Progress Report 2010–2011 MAKE a DIFFERENCE: THINK RELEVANCE, THINK FUNGI!

CBS - KNAW Fungal Biodiversity “55 % of the employees are female, and 45 % are male” Centre

Progress Report 2010–2011 MAKE A DIFFERENCE: THINK RELEVANCE, THINK FUNGI!

From the moment you jump into the shower in will be confronted by the relevance of fungi, as the morning with your anti-dandruff shampoo, many play important roles in our society as plant until the delicious glass of red wine you enjoy pathogens of important staple food crops, or are with your dinner in the evening, you are either clinically important, having either positive or combating against, or enjoying the fungi. negative repercussions for our health, or have Whether you know it or not, the fungi touch and major industrial applications that could lead to influence every aspect of your daily life: they rot, novel products or processes. Without a collection they kill and break down, but they also produce of well-identified strains representing these fungi, wonderful products of great benefit to humanity. such projects would not be feasible. Why is it then you may wonder, that the The past year saw amazing changes being fungi are so poorly known? Most people seem implemented in our science due to the Amsterdam to associate fungi with what a witch puts into symposia held at the KNAW in Trippenhuis. the cauldron when making potion, and very few Although mycologists were among the first to have ever had the opportunity to venture in the employ DNA-based methods in their research, world of the microcosmos that is so intrinsically the fungal community remained divided on the choice of designated regions of the genome to be used for species recognition (widely termed DNA Barcoding). In a meeting organised by the CBS, the Consortium for the Barcode of Life, and the Fungal Working Group, consensus was finally reached on designating a specific genomic region for kingdom Fungi, to enable rapid fungal identification, the paper of which is presently in press in PNAS. This major step will ensure that the DNA Barcode Library of Life can now be populated with species of Fungi. Currently we know approximately 100–120,000 species of fungi, while the estimated number ranges from 1.5M to 9.9M. Sadly, only around 20 % of the species annually described are known from DNA, or get deposited in genetic interwoven with the fabric of our everyday life. resource centres. Essentially, it means that close to Thrown into this mystery of fungal discovery and 80 % of the global systematic mycological activity novelty are the Biological Resource Centres such remains incomplete, which also heralds our biggest as the CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre challenge for the future. A second meeting also held (“CBS”), whose motto is “To Collect, Study at the KNAW, namely “One Fungus = One Name” and Preserve”, with the aim to globally advance led to the “Amsterdam Declaration on Fungal mycology as science. In this report we will reveal Nomenclature”, which provided a major stimulus to you why preserving the kingdom Fungi is to influence the International Botanical Congress essential, how fungi improve quality of life, and to vote in favour of deleting Article 59, and move can influence global economic stability. We will to a system where each fungus will have but one also provide a brief update on the current status name, as found elsewhere in biology. In April 2012 of the CBS Culture Collections, and introduce mycologists will again convene in Amsterdam, and you to some of the magic of what we do. this time it will be to debate “One Fungus = Which From culture collection to Genetic Resource Name”, which is likely to ensure lively discussion, Centre – with financial support from industry, but which will again result in significant changes to various national and international research how we communicate species names to the general programmes, including the Royal Dutch Academy public. of Arts and Sciences (“KNAW”), the CBS is well en- We have successfully entered an era where route to becoming the first BRC that will have its DNA data linked to intelligent database networks entire collection completely barcoded. These DNA will govern how we do and communicate our barcodes, and the associated databases, are already science. At CBS we aspire to make this asset playing a vital role in enhancing quality of life, e.g. available for research, striving to improve quality the Indoor Microbial Barcode of Life (IMBOL; of life. If you are passionate about your research, Sloan foundation), and stimulating economic and want to contribute to help building this growth through trade, e.g. the Quarantine Barcode important tool for humanity, then ensure of Life (QBOL; FP7). Knowing what the species that you contact us: make a difference, think are and where they occur, and being able to employ relevance, think fungi! rapid steps to combat any potential negative effects as a result of early detection, is but one side of Prof. dr Pedro W. Crous the story. As you page through this report, you Director: CBS-KNAW MYCOLOGICAL SERVICE AND RESEARCH COLLABORATION

Researchers at Biological Research Centres have been actively involved in numerous projects to divide their time between service and research with diverse industries. The CBS Service Unit tasks. A major service task is the acquisition of provides advice on fungal identification in new strains of fungi, bacteria and patent deposits, relation to moulds in the indoor environment, and then making these resources available new plant and human diseases, food spoilage for research purposes to the international by a range of fungal organisms, as well as fungal community. Annually the CBS acquires around problems in factories and production lines. 3,000 new strains for the collection, while up Recently, however, we have also started to focus to 7,000 get dispatched for research purposes on the more beneficial aspects of fungi, such as (nationally and internationally). Other service novel enzyme production and antibiotics. tasks include the routine identification of fungal Additional information about the isolates by the CBS Service Unit, projects done programmes and their projects can be found on for industry, the publication of books (CBS the CBS website, www.cbs.knaw.nl/research. Biodiversity Series, CBS Laboratory Manual Series) DNA Barcoding remains a major tool to and journals (Studies in Mycology, Persoonia and improve the quality of our collection, and CBS IMA Fungus), as well as the numerous databases also coordinates the European Consortium for maintained for the international community, the Barcode of Life (www.ECBOL.org; ECBOL), namely MycoBank, strain databases, specific is an affiliated partner of the Consortium for the fungal databases, and websites, which together Barcode of Life (www.barcodeoflife.org; CBOL), generate more than 20,000 downloads or page the International Barcode of Life campaign views per day. (www.dnabarcoding.org; IBOL), and is also Staff at the CBS continue to be highly active partner of the Netherlands Barcode of successful in the competitive international and Life campaign (www.dnabarcoding.nl; NBOL). European research arena, and presently we are In addition, CBS as a partner within NL-BIF actively involved in several major EU, national forms a component of the Global Biodiversity and regional grants (FES: Making the Tree of Life Information Network (GBIF), also providing Work; STW: How mushrooms feed on sugars; data to the Encyclopaedia of Life. NWO: Biofuel production, in collaboration The scientific output of the CBS has been with CAS; Eurotransbio: CandIDazol project; relatively stable, with 70–114 ISI rated papers SLOAN: indoor fungi; NUFFIC, KNAW/ and 2–7 books published per year over the Chinese Academy: barcoding medical fungi, past 5-year period. The institute has an active etc.). We also participate in several major 7th national and international research network, Framework Programmes (e.g. QBOL, i4Life, and the majority of the papers are published NEMO, FunTech, EMbaRC, Cornucopia, in international collaboration. Of the papers NGI: Zenith project on Fungal Diversity with published during 2010–2011, 38 % are in a respect to carbon utilisation), ensuring that journal with an impact factor above 3, and the institute and its collection remains well 1–4 papers above impact factor 10, which is positioned for exciting new developments considerable, considering that the average of the and research initiatives. The CBS has always field “mycology” is 1.7 (JCR 2010).

Scientific output ISI papers in CBS database # IF > 3* # IF > 10 2010 70 papers 26 1 7 books 19 book chapters and proceedings 2011 114 papers 43 3 6 books 62 book chapters and proceedings * Average impact factor of the field “mycology” = 1.7 (JCR 2010).

Studies in Mycology 68 (March 2011) Studies in Mycology 69 (June 2011) Studies in Mycology 70 (September 2011)

Phylogenetic revision of taxonomic concepts Taxonomic studies on the genus Aspergillus Phylogenetic and taxonomic studies on the in the Hypocreales and other Ascomycota genera Penicillium and Talaromyces - A tribute to Gary J. Samuels - Robert A. Samson, János Varga and Jens C. Frisvad Robert A. Samson and Jos Houbraken, editors Amy Rossman and Keith Seifert, editors

CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands Utrecht, The Netherlands Utrecht, The Netherlands An institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences An institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences An institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences EVOLUTIONARY PHYTOPATHOLOGY Prof. dr Pedro Crous

“Detecting the fungi that threaten global food security”

ith an ever-increasing global population, pressure on food production is escalating. Due to differences in climatic conditions, as well as available agricultural and financial resources in W different countries, there is also pressure on local crop production. The inability of some crops to be cultivated in certain areas, be it due to the presence of certain pathogens or less than ideal growth conditions, is acting as an additional stress factor on food production. Knowing which pathogens are present, can improve crop yield by enabling targeted preventative measures. Global trade of produce is one way to circumvent this problem, but simultaneously creates problems with the introduction of alien pathogens. Early detection and identification of such pathogens on imported produce is therefore essential to ensure food security.

highlights

Although Citrus Black Spot causes huge losses to the Citrus industry, in production as well as restriction due to quarantine measures, we have only recently discovered that several species of Phyllosticta are involved in this important disease. Glienke C, et al. (2011). Persoonia 26: 47–56.

Mating type experiments indicate that homothallism in Didymella clematidis resulted from a single crossover between MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 sequences of heterothallic ancestors, whereas a single crossover event followed by an inversion of a fused MAT1/2 locus resulted in homothallism in Peyronellaea pinodes. Woudenberg JHC, et al. (2011). Molecular Plant Pathology DOI:10.1111/J.1364-3703.2011.00751.X

Wheat, together with maize and rice directly contribute 47 % to global human consumption. In many countries the most devastating disease of wheat is caused by a novel genus of fungi, Zymoseptoria, which has several species that appear to be specific to grasses (Poaceae). Quaedvlieg W, et al. (2011). Persoonia 26: 57–69. FUNGAL PHYSIOLOGY Dr Ronald de Vries

“Understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive fungal physiology”

ungal biodiversity is strongly linked to fungal physiology, as the physiology of a species determines the biotope it can inhabit. Within the Fungal Physiology group we aim to unravel the molecular F mechanisms that affect physiology on natural substrates (extracellular enzymes, regulatory systems, metabolism) using a limited number of model species (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus nidulans, Magnaporthe oryzae). These insights are subsequently used to perform comparative studies on a larger group of species covering the Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Zygomycota. Comparative genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics have become valuable tools in our studies alongside more traditional methods in molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry. Part of our research focuses on fundamental questions of fungal biology while other projects are more closely linked to industrial applications, such as improving enzyme production, enzyme discovery using a combination of comparative genomics and growth profiling, or improving mushroom production. In the latter projects we work in close collaboration with industry.

highlightS

In one of the collaborative projects with Utrecht University, Isabelle Benoit demonstrated that two fungal strains (labeled with green and red fluorescent proteins, respectively - see below) can form stable mixed cultures.

An example of our genomics activities is in the JGI- funded Aspergillus comparative genome project, which is coordinated by Ronald de Vries and for which the biological material is generated at CBS by Ad Wiebenga and Eline Majoor. In this project we aim to sequence eight additional Aspergillus species and compare these genomes to 25 other genomes of Aspergillus and Penicillium.

Our contribution to the genome analysis of two thermophilic fungi included demonstrating that they have distinctly different strategies to degrade plant polysaccharides, such as pectin. Growth of one of these, Myceliophthera thermophila, on wheat straw was visualised by Joost van den Brink and Jan Dijksterhuis. Berka et al. (2011). Nature Biotechnology 29: 922–927. APPLIED AND INDUSTRIAL MYCOLOGY Prof. dr dr h c Rob Samson

“Penicillium and Aspergillus and their place in the Fungal Kingdom”

he fungal family Trichocomaceae harbours many genera that have a profound importance with respect to human activities. Aspergillus, Penicillium and Paecilomyces contain species of T which the taxonomic relationships have only recently been elucidated. They are used in food fermentation, as work horses in biotechnology, but can also cause disease or allergy in humans. Furthermore, they are very important as food spoiling organisms that can produce mycotoxins, but also grow indoor on building materials causing health hazards. Well-known species as for instance Aspergillus niger appear to be species complexes, and research revealed that correct identification of these species is crucial in relation to unique properties such as antimicrobial resistance or mycotoxin production. A further issue is the production of extracellular enzymes by specific species, which has huge economic importance.

Highlights

These new taxonomic insights will provide the basis for a novel area of comparative genomics in which the CBS will play an important role, including studies on fungal evolution, virulence genes and secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters.

The identification of novel (bio-)active compounds produced is highlighted as an important novel area of research in the group.

The survival structures produced by the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces are the subject of ongoing research in the group Applied and Industrial Mycology. These are the structures that make these genera so highly successful as colonisers, providing the first contact with food, indoor environments, plant and animals hosts. Ascospores produced by some Neosartorya and Talaromyces spp. are arguably the most resilient eukaryotic cells reported to date, and knowledge on their biology will generate insights in natural protection mechanisms.

Indoor fungal composition is geographically patterned and more diverse in temperate zones than in the tropics. Amend AS, et al. (2010). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107: 13748–13753.

Comparative genomics of citric-acid-producing Aspergillus niger ATCC 1015 versus enzyme-producing CBS 513.88. Andersen MR, et al. (2011). Genome Research 21: 885–897.

Fumonisin and ochratoxin production in industrial Aspergillus niger strains. Frisvad JC, et al. (2011). PLoS One 6: e23496. ECOLOGY OF CLINICAL FUNGI Prof. dr Sybren de Hoog

“Environmental fungi are able to cause infections in humans”

he process of adaptation to fungal survival in the human body is still a mystery. We notice that closely related species may have very different degrees of virulence. Their prevalence as infectious T agents on the human host seems unpredictable, particularly because known virulence factors are identical over a wide range of species. The severe human pathogen Cladophialophora bantiana has a non-pathogenic sibling which is found in biofilters; the opportunistic black yeast Exophiala bergeri is flanked by two non-virulent hydrocarbon-associated species. We analyse fungi from extreme environments, which possess clusters of virulence factors such as meristematic growth, temperature tolerance and presence of melanin, but nevertheless are never found in human infections. We conclude that many factors are transformed into virulence factors during host invasion. Melanin normally protects an organism from solar irradiation, but once inside the human body the compound has a certain protective role against phagocytic oxygen radicals. Given the high diversity of clinical syndromes in black fungi, the diversity of primary virulence factors must be very high.

Highlights

Several molecular methods for rapid detection of six Scedosporium species were developed. This enabled us to show that the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis are very regularly colonised with this opportunistic fungus. Lu Q, et al. (2011). Mycoses 54, Suppl. 3: 5–11; Journal of Clinical Microbiology 49: 960–967.

Fonsecaea agents of human chromoblastomycosis have a global distribution, but significant differences are observed between strains from different continents. This suggests that Fonsecaea species may have been distributed by human hosts and thus should be viewed as real pathogens. Najafzadeh MJ, et al. (2011). Emerging Infectious Diseases 17: 464–469.

Extreme environments for fungal life are found in Antarctica but also occur in our homes: the rubbers of dishwashers contain highly tolerant fungi that also have a certain potential for human infection. Zalar P, et al. (2011). Fungal Biology 115: 997–1007. COLLECTION Dr Joost Stalpers, Dr Gerard Verkleij

“A unique collection with a long history and a great future”

he CBS Collection of fungi was formally established in 1904. At the end of 2011, 61,400 strains of filamentous fungi and 9,000 yeasts were available in the “public” collection. The T NCCB Bacterial Collection of CBS containsCBS GENETIC another 10,000 RESOURCE CENTREstrains, including a unique Plasmid and Phage Collection. In the “A unique periodollection c 2010–2011 with CBS a long distributed history 12,000 and a great future” strains to scientists in 67 countries, and the The CBS Collection Collection grew of faster fungi was formally thanestablished ever before, in 1904. At the end of 2011, 61,400 strains of filamentous with fungi 6,810 new and cultures 9,000 yeasts were deposited.available In in May the “ public” collection. The NCCB Bacterial Collection of 2011, CBS contains Joost Stalpersanother retired10,000 after strains, more than including a unique Plasmid and Phage Collection. In the period 20 years 2010–2011 ofCBS dedicated distributed curatorship.12,000 strains Gerard to scientists in 67 countries, and C the ollection grew faster Verkley than ever was appointed before, with as 6810 his new cultures successor. deposited . In May 2011, Joost Stalpers retired after more Marizeth than Groenewald, 20 years the of yeast dedicated curator curatorship. Gerard Verkley was appointed as his successor. Marizeth and Groenewald Marian, the Figge yeast (NCCB) curator complete and the Marian ( Figge NCCB) complete the curatorial team. This team played curatorial a crucial team. This role team to played ensure that the ISO a crucial 9001:2008 Certificate was successfully prolonged for the period role 2010–to2013. ensure that the ISO 9001:2008 Certificate was successfully prolonged for DNA barcoding the period project 2010–2013.

Highlights

DNA barcoding project With financial support from the Dutch Ministery of Education, Culture and Science and the KNAW, the Collection will produce DNA barcodes of the entire CBS collection. A high throughput sequencing pipeline including an in-house sequencing facility was installed. The project will produce an invaluable body of data, which will be used for quality control purposes by the Collection, and for the selection of strainsWith financial relevant to applied support from genomics.the Dutch Once Ministery the barcode of Education, Culture and Science and the KNAW, the sequences are released in the CBS database and other open-access databases, they will be available to the Collection will produce DNA barcodes the of entire CBS collection. A high throughput sequencing scientific community as reference sequences and for fungal identification. pipeline including an in -‐house sequencing facility was installed. The project will produce an invaluable body of data, which will be used for quality control by purposes the Collection, and for the selection of International collaboration strains relevant to applied genomics. Once the barcode sequences released are in the CBS database and In June 2011, over 70 curators and other open-‐access databases, the y will be available to the scientific nity commu as reference sequences other scientists from 22 countries and for fungal identification. gathered in Utrecht for the 30th Annual

International collaborationMeeting of the European Culture In June 2011, ver o 70 curators Collection and Organization other scientists from (ECCO). 22 countries gathered in Utrecht for the 30th Annual Meeting of Sessions the European were dedicated Culture to important Collection Organization (ECCO). Sessions were dedicated to important issues for issues culture for collections culture collections such such as Access and and Benefit Sharing collaboration with industrial partners. Ongoing as Access work in and Benefit collaborative project Sharings where and CBS Collection staff is involved, including EMbaRC (http://www.embarc.eu) collaboration with and industrial the partners. GBRCN demonstration project Ongoing work in collaborative projects where CBS(http://www.gbrcn.org Collection staff is involved,), also including featured EMbaRC in the (http://www. programme. In June 2011, ver o 70 curators and other scientists from 22 countries gathered in Utrecht for the 30th embarc.eu) and the GBRCN demonstration project (http://www.gbrcn.org), also featured in the programme. Annual Meeting of the European Culture Collection Organization (ECCO). Sessions were dedicated to important issues for culture collections such as Access and and Benefit Sharing collaboration with Databases picture: MB LOGO only industrial Databases partners. Ongoing work in collaborative projects where CBS Collection staff is involved, including MycoBank, EMbaRC the online (http://www.embarc.eu) registration system and the GBRCN demonstration project (forhttp://www.gbrcn.org new fungal taxonomic), also names featured under the in the programme. auspices of the International Mycological Association (IMA), is curated by Collection staff. The diagram shows that MycoBank Databasesis accessed round the clock and has a truly picture: MB LOGO only global user community. Currently it has 440,000 fungal names on record. In 2011 the database had 196,051 unique visitors and on average 24,463 page views per day.

Mycobank, the online registration system for new fungal taxonomic names under the auspices of Internation y M cological Association (IMA), is curated by Collection staff. The diagram shows that MycoBank is accessed round the clock and has a truly global user community. Currently it has 440,000 fungal names on In record. 2011 the database had 196,051 unique visitors and on average 24,463 page views per . day

BIOINFORMATICS Dr Vincent Robert BIOINFORMATICS “No bioinformatics ? No future !”

“DNA sequences are the key” he evolution of science implies the use of new techniques that are either replacing older ones or are used to complement them. T Among other technologies, large sequencing projects and new generation sequencing are producing huge amounts of complex data. The retrieval, management and analysis of all relevant data objects are major challenges. To deal with these challenges, a NA sequences are key elements for bothnew identification research and service-oriented and groupclassification on bioinformatics of has living been established organisms. at CBS. A number of major projects have already been Mainly for historical reasons, a limitedundertaken number such as theof developmentgenes have of BioloMICS been softwareused towith manage, variable analyse and publish data produced by the collection and research groups. MycoBank is another major initiative that helps the mycological community to keep track of all new fungal novelties D discriminatory power on fungi. From anda mathematical associated data. The grouppoint is also of associated view, with any several DNA European segment, and International at projects related to DNA Barcoding. any location, even outside of coding regions could be used as long as PCR primers could be designed to amplify them across the fungal kingdom. Recently our group has been analysing a large number of genomes representing all major fungal clades in order to find the best informative regions that would be good candidates for DNA barcoding. New algorithms have been developed and interesting in silico results have been published in several journals. In vivo testing has been initiated using the in silico discoveries on a large and diverse set ofHIGHLIGHTS species. Preliminary results are extremely promising and are likely to provide tools for rapid and easy identification and classification of fungi. This represents The internal transcribed spacer as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi. Schoch CL, et . al (2012). PNAS : in press. a number of interesting opportunities for mycologyIdentification in health, of Fungal agriculture DNA Barcode and targets biodiversity. and PCR Primers based on Pfam protein families and taxonomic hierarchy. Lewis CT, et al. (2011). Open Applied Informatics Journal 5 : 30–44. The quest for a general and reliable fungal DNA barcode. Robert V, et al. ( 2011). The Open Applied Informatics Journal 5 : 55–71.

DNA sequences are key elements for both identification and classification of living organisms. Mainly for highlightS historical reasons, a limited number of genes have been used with variable discriminatory power on fungi. From a mathematical point of view, any DNA segment, at any location, even outside of coding regions could be used as long as PCR primers could be designed to amplify them across the fungal kingdom. Identification of Fungal DNA Barcode targetsRecently and our PCR group Primers has been analys baseding a on large Pfam number protein of genomes families representing and all major fungal clades in order to find the best informative regions that would be good candidates for DNA barcoding. New taxonomic hierarchy. Lewis CT, et al. (2011). The Openalgorithms Applied have Informatics been Journal developed 5: 30–44. and interesting in silico results have been published in several journals. In vivo testing has been initiated using the in silico discoveries on a large and diverse set of species. Since The quest the Bioinformatics for a general group and was reliable initiated fungal at CBS DNA two barcode. Preliminary years ago, Robert results much V, et attention al . are (2011). has been devoted towards establishing extremely The Open promising Applied Informatics and are likely to provide tools for rapid and easy identification online databases to facilitate polyphasic identification of various fungal species of and medical, classification agricultural or of industrial fungi. This represents a number of interesting opportunities for mycology in health, importance. Journal 5 : Most 55–71. of these databases can be viewed online on the CBS website. agriculture and biodiversity.

Since the Bioinformatics group was initiated at CBS two years ago, much attention has been devoted towards establishing

online databases to facilitate polyphasic identification of various fungal species of medical, agricultural or industrial importance. Most of these databases can be viewed online

on the CBS website.

Schema of Multi-level clustering, a new clustering method developed to group very large datasets containing millions of DNA sequences.

Schema of Multi-‐level clustering, a new clustering method developed to group very large datasets containing Online Polyphasic millions identification of DNA sequences. results (CBS Yeasts collection, www. cbs.knaw.nl/collections) using a combination of morphological, physiological and molecular data to obtain correct species identification.

Online Polyphasic identification results (CBS Yeasts collection, www.cbs.knaw.nl/collections) using a combination of morphological, physiological and molecular data to obtain correct species Online Pairwise sequence identification. identification results querying ten remote reference databases at the same time. Accessible from:

http://www.cbs.knaw.nl/collections/BioloMICSSequences.aspx?file=all. Online Pairwise sequence identification results querying ten remote reference databases at the same time. Accessible from http://www.cbs.knaw.nl/collections/BioloMICSSequences.aspx?file=all. YEAST RESEARCH Dr Teun Boekhout

“Yeasts: Friend and Foe”

east biodiversity embraces many aspects. Species range from being highly beneficial to mankind, such as baker’s yeast, to nasty pathogens that cause devastating disease. The Cornucopia Initial Training Network (FP7 EU) aims to harvest beneficial properties from the vast unexplored yeast Y diversity. Research is performed by the network partners from Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Czech Republic, and The Netherlands. Research topics include “extreme” traits such as growth above 50 ºC and on high sugar substrates, and searches for new volatiles for the brewing and wine industries, and new probiotic yeasts [http://www.yeast- cornucopia.se/]. The group is also involved in teaching courses in yeast biodiversity at different universities.

highlights

All Yeasts United With the publication of the 5th edition of “The Yeasts, a Taxonomic Study” all currently 1,500 recognised species of yeasts are described in a 3-volume book (2080 pp.) that was presented at the KNAW headquarters in Amsterdam, April 2011. Seventy-six authors from 22 countries contributed to this effort. For each species morphological and physiological information is provided together with useful information on its ecology, use in the biotechnological, food and agricultural industries, and medical importance. Kurtzman CP, Fell JW, Boekhout T (2011). The Yeasts, a Taxonomic Study. 5th Ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Yeasts “on the Rocks” Yeast biodiversity explorations from glaciers worldwide revealed several new psychrophilic basidiomycetous yeast species. A new genus, Glaciozyma, with two species, G. martinii and G. watsonii has been described. Leucosporidium antarcticum was reclassified as G. antarctica, thus making the genus Leucosporidium less polyphyletic. The species showed clear disjunct distributions, and occurred in glaciers and meltwater in the Alps, Apennines, Greenland and Antarctica. These psychrophilic organisms have significant applied potential because of the production of cold-adapted enzymes. Global warming may reduce the cold habitats significantly, further emphasising the urgent need for species discovery from such habitats. Turchetti et al. (2011). Extremophiles 15: 573–586. FinancesFinances and andFINANCES Staff Staff AND STAFF

incomeincome 2011 2011 FinancesIncomeIncome and Staff KNAWKNAW KNAWKNAW materialmaterial strategicstrategic Finances and Staff“55 % of the employees are female, and 45 %funding,funding, are 15% 15% male” funding,funding, 3% 3% TheThe Centraalbureau Centraalbureau voor voor Schimmelcultures, Schimmelcultures, Fungal Fungal income 2011 KNAWKNAW Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW) has a total personnel IncomeBiodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW)Income has a total KNAW incomeKNAW 2011 personnel material strategic funding,funding, 40% 40% income of 5.5 million euros (fig. 1). Approximately Fig. 1 funding, 15% funding, 3% incomeIncome of 5.5 million euros (fig. 1). Approximately Fig. 1 KNAW KNAW The58% Centraalbureau of this amount voor is Schimmelcultures,KNAW funding.The CBS-KNAW The Fungal subsidy Fungal Biodiversity Centre has a material strategic 58% of this amount is KNAW funding. The subsidy externalexternalfunding, 15% funding, 3% income, 42% KNAW Biodiversityofof TheKNAW KNAW Centraalbureau strategic-fundsCentre strategic-funds (CBS-KNAW) voor are areSchimmelcultures, used totalusedhas foraincome for total initiating initiating of 5.5 Fungal million Euros. Approximately income, 42% personnel 58 % of this amount is funded by the KNAW. The funding,KNAW 40% incomeinnovativeinnovativeBiodiversity of 5.5 research millionresearch Centre euros projects. (CBS-KNAW)projects. (fig. 1). Approximately has a total Fig. 1 personnel subsidy of KNAW strategic funds is used for initiating funding, 40% 58%TheTheincome of external thisexternal amountof 5.5 income income million is KNAW (fig. (fig. euros 2) funding.2) -2.3(fig. -2.3 million1) million The. Approximately subsidyeuros- euros- is is Fig. 1 external innovative research projects. income, 42% courses, 5% profit mainly from research projects and regular externalexternal income income courses, 5% of KNAWprofit58% strategic-fundsofmainly this amountfrom research isare KNAW used projects funding. for initiating and The regular subsidy external income, 42% publications,publications, innovativeactivities, research such as projects. bookselling, training and courses, others, 16% identification, activities,of KNAW strategic-fundssuch as bookselling, are used training for initiating and courses, others, 16% 4%4% identification, 4% Theidentification/sales identification/salesexternalinnovative income research (fig. of of projects.fungi 2)fungi -2.3 and and million bacteria. bacteria. euros- The The is"Odo "Odo Fig.Fig. 2 2 4% external income courses,cultures, 5% 13% profitvanvanThe mainly Vloten" Vloten" external from Foundation Foundation income research (fig. finances financesprojects 2) The-2.3 1 externaland1 Postdocmillion Postdoc regular income euros- research research - 2.3 is million Euros - is generated cultures, 13% publications, courses, 5% external income deposition,deposition, activities,project.profit suchmainly as from bookselling, research training projectsmainly from and and (applied) courses, regular research projects and regular others, 16% 4% identification,1% project. 1% Fig. 2 publications, 4% identification/salesactivities, such ofas fungi bookselling, and bacteria.activities, training such The and as "Odobook courses, sales, training and courses, others, 16%projects, 4% identification, Progress Report projects, 57% cultures,4% 13% van Vloten"identification/sales Foundation offinances fungi and identification/sales1 Postdoc bacteria. research The of "Odofungi and bacteria.Fig. The2 “Odo 57% van Vloten” Foundation finances one Postdoc deposition,cultures, 13% project.van Vloten" Foundation finances 1 Postdoc research 1% project. research project. deposition, projects, 1% 57% projects, 57% ExpendituresExpenditures 2010–2011

The total costs of the CBS-KNAW consist mainly of The total costs of the CBS-KNAWExpen consistditures mainly of expendituresexpenditures 2011 2011 Expendituressalaries,salaries, 67%. 67%. Non-personnel Non-personnel costs costs are are costs costs of of materialsmaterialsExpenditures and and depreciation depreciation of of durableThe durable total equipment.expenditure equipment. of the CBS consistsFig.Fig. 3 3mainly indirect costs, indirect costs, TheThree-quarters Three-quarterstotal costs of theof of expenditures CBS-KNAWexpendituresof consist (fig. salaries(fig. 3) 3) mainly can(67 can be%). be of Non-personnel costs are expenditures 2011 26% The total costs of the CBS-KNAW consist mainly of 26% salaries,indicatedindicated 67%. as as Non-personneldirect direct research research costscosts. costs.costs are Indirectof Indirect costsmaterials costsof costs and are depreciationare of durable expenditures 2011 salaries, 67%. Non-personnelequipment. costs are costs of materialsforfor management management and depreciation and and for for ofthe the durable collective collective equipment. supporting supporting Fig. 3 materials and depreciation of durable equipment. Fig. 3 indirect costs, division of the CBS-KNAW and the Hubrecht research Three-quartersdivision of the of expendituresCBS-KNAW and (fig. the 3) Hubrecht can be research 26% Three-quarters of expendituresThree-quarters (fig. 3) can of beexpenditures can be indicated costs, 74% indirect costs, indicatedInstituut as (HI). direct research costs. Indirect costs are costs, 74% 26% Instituut (HI). as direct research costs. Indirect costs are for for managementindicated as directand for research the collective costs. Indirectsupporting costs are for management and for the managementcollective supportingand for the collective support division division of the CBS-KNAW and theof theHubrecht CBS and the Hubrecht Institute (HI). research division of the CBS-KNAW and the Hubrecht costs, research74% Instituut (HI). Instituut (HI). costs, 74% StaffStaff

TheThe CBS CBS had had 65 65 employees employees on onS TAFFJanuary January 1st, 1st, 2012, 2012, with an equivalent of 60.4 fulltime staff (fte). The CBS staff divided by gender Staffwith an equivalent of 60.4 fulltime staff (fte). The CBS staff divided by gender staffStaff consist of 31 researchersThe and CBS34 had 65 employees on January 1st, 2012, 0-24 staff consist of 31 researchers and 34 Fig. 4 14 0-24 men analitical/technical support staff.with A an considerable equivalent of 58.6 fulltime staffFig. (fte). 4 The 14 men The analitical/technicalCBS had 65 employees support on Januarystaff. A considerable1st, 2012, 12 The CBS had 65 employees on January 1st, 2012, 12 women staff consists of 31 researchers and 34 analytical/ CBS staff divided10 by gender women withpartpart an of equivalentof the the support support of 60.4staff staff fulltimeis is involved involved staff in in(fte). the the applied Theapplied 10 with an equivalent of 60.4 fulltime staff (fte). The CBS staff divided8 by gender research division and preservationtechnical and support digitalisation staff. A considerable part of the 8 staffresearch consist ofdivision 31 researchers and preservation and 34 and digitalisation 0-246 staff consist of 31 researcherssupport and 34staff is involved in the Fig.applied 4 research 14 0-246 men of the collection. Approximately 25 persons, guest Fig. 4 55+ 144 25-34 men analitical/technicalof the collection. support Approximately staff. A considerable 25 persons, guest 55+ 12 4 25-34 analitical/technical support staff.division A considerableand preservation and digitalisation of the 122 women partresearchers, of the support researchers staff is involved with an inofficial the applied 10 2 women researchers, researchers with an official 100 part of the support staff is involvedcollection. in Approximately the applied 25 students and guest 8 0 researchappointment division other and preservationthan the CBS and and digitalisation students have 8 appointmentresearch division other and than preservation the CBSresearchers and and (researchersstudents digitalisation withhave an official appointment 6 6 of thebeen collection. working atApproximately the CBS. 55% 25 of persons, the employees guest is 55+ 4 25-34 beenof the working collection. at the Approximately CBS. 55%other of 25 than the persons, the employees CBS) guesthave been is working at the CBS 55+ 4 25-34 2 researchers,female, and researchers 45% is male with (Fig. anduring official4). On the averagepast year. 2 female,researchers, and 45% researchers is male with(Fig. an4) .official On average 0 appointmentfemenin employees other than are the working CBS and 4 daysstudents and havemale 0 femeninappointment employees other thanare workingthe CBS 4and days students and male have 45-54 35-44 45-54 35-44 beenemployeesemployeesbeen working working 5at 5 days thedays at CBS.thea aweek. week.CBS. 55% 55% ofIn the total, of theemployees 55 %employees of the employees is is are female, and 45 % are male. On average female employees are working female,TheThefemale, collective andcollective 45%and 45%support issupport male is male division(Fig. division (Fig. 4) .CBS/HI OnCBS/HI4). averageOn employsaverage employs 29 29 four days, while male employees work five days a femeninpeoplepeoplefemenin employees with with employees a afulltime fulltime are working areequivalent equivalent working 4 days of4 of days27.0, 27.0,and and malewith with male week. 45-5445-54 35-4435-44 employeesapproximatelyapproximatelyemployees 5 days 5 8.9days a8.9 week. fte ftea week.effectively effectively working working for for the the TheCBS. collective support division CBS/HI employs 29 CBS.The collective support divisionThe CBS/HI collective employs support division29 CBS/HI employs 29 peoplepeople with witha fulltime a fulltime equivalent equivalent peopleof 27.0, of with 27.0, witha fulltime with equivalent of 27.0 fte, with approximatelyapproximately 8.9 fte8.9 effectively fte effectively approximatelyworking working for 8.9 thefor fte the effectively working for the CBS.CBS. CBS. CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre

Visiting address: Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands Postal address: P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands Telephone: +31(0)30 2122600; Telefax : +31(0)30 2512097 Email: [email protected] Homepage: http://www.cbs.knaw.nl

“Studies in Mycology” online on HighWire (http://highwire.stanford.edu)