, memory, thought, concentration, sensory and settings. time perception, and coordinated movement What are common street names? The short-term effects of marijuana include: Common street names include: • Problems with memory and learning, distorted • Aunt Mary, BC Bud, Blunts, Boom, Chronic, Dope, perception, difficulty in thinking and problem-solving, Gangster, Ganja, Grass, Hash, Herb, Hydro, Indo, Joint, and loss of coordination Kif, Mary Jane, Mota, Pot, Reefer, Sinsemilla, Skunk, Smoke, Weed, and Yerba The effect of marijuana on perception and coordination are responsible for serious What does it look like? impairments in learning, associative processes, Marijuana is a dry, shredded green/brown mix and psychomotor behavior (driving abilities). of flowers, stems, seeds, and leaves from the Long term, regular use can lead to physical Cannabis sativa plant.
    [Show full text]
  • Maine Marijuana Education Toolkit
    Marijuana Education Toolkit Preventing Underage and High Risk Use July 2020 About This Toolkit The use, sale, and possession of marijuana for those 21 and over is legal in Maine. On November 8, 2016, Maine voters approved Question 1 allowing the legalized use, retail sale, and taxation of marijuana. In 2019, licenses for adult use retail sale, manufacture, and operations were made available. Maine has a robust community of public health professionals who use passion and expertise in their work to prevent tobacco and substance use in their communities, and who know it will take a comprehensive, multi-faceted approach to address the increased visibility and shifting norms that accompany legalization of adult use marijuana. This marijuana toolkit aims to provide community members and prevention educators with essential information and supportive resources. This toolkit is intended to be included in broader community prevention education efforts. Preventing initiation of marijuana use among young people, as well as limiting problematic use, will take the effort of entire communities. This toolkit: • Provides information on health impacts, legal considerations, safety issues, and delves into elements of the cannabis plant, including the psychoactive and non-psychoactive components. • Uses cannabis and marijuana interchangeably, however the legal term for the product regulated and licensed in the state of Maine is marijuana. • Refers to adult use (rather than recreational use) in reference to use and possession for those over 21. Federally, marijuana remains a Schedule 1 Drug and continues to be illegal under federal law even though the state of Maine has voted to legalize adult use and retail sales.
    [Show full text]
  • Drugfacts-Marijuana.Pdf
    Marijuana What is marijuana? Marijuana refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from the Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica plant. The plant contains the mind-altering chemical THC and other similar compounds. Extracts can also be made from the cannabis plant (see "Marijuana Extracts," see page 2"). Marijuana is the most commonly used psychotropic drug in the United States, after alcohol.1 Its use is widespread among young people. In 2018, more than 11.8 million young adults used marijuana in the past year.1 According to Photo by NIDA the Monitoring the Future survey, rates of past year marijuana use among middle and high school students have remained steady, but the number of teens in 8th and 10th grades who say they use it daily has increased. With the growing popularity of vaping devices, teens have started vaping THC (the ingredient in marijuana that produces the high), with nearly 4% of 12th graders saying they vape THC daily. In addition, the number of young people who believe regular marijuana use is risky is decreasing.2 Legalization of marijuana for medical use or adult recreational use in a growing number of states may affect these views. Read more about marijuana as medicine in our DrugFacts: Marijuana as Medicine. How do people use marijuana? People smoke marijuana in hand-rolled cigarettes (joints) or in pipes or water pipes (bongs). They also smoke it in blunts—emptied cigars that have been partly or completely refilled with marijuana. To avoid inhaling smoke, some people are using vaporizers. These devices pull the active ingredients (including THC) from the marijuana and collect their vapor in a storage unit.
    [Show full text]