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CAVE NOTES a Review of Cave and Karst Research CAVE NOTES A Review of Cave and Karst Research Volume 4. No.4 July/August. 1962 SHANIDAR CAVE, IRBIL LIWA, IRAQ SUMMARY OF LITERATURE WITH EMPHASIS ON ANIMAL REMAINS by Iyad A. Nader, Dept. of Zoology and Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois, Urbana Shanidar Cave, or "Ishkaft Mazin Sharridar!' (Cave Big Shani dar I, as it is called in the Kurdish language, is located 9 miles southeast of Az Zibar and 1. 5 miles east of the Nahr (River) az Zab al Kabi r , in Rawanduz Qada, 1rbi1 Ldwaw, near Latitude 36° 501 N, and Longitude 44° 051 E (Fig. 1). Ralph S. Solecki was the first to point out the anthropological impor- tance of this cave. Since he started his work in Shanidar .Oave in 1951, four successive expeditions have studied the cave and its deposits, the latest in 1960. Thus far, only about 1!25th of the cave deposits has been excavated. This cave is unique in probably having been continuously inhabited by man during the past 100,000 years. Its history of occupation is well documented in its different layers. The efforts of scientists in diverse fields are being pooled to get a bet- ter picture of Shanidar Cave and Valley during the Stone Age and an under- standing of the life of Neanderthal man. In addition to human remains and artifacts; soil, pollen, and radiocarbon samples. and animal remains are being studied by specialists. Fortunately this cave was discovered and ex- cavation begun before work had commenced on the Bakme Dam, a few miles south of the cave. When the dam is completed, a huge reservoir will flood Shanidar Valley. thus cutting off access to the cave. The cave itself will not be inundated. Shanidar Cave is a solution cave in dolomitic Qamchuga limestone of Middle Cretaceous age (Solecki, 1955a: 402). The cave is situated at about 2200 feet above sea level in the southern face of Jabal (Mt.) Baradust of the Zagros Mountains. The cave was described by Solecki (ibid.: 403) as follows: "The mouth of the cave is shaped roughly like a broad triangle. The opening measures 82 feet (25m.) wide, and 26 feet (7. 92m.) high. Not far from the opening the width increases abruptly toward the interior to an extreme of 175 feet (53. 34m.). The ceiling vaults loftily to a jagged crev- ice about 45 feet (13. 2m.) above the cave floor. From this point inward the ceiling falls away rapidly to a height of 25 feet (7. 62m.), then gradual- ly slopes to the rear until the end of the cave is met, some 130 feet from the cave mouth. The talus slope, with its yearly mounting debris. is steep. slanting away to the gully about 140 feet (42. 67m. ) below. II Solecki (l955a) observed four layers in the floor of the cave. Layer A *Iraq is divided administratively, except for the desert areas, into 14 Lfwas (counties). These liwas are subdivided into 69 qadas (townships). 25 qVE NOTES CAVE NOTES CAVENOTES is a publication of Cave Research Associates and the Cave Research Association. Subscriptions are available for $2.00 per year (six issues) or on exchange. Mid-year subscriptions receive the earlier numbers of the volume. Correspondence, contributions, and subscriptions should be addressed to: CAVE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES, 3842 Brookdale Blvd, Castro Valley, Calif. Editor: Arthur L. Lange, Cave Research Associates Associate Editor: Ronald A. Brandon, Cave Research Association (Department of Zoology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.) Managing Editor: R" deSaussure, Cave Research Associates. © Copyright 1962, Cave Research Associates. (Recent to Neolithi c}, which begins below 2 inches of t he topsoil, varies in thickness from 2 to 8 feet. Layer B (Mesolithic) is 2 to 5 feet in thickness. Layer C (Upper Paleolithic or Baradustian) has a thickness of 10 to 13 feet and Layer D (Midqle Paleolithic) measures 28 feet in its thickest part. Bed r-ock is at a depth of about 44 feet. Samples from different levels were da- ted by radioactive carbon. Rubin and Suess (1955: 488) reported that a sam- ple from the lower part of Layer B was dated as 12,000 ±400 years. An- other sample from 10 feet below datum in Layer C, 2 feet below the con- tact of Layers Band C, was dated at 29, 000 +1500 years. A third sample from a depth of 15 feet in Layer C, about 2 feet above the contact of Layers C and D, was older than 34,000 years. Solecki (l959b: 713) reported that a sample from the top of Layer D was dated as 50, 000 +3000 to 4000 yea.rs before the present and possibly older than 60, 000 years. ~ This cave has great anthropological impor tan r e, and in western Asia it is second only to Mount Carmel, Palestine, in l<distocene skeletal remains. Thus far Shanidar Cave has yielded unmineralized skeletal remains of seven individuals (Solecki, 1959b: 714). Four "classic" Neanderthal skeletons, Homo neanderthalensis, (Mousterian culture) were found in Layer D, inclu- ding the first Neanderthal infant. The othe r three skeletons were found in Layer A. The first skeleton, now referred to as Shanida.r II was found near the very top of Layer D at 14.5 feet from I'D" datum and considered to be approximately 46, 000 years old (Solecki, 1960: 629). The bones of this skel- eton are in an exc elIant condition of preservation. The second skeleton (Shanidar II) was found at a depth of 24 feet below "0" datum in Layer D, and estimated to be 60, 000 years old (Solecki, 1957a: 60). Only the skull of this skeleton was recovered. The third Neanderthal skeleton was found at a depth of 17 feet below '101' datum, and its age was considered to be a few hundred years older than Shanidar I (Solecki, 1960: 629). A complete account of the three skeLetons was published by Solecki (1960). The infant was found at a depth of 25.8 feet from "0" datum, in a poor state of preservation (Solecki, 1955c: 230); and from its teeth, estimated to be 9 months old (Solecki, 1955b: 31). The geological age of this infant was considered by Solecki (1960: 630) to be about 64,000 years. He reported (ibid.) that Senytfr ek thinks that this infant represents a new "s ubspec ies'" of Neander- thal man, closely related to the ancestors of Homo sapiens and he (Senytfrek] 26 VOLUME 4, NO.4 ". 42· ... TURKEY IRAN -_/ r I ,I , JOR-\ DAN )", "... - ........ <, 1 ................................. SAUDI ARABIA '- __ ~ __ ~"~.O__ ~ __ ~';.~O.lIlES lao 200~llO .. £TERS Figure 1. Iraq, showing location of Shanidar Cave. proposed to name it Homo sapiens shanidarensis (';;enytirek, 1959: 125). This is interesting because the three adult Neanderthal skeletons, which were younger in geological age, were considered to be classic or conservative types of Neanderthal. Further studies of these skeletal remains will almost certainly reveal much more interesting information. Two Neolithic (Stone Age) skeletons were found at the base of Layer A. One belonged to an in- fant about 6 months old and the other to a young girl about 16 years old (Solecki, 1958: 107). The seventh skeleton which was found in this cave is from the Islamic Age (Solecki, 1957c: 63). Flints, she r ds, hearths, flecks of charcoal, and fragments of limestone were found in various densities in the different Iayer s of the cave's floor (Solecki, 1955a). As a result of Solecki's expeditions, 5096 animal bones were recovered 27 CAVE NOTES (1953a: 70). He reported that most of these were mammalian bones which had been fractured and broken; the r ernain s were not uniformly distributed, since some levels were practically barren. Neal Weber, who cursorily ex- ambled the animal remains, noted that they included small and large forms of which the latter were mainly ungulates. Remains of a medium-sized car- nivone, about the size of a small jackal, were also identified by Weber. The invertebrate remains recorded thus far consist only of snails. The land snail Helix s'alornontca was found to a depth of 29 feet but was com- mon only in Layers B and A (Reed and Braidwood, 1960: 166). Another spe- cies of snail, Levantina mahanica was found in the cave deposits to a depth of 34 feet and was increasingly abundant from a depth of 29 feet to the sur- face (ibid. ). Unidentified fish bones were recovered by Solecki (1953c: 230), probably from Layer D. The reptilian fauna r ecove r ed from the cave is represented by fairly abundant tortoise remains (Solecki, 1953a: 70). He also reported (ibid.: 87) that turtle carapace fragments, belonging to a large unidentified----s]Jecies, were found in the upper depths at about 4 feet, increasing in n.rmbe r in the lower zones to 20 feet. Reed and Braidwood (1960: 165) reported that re- mains of a land tortoise Testudo graeca were common in Layer D. One lower jaw of Urom;:tstix sp., a spiny-tailed lizard, was reported by Reed and Marx (1959: 99-100) from a depth of 12m., and its age was es- timated at more than 70,000 years. None of the avian bone remains has been identified (Solecki, 1953a: 86). The mamma.Han remains, which were the most numerous animal materi- al recovered from the cave deposit, inclu.ded a variety of bones. Solecki (l952b, 1953a) reported that Er agrnenta.r y and worked (by man) mammal bones were found in greatest proportions in association with other artifacts in the entire excavation on all levels. He also reported (1953<:1.:86) that theidenti- Hable mammalian remains included teeth, jaw bones and other bones, prin- cipally with articular surfaces.
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