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Role of the Carpathian Euroregion in Confronting Its Minority Agenda

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Role of the Carpathian Euroregion in Confronting Its Minority Agenda Carpathian Euroregion: Prospects and Challenges Workshop # 2 Role of the Carpathian Euroregion in Confronting its Minority Agenda Sanatorium "Karpaty" (Ukraine), March 29-31, 2001 Organized by: Research Center of the Slovak oreign Policy Association and Strategies Studies oundation Supported by: reedom House and Carpathian oundation Carpathian oundation This publication is a part of the project Carpathian Euroregion: Prospects and Challenges conducted by the Research Center of the Slovak oreign Policy Association and the Strategies Studies oundation. The project is sponsored by the reedom House and the Carpathian oundation. Research Center of the Slovak 1oreign Policy Association Duchnovièovo nám. 1, 081 48 Preov, Slovak Republic Tel./fax: (421) 91 772 32 45 E-mail: [email protected] www.sfpa.sk Strategies Studies 1oundation 30, Zagorska Street, 880 00 Uzhgorod, Ukraine Tel.: (380) 3122 318 27 1ax: (380) 3122 318 39 E-mail: [email protected] Edited by: Vladimír Bilèík, Alexander Duleba, Michal Klyap and Svitlana Mitryayeva The texts in this publication were not subject to linguistic corrections and appear here in their original form as submitted by the individual authors (c) Research Center of the Slovak 1oreign Policy Association, Strategies Studies 1oundation, 2001 ISBN 80-89041-27-2 Contents Preface . 5 Policy recommendations . 6 Keynote addresses . 12 Marián Gajdo & Stanislav Koneèný Ethnic Minorities in Slovakia . 13 Aleksander Kolañczuk Ukrainian Minority in Poland . 26 Emil Micu & Lidia Elena Kozma The Role of Education in Developing Interethnic Relations and the Preservation of the National Cultural Identity in the Carpathian Euroregion . 32 Svitlana Mitryayeva & Eva Kish The Carpathian Euroregion: Minority Problems . 42 I. Süli-Zakar, K. Czimre, K. Teperics and Cs. Patkós Cultural Identity and Diversity in the Carpathian Euroregion . 47 Selected discussion addresses . 77 Appendix # 1: Ethnic composition of the Transcarpathian Region . 80 Appendix # 2: Tables and figures . 115 Appendix # 3: List of participants . 117 Map of the Carpathian Euroregion 4 Research Center of the Slovak 1oreign Policy Association PREACE The Research Center of the Slovak 1oreign Policy Association, Preov (Slovakia) and the Strategic Studies 1oundation, Uzhgorod (Ukraine) held the workshop on Role of the Carpathian Euroregion in confronting its minority agenda on March November 29-31, 2001, in Sanatorium Karpaty (Transcarpathian Region of Ukraine). This event was the second in the series of four workshops within the joint project on Carpathian Euroregion: Prospects and Challenges. The first workshop on Role of the Carpathian Euroregion in strengthening security and stability in Central and Eastern Europe was held on November 23-25, 2000, in Sanatorium Karpaty. This project is supported by the 1reedom Houses programs Partnership for Reform in Ukraine and Regional Networking Project and the Carpathian 1oundation. The project aims to address prospects for future developments of the Carpathian Euroregion and examine its role in the following areas: m Strengthening security and stability in Central and Eastern Europe m Solving minority problems in the area m Improving cross-border economic co-operation m Overcoming possible negative effects of the implementation of the Schengen- type border on eastern borders of an enlarged European Union. The main goals of the project are as follows: m To elaborate policy recommendations for the Carpathian Euroregion and also for central and local state and self-government authorities of the five participating countries m To create a network of think-tanks and academic community within the Carpathian Euroregion in the field of political and economic studies m To provide expert background for public discussion on issues of security, welfare, minorities, and Schengen in the area of Carpathian Euroregion and member countries. This publication presents the policy recommendations on role of the Carpathian Euroregion in confronting its minority agenda that are worked out on the basis of the workshop discussion, the full text of the keynote reports and also selected contributions made during the panel discussions. Alexander Duleba Svitlana Mitryayeva Research Center of the Slovak 1oreign Strategies Studies 1oundation Policy Association Uzhgorod Preov Strategies Studies 1oundation 5 Role of the Carpathian Euroregion in confronting its minority agenda POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS The first seminar on the Role of the Carpathian Euroregion in Strengthening Security and Stability in Central and Eastern Europe (Sanatorium Karpaty, 23-25 November 2000) concluded with a broadly shared agreement. The Carpathian Euroregion (CE) - as a project of cross-border cooperation - can only succeed if its agenda includes possible solutions to problems that surpass the regional context and offer a challenge to central governments of participating countries and to international organizations. In other words, the Carpathian Euroregion will be able to develop its activities and gain support for its programs only if these are going to focus on specific securitized issues, as defined during the first seminar in the framework of this project.1 Given the great ethnic and religious heterogeneity of its population combined with difficult history and frequent changes of borders, search for solutions to the problems of minorities on the territories of the Carpathian Euroregion extends far beyond the confines of the CE. However, current programs of the Carpathian Euroregion do not fully consider this broader dimension. Minority agenda in the Carpathian Euroregion Almost every tenth inhabitant of the Carpathian Euroregion from the total population of 15 million living in the five different states is a member of an ethnic minority.2 1 Carpathian Euroregion: Prospects and Challenges I: Role of the Carpathian Euroregion in Strengthening Security and Stability in Central and Eastern Europe. Research Center of the Slovak 1oreign Policy Association, Strategies Studies 1oundation, Preov - Uzhgorod, 2001. 2 Süli-Zakar, I., Czimre, K., Teperics, K. and Cs. Patkós: Cultural Identity and Diversity in the Carpathian Euroregion. A contribution included in this volume and delivered at the seminar in Sanatorium "Karpaty", 29-31 March 2001. See keynote addresses. 6 Research Center of the Slovak 1oreign Policy Association This figure originates from official national statistics that however need not always objectively mirror reality on the ground. 1or example, the real number of the Roma minority on the territory of the CE is unofficially estimated at 2 million, although official numbers give an estimate of approximately 700 thousand. The question of the Ruthenian minority is also complicated. Ruthenians have a status of an official minority in Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania but they do not have such a status in Ukraine and as a result are not included in the official statistical data. Yet, the Transcarpathian region of Ukraine with its population of about 1 million and 200 thousand people is an historical home of Carpathian Ruthenians. While official statistics suggest that every tenth inhabitant of the CE belongs to an ethnic minority, non-official estimates, that take into account the complex history of the region and the present situation on the ground, suggest that every sixth inhabitant of the CE is a member of an ethnic minority. The Transcarpathian region of Ukraine is a good yardstick for the complicated history of the CE. Only during the course of the twentieth century did this area belong to six different states. The Transcarpathian region (historically also Sub- Carpathian region) was a part of Austria-Hungary until 1918. In the inter-war period it formed the easternmost part of the first Czechoslovak Republic. 1or a short while in 1939 it gained complete independence. During the WWII the Sub-Carpathian region was added to Hungary. In 1946 it became a part of the Soviet Union and since 1991 it belongs to Ukraine. Throughout the twentieth century todays common Hungarian-Romanian, Hungarian-Slovak, Slovak-Ukrainian, Romanian-Ukrainian and Polish-Ukrainian borders experienced several changes. The changes of borders were accompanied by changes in the numbers of the various ethnic groups. The religious make-up of the population of the CE is similarly heterogeneous. According to official data from national statistics the breakdown of the CEs religious structure is as follows: Orthodox - 33 %, Greek Catholic - 24 %, Roman Catholic - 24 %, Calvinist - 8 %, Protestant - 1 %, Jewish - 1 %, other religions - 9 %. Particularly complicated was the recent history of the Greek Catholic Church that - with the exception of Hungary - had been banned in all countries of the CE after WWII. Also, historically there had emerged two unions of the Greek Catholic Church: the Brest union in 1596 and the Uzhgorod union in 1646. 1inally, the Jewish community on the territory of the CE was virtually destroyed during the Holocaust. On the European Continent there is no analogy to this territory that encompasses comparatively young borders of five states, includes the presence of seven different nationalities and ethnic minorities and is home to more than six principal religious Strategies Studies 1oundation 7 groups that belong to the main European Churches. The Carpathian Euroregion is also a meeting area of the borders of two European civilizations - the Latin and the Byzantine. The significance of the minority agenda for the Carpathian Euroregion Local and regional ethnic
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