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Fast Spread of Dittrichia Graveolens (Asteraceae) in South-Western Poland

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Fast Spread of Dittrichia Graveolens (Asteraceae) in South-Western Poland 10.2478/botlit-2019-0009 BOTANICA ISSN 2538-8657 2019, 25(1): 84–88 FAST SPREAD OF DITTRICHIA GRAVEOLENS (ASTERACEAE) IN SOUTH-WESTERN POLAND Katarzyna Ko z ł o w s K a -Ko z a K 1, Maciej Ko z a K 2, Artur Pl i s z K o 3* 1, 2Łużycka Str. 51/153, Kraków PL-30-658, Poland 3Jagiellonian University, Institute of Botany, Department of Taxonomy, Phytogeography and Palaeobotany, Gronostajowa Str. 3, Kraków PL-30-387, Poland *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Kozłowska-Kozak K., Kozak M., Pliszko A., 2019: Fast spread of Dittrichia graveolens (Asteraceae) in south- western Poland. – Botanica, 25(1): 84–88. In 2013 and 2018, the occurrence of alien Dittrichia graveolens was confirmed within 126 road sections (1-ki- lometre) of the A4 highway in the Lower Silesian Province and Silesian Province, south-western Poland. Du- ring five years the increase in abundance has been recorded within 50 sections (52.1%), a decrease within 11 sections (11.5%), whereas within 35 sections (36.5%) it remained unchanged. New data suggest that D. grave- olens is fully established in the Polish flora, and it should be classified as a potentially invasive species. Keywords: alien plant, biological recording, Central Europe, geographical distribution, potentially invasive species, road transport. INTRODUCTION with nitrophilous communities of the class Stellari- etea mediae (BRULLO & DE MAR C O , 2000). It is also Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter (Asteraceae) is worth to note that D. graveolens can be poisonous to an annual and strongly aromatic plant with a cam- sheep (PHILBEY & MORTON , 2000) and cause contact phor-like smell, reaching a height of 50 cm (PARSONS allergic dermatitis in humans (THON G et al., 2008). & CUTHBERTSON , 1992). It is native to the Mediterra- According to KO C IÁN (2015 and references there- nean area with an extension to the Western Atlantic in), road transport is one of the most important path- European coast and Middle East (BRULLO & DE MAR - ways of introduction and spread of D. graveolens in C O , 2000). It has been introduced to north-western Central Europe. It has been recorded along the high- and Central Europe, North America, South Africa ways in Austria, Germany, Slovenia, the Czech Re- and Australia, where is treated as naturalized or in- public, Slovakia, and Poland (Fr a j m a n & Ka l i g a r i č , vasive (BROWNSEY et al., 2013a; KIRÁLY et al., 2014; 2009; KIRÁLY et al., 2014; KO C IÁN , 2014, 2015; KO C IÁN , 2015; PLISZ K O & KO C IÁN , 2017; RANDALL , PA G ITZ & LE C HNER -PA G ITZ , 2015; PLISZ K O & KO- 2017; ATHA et al., 2019 and references therein). In its C IÁN , 2017; WRÓBEL & NOBIS , 2017). In Poland, the native range, it occurs mainly in riparian woodlands, first stand of D. graveolens was found on the road- on margins of tidal marshes, vernal pools, and alluvial side verge of the S52 expressway (formerly known floodplains, whereas in its secondary range, it is usu- as S1) near Ogrodzona, Silesian Province, in 2013 ally found on arable and abandoned fields, roadsides, (KO C IÁN , 2015). A total of eight localities of D. gra- in wasteland, levees and gravel mines (GIVEN , 1984; veolens have been confirmed in Poland so far and BRULLO & DE MAR C O , 2000; BROWNSEY et al., 2013a; they are situated along the highways in the Silesian KIRÁLY et al., 2014). Moreover, it can be associated Province and Lesser Poland Province (PLISZ K O & 84 Fast spread of Dittrichia graveolens (Asteraceae) in south-western Poland KO C IÁN , 2017; WRÓBEL & NOBIS , 2017). Moreover, method (Za j ą c , 1978), where the basic cartogram PLISZ K O & KO C IÁN (2017) have stated that D. graveo- unit is a square of 10 km side. A map of D. graveo- lens is establishing in Poland and its impact on native lens occurrence along the A4 highway was prepared species should be monitored. In this study, we aimed using the ATPOL grid adapted to GIS (CZERNE ck I & to report 23 new records of D. graveolens in Poland ja b ł o ń s K a , 2015). The records of known occurrence and indicate its fast spread along the A4 highway in of D. graveolens in Poland followed KO C IÁN (2015), the south-western part of the country. PLISZ K O & KO C IÁN (2017) and WRÓBEL & NOBIS (2017). Voucher specimens of D. graveolens (leg. MATERIALS AND METHODS K. Kozłowska-Kozak & M. Kozak) are deposited at the Herbarium of W. Szafer Institute of Botany of the Field studies were conducted along the A4 high- Polish Academy of Sciences in Kraków (KRAM). way in south-western Poland in 2013 and 2018. The stretch of the A4 highway between Legnica-East RESULTS AND DISCUSSION junction (92 km of A4) and Mysłowice-Brzęczkowice junction (350 km) was investigated. Additional ob- In 2013 and 2018, the occurrence of D. graveo- servations were carried out to the west of Legnica, lens was confirmed within 126 road sections (1-kilo- between Krzywa junction (62 km) and Legnica-East junction (92 km). In the above-mentioned years, the Table 1. The abundance of Dittrichia graveolens in 1-kilome- whole examined part of the highway was checked tre road sections along the A4 highway in the years 2013 and twice in both directions, on both sides of the road, 2018, in south-western Poland. Explanations: - – no data on abundance; 0 – no individuals, 1 – low abundance (1–100 in- more carefully on the left side due to the fact that the dividuals per 1 km), 2 – individuals in small scattered groups plant grew mainly along the middle strip. Since stop- (100–500 individuals per 1 km), 3 – numerous individuals ping on the highway is generally forbidden, the ob- distributed uniformly along the roadside verges (more than servations were taken from a car driving at the speed 500 individuals per 1 km) of about 100 km/h. In order to collect herbarium Abundance of Dittrichia 1-kilometre section of the graveolens specimens, the car was stopped for a moment in an A4 highway emergency bay. Moreover, it should be pointed out 2013 2018 that D. graveolens has a very characteristic habit and 62–68, 76–78, 80–81, - 3 84–91 is clearly visible even at high speed; however, it is 69, 72, 82 - 2 possible to overlook some individuals. The presence 70–71, 73–75, 79, 83 - 1 of D. graveolens within the 1-kilometre road sections 92, 96 0 3 of the highway was noted, using the kilometre posts. 93, 97, 150–152, 184, 0 2 A similar methodology was used by KO C IÁN (2014). 289–290, 347 The abundance of D. graveolens was estimated in 148, 153, 158, 160, 177, 0 1 each section based on a 4-point scale: 0 – no indi- 180, 189, 288, 291, 295– 296, 300, 304, 310–312, viduals, 1 – low abundance (1 – 100 individuals per 315–318, 322, 327 1 km), 2 – individuals in small scattered groups (100– 95, 98, 102, 137 1 3 500 individuals per 1 km), 3 – numerous individu- 94, 109, 134, 136, 146– 1 2 als distributed uniformly along the roadside verges 147, 149, 176, 297 (more than 500 individuals per 1 km). The approxi- 99, 101, 105, 126 2 3 mate rate of spread of D. graveolens was analysed in 142 3 2 the stretch of the A4 highway, which was examined 143 3 1 both in 2013 and 2018 (258 km between Legnica- 127, 130–131, 321, 325 2 1 East and the Mysłowice-Brzęczkowice junctions). 157, 161, 175, 324 1 0 100, 103–104, 106–108, 3 3 Dittrichia graveolens was identified using morpho- 110–125, 129, 138, 141 logical characters provided by BRULLO & DE MAR C O 132, 140, 144 2 2 (2000). A map of distribution of the species in Po- 128, 133, 135, 139, 145, 1 1 land was prepared based on the ATPOL cartogram 155, 323 85 Ko Z ł o w s K a -Ko Z a K K., Ko Z a K m., Pl i s zk o a. Fig. 1. The occurrence of Dittrichia graveolens along the examined part of the A4 highway in south-western Poland sections, which is 24.4% of the examined part of the A4 highway. Analogical values for 2018 were 92 sections and 35.6%. During five years D. graveolens has expanded its range to another 29 sections, which is an increase of 46.0%. Moreover, the increase in abundance was recorded within 50 sections (52.1%), a decrease within 11 sections (11.5%), while within 35 sections (36.5%) it remained unchanged (Tab- le 1). The populations of D. graveolens hitherto report- ed from Poland are relatively small, ranging from several to several dozen individuals (PLISZ K O & KO- C IÁN , 2017). In many of the newly recorded localities, the abundance of the population was estimated up to several thousand individuals per kilometre. A total abundance in the examined part of the A4 highway in Fig. 2. Distribution map of Dittrichia graveolens in Poland 2017 was not less than several hundred thousand in- using the ATPOL cartogram grid: ● – new records; ▲ – pre- dividuals. Interestingly, the highest abundance of D. viously published records (PLISZ K O & KO C IÁN , 2017) graveolens was observed along the oldest part of the A4 highway, which was built in the 1930s, between metre) of the A4 highway in the Lower Silesian Prov- Krzyżowa (around 50 km) and Wrocław-Bielany ince and Silesian Province, south-western Poland (around 150 km) (Ka l i ń s K i , 2017 and references (Table 1, Fig.
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